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Complex Functions

The document discusses complex functions, including exponential and logarithmic functions of complex variables, analytic functions, and the Cauchy-Riemann equations. It also covers line integrals, Cauchy's Theorem, and the Residue Theorem, detailing singularities such as removable singularities, poles, and essential singularities. Additionally, it explains how to evaluate real integrals using residues and provides formulas for calculating residues at isolated singularities.

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Prudvisai Annangi
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18 views3 pages

Complex Functions

The document discusses complex functions, including exponential and logarithmic functions of complex variables, analytic functions, and the Cauchy-Riemann equations. It also covers line integrals, Cauchy's Theorem, and the Residue Theorem, detailing singularities such as removable singularities, poles, and essential singularities. Additionally, it explains how to evaluate real integrals using residues and provides formulas for calculating residues at isolated singularities.

Uploaded by

Prudvisai Annangi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPLEX FUNCTIONS

 Exponential function of complex variable

f  z   ez  e
 x iy 

f  z   exeiy  ex cos y  i siny  = u + iv

 Logarithmic function of complex variable


If ew  z ; then w is logarithmic function of z
log z = w + 2inπ
This logarithm of complex number has infinite numbers of values.
The general value of logarithm is denoted by Log z & the principal value is log z & is
found from general value by taking n = 0.

 Analytic function
A function f(z) which is single valued and possesses a unique derivative with respect to z at
all points of region R is called as an analytic function.
u u v v
If u & v are real, single valued functions of x & y s. t. , , , are continuous
x y x y
u v v u
throughout a region R, then Cauchy – Riemann equations  ; 
x y x y
are necessary & sufficient condition for f(z) = u + iv to be analytic in R.

 Line integral of a complex function


b
 
 f  z  dz   f z  t  z '  t  dt
C a

where C is a smooth curve represented by z = z(t), where a ≤ t ≤ b.

 Cauchy’s Theorem
If f(z) is an analytic function and f’(z) is continuous at each point within and on a
closed curve C. then
 f  z  dz  0
C
 Cauchy’s Integral formula
If f(z) is analytic within & on a closed curve C, & a is any point within C.
1 f z
f  a 
2i C z  a
dz

n a  n! f z
f  2i  n1
dz
C  z  a

Singularities of an Analytic Function


 Isolated singularity

n 1 f t
f z   an  z  a
n
; an  
2i  t  an1
dt

z = z 0 is an isolated singularity if there is no singularity of f(z) in the neighborhood of z


= z0 .
 Removable singularity
If all the negative power of (z – a) are zero in the expansion of f(z),

n
f(z) =  an  z  a
n0
The singularity at z = a can be removed by defined f(z) at z = a such that f(z) is
analytic at z = a.

 Poles
If all negative powers of (z – a) after nth are missing, then z = a is a pole of order ‘n’.

 Essential singularity
If the number of negative power of (z – a) is infinite, the z = a is essential
singularity & cannot be removed.

RESIDUES
If z = a is an isolated singularity of f(z)

2 1 2
f  z   a0  a1  z  a  a2  z  a  .............  a 1 z  a   a 2 z  a   ...........
Then residue of f(z) at z = a is a1
Residue Theorem

c f  z  dz  2i  (sum of residues at the singular points within c )

If f(z) has a pole of order ‘n’ at z=a


1  dn1  
Res f  a   n1  z  a f  z   
n

n  1!  dz z a

Evaluation Real Integrals


2

I=  F  cos ,sin   d
0

ei  ei ei  ei


cos   ; sin  
2 2i
Assume z= ei
 1
 z+ z 
cos     ; sin   1  z  1 
 
2 2i  z
dz  n 
I=  f z  2i  Res  f  zk   
c
iz  k=1 
Residue should only be calculated at poles in upper half plane.
 f z 
Residue is calculated for the function:  
 iz 

 f  x  dx 

2iRes f  z 

Where residue is calculated at poles in upper half plane & poles of f(z) are found
by substituting z in place of x in f(x).

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