Section 16

Cementing Technology Manual Spacers

Section 16

Spacers

Contents
DUAL SPACER ............................................................................................................................. 16-3
Functions of Supplementary DUAL SPACER Additives: ........................................................ 16-3
DUAL SPACER E.......................................................................................................................... 16-6
DUAL SPACER Mixing Aid (DSMA) ............................................................................................. 16-8
DUAL SPACER Surfactant A ...................................................................................................... 16-10
DUAL SPACER Surfactant B .......................................................................................................16-11
SEM-7 ......................................................................................................................................... 16-12
Pen 5 ........................................................................................................................................... 16-13
MUSOL ® A .................................................................................................................................. 16-14
SD Spacer ................................................................................................................................... 16-15
SAM-4 Spacer ............................................................................................................................. 16-17
SUPER FLUSH 100 .................................................................................................................... 16-19
SUPER FLUSH ........................................................................................................................... 16-21
Mud Flush ................................................................................................................................... 16-23
N-Ver-Sperse O .......................................................................................................................... 16-24
Alpha Spacer .............................................................................................................................. 16-25
Alpha Preflush............................................................................................................................. 16-27
Alpha Spacer Water Surfactant .................................................................................................. 16-28
Alpha Spacer Oil Surfactant ....................................................................................................... 16-29
Spacer 500 .................................................................................................................................. 16-30

January 1996 16-1

 Section 16
Spacers
Cementing Technology Manual

Notes:

16-2 January 1996

 Section 16
Cementing Technology Manual Spacers

Section 16

Spacers

Absolute Volume: 0.0529 gal/lb

DUAL SPACER Solubility in Water: @ 20°C, 11.4 g/100 ml H2O

Odor: odorless
Description and Primary Function: DUAL SPACER
is a water-based fluid. Its primary application is as a pH: 10 for 1% solution
low viscosity, weighted spacer (flush) for primary
and secondary cementing operations. It can be de- Normal Range of Use in Wells:
signed to displace water- and oil-based muds and Temperature: 60°F to 500°F (16°C to 260°C)
can be formulated with fresh water, seawater, 3%
KCl, and salt concentrations as high as saturation. Quantity: The spacer volume should provide a
Its rheological properties typically allow it to be minimum of 4 minutes contact, with a preferred
pumped in turbulence at reasonable displacement contact time of 8 to 10 minutes, or 1,000 annular
rates. These properties improve mud displacement linear feet. If DUAL SPACER is the only spacer or
while maintaining drilling fluid and cement slurry flush run, no less than 500 annular linear feet of
isolation. spacer is recommended, regardless of contact time.
Secondary Effects: none Special Information:
Interaction with Other Additives: Refer to “Func- Usage Restrictions: Refer to “Special Instructions”
tions of Supplementary DUAL SPACER Additives.”
Effect on Slurry Properties:
Safety and Handling Procedures: Avoid eye and
skin contact. In case of contact, flush eyes and/or 1. Compatible: A sufficient amount of retarder
skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If should be incorporated into DUAL SPACER
irritation persists, get medical attention. Wash cloth- designs pumped under high temperature
ing before wearing again. Inhaling the dust can be conditions.
irritating to the respiratory system. Use protective
equipment to avoid inhaling the dust and contact Functions of Supplementary
with skin and eyes.
DUAL SPACER Additives:
Properties:
DUAL SPACER Mixing Aid
Additive: DUAL SPACER
DSMA was designed to improve surface sus-
Part No.: 516.00177 pension properties during low shear mixing
operations (i.e. offshore slugging pit) and after
Specific Gravity: 2.27 batch mixing bulk-blended DUAL SPACER.
Form: powder Retarders
When the DUAL SPACER is pumped at el-
Color: tan
evated temperatures, add a retarder to counter-
How Packaged: 51-lb sk act the dilution effect occurring at the
cement-spacer interface. Nonconformance to
Bulk Density: 31.1 lb/cu ft this guideline can result in a significantly re-
duced pumping time.
Water Requirement: varies with density

January 1996 16-3

 Section 16
Spacers
Cementing Technology Manual

Surfactants
Surfactants are commonly used when displac-
ing oil-based muds to reduce interfacial viscos-
ity and preferentially water-wet the pipe
surface, which promotes better cement bonding.
Defoamers
Adding D-AIR 3 helps combat the foaming
tendencies of a surfactant-laden DUAL
SPACER. When surfactants are not used, other
defoamers, such as NF-3 or D-AIR 2, can also be
applied.
Special Instructions: Consider the specific job ap-
plication when selecting the spacer fluid. Since the
DUAL SPACER fluid possesses low rheological
properties, solids segregation can occur under
downhole conditions with long static times. To
provide adequate suspension properties for typical
liner jobs, DUAL SPACER's “improved suspension”
formulations are recommended. If, however, spacer
fluid solids suspension is critical to the job's success,
2 to 6 lb/bbl of bentonite, attapulgite, or sepiolite
can be added to further improve downhole stability.

16-4 January 1996

 Section 16
Cementing Technology Manual Spacers

Table 16-1: DUAL SPACER

Rates for Turbulence in Various Annular Configurations
(bbl/min @ 190°F)

Standard Design Improved Suspension Design

6-1/2-in. 8 1/2-in. 12 1/4-in. 6 1/2-in. 8 1/2-in. 12 1/4-in.

DUAL SPACER
hole hole hole hole hole hole
Density Water Mixing Aid
5-in. 7-in. 9 5/8-in. 5-in. 7-in. 9 5/8-in.
lb/gal Type gal/10 bbl water
pipe pipe pipe pipe pipe pipe

12 Fresh — 3.2 4.3 9.5 3.7 5.0 11.0

15 Fresh — 2.7 3.7 7.7 3.0 4.1 8.3

18 Fresh — 2.7 3.6 6.8 3.0 4.0 7.6

12 Fresh 1 — — — 4.4 5.9 11.4

15 Fresh 1 — — — 4.9 6.6 12.7

18 Fresh 1 — — — 5.3 7.1 13.1

12 Sea — 3.2 4.3 9.2 2.6 3.5 7.4

15 Sea — 3.3 4.4 9.6 2.8 3.8 7.6

18 Sea — 3.9 5.2 11.0 3.4 4.6 8.9

12 3% KCl — 2.6 3.5 7.1 3.2 4.3 9.1

15 3% KCl — 3.1 4.1 8.7 2.8 3.8 7.5

18 3% KCl — 3.3 4.4 8.8 4.2 5.6 11.8

12 18% NaCl — — — — 1.6 2.2 4.0

15 18% NaCl — — — — 2.1 2.9 5.2

18 18% NaCl — — — — 3.1 4.1 6.7

12 Sat. NaCl — 2.9 3.9 7.8 3.5 4.7 10.1

15 Sat. NaCl — 3.3 4.4 9.3 3.8 5.1 10.7

18 Sat. NaCl — 3.3 4.5 8.0 4.0 5.5 10.9

January 1996 16-5

 Section 16
Spacers
Cementing Technology Manual

Quantity: The spacer volume should provide a

DUAL SPACER E minimum of 4 minutes contact, with a preferred
contact time of 8 to 10 minutes, or 1,000 annular
linear feet. If DUAL SPACER is the only spacer or
Description and Primary Function: DUAL SPACER E flush run, no less than 400 annular linear feet of
is a water-based fluid used in the European/North spacer is recommended, regardless of contact time.
Sea area. It functions as a low viscosity, weighted
spacer (flush) for primary and secondary cementing Special Information:
operations. It can be designed to displace water- Usage Restrictions: Refer to “Special Instructions”
and oil-based muds and can be formulated with given in the DUAL SPACER Section.
fresh water, seawater, 3% KCl, and salt concentra-
tions as high as saturation. Its rheological properties Effect on Slurry Properties:
typically allow it to be pumped in turbulence at
reasonable displacement rates. These properties 1. Compatible: A sufficient amount of retarder
improve mud displacement while maintaining should be incorporated into DUAL SPACER E
drilling fluid and cement slurry isolation. designs pumped under high temperature
conditions.
Secondary Effects: none

Interaction with Other Additives: Refer to “Func-

tions of Supplementary DUAL SPACER Additive“
listed in the DUAL SPACER section.

Safety and Handling Procedures: Avoid eye and

skin contact. In case of contact, flush eyes and/or
skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If
irritation persists, get medical attention. Wash cloth-
ing before wearing again. Inhaling the dust can be
irritating to the respiratory system. Use protective
equipment to avoid inhaling the dust and contact
with skin and eyes.

Properties:

Additive: DUAL SPACER E

Part No.: 516.00296

Specific Gravity: 2.09

Form: powder

Color: tan

How Packaged: 51-lb sk

Bulk Density: 24.28 lb/cu ft

Water Requirement: varies with density

Absolute Volume: 0.0574 gal/lb

Solubility in Water: @ 20°C, 11.7 g/100 ml H2O

Odor: odorless

pH: 9.5 for 1% solution

Normal Range of Use in Wells:

Temperature: 60°F to 500°F (16°C to 260°C)

16-6 January 1996

 Section 16
Cementing Technology Manual Spacers

Table 16-2: DUAL SPACER E

Rates for Turbulence in Various Annular Configurations (bbl/min)

Freshwater Design Seawater Design

6 1/2-in. 8 1/2-in. 12 1/4-in. 6 1/3-in. 8 1/3-in. 12 1/4-in.

Density Temp hole hole hole hole hole hole

lb/gal °F 5-in. pipe 7-in. pipe 9 5/8-in. pipe 5-in. pipe 7-in. pipe 9 5/8-in. pipe

12 72 3.6 4.8 9.6 2.1 2.9 5.0

12 120 3.5 4.7 10.0 1.1 1.5 2.3

12 190 3.9 5.3 12.0 1.1 1.5 2.5

15 72 2.8 3.8 6.7 2.8 3.8 5.7

15 120 2.8 3.8 7.4 1.6 2.1 3.2

15 190 3.4 4.4 9.8 1.2 1.7 2.7

18 72 2.8 3.7 5.5 5.0 6.7 12.0

18 120 2.7 3.7 6.7 4.1 5.6 10.4

18 190 2.2 2.6 4.0 2.0 2.7 4.2

January 1996 16-7

 Section 16
Spacers
Cementing Technology Manual

Normal Range of Use in Wells:

DUAL SPACER Mixing Aid Temperature: 60°F to 500°F (16°C to 260°C)
(DSMA) Concentration: 1 gal DSMA/10 bbl fresh water; 1.5
to 3 gal DSMA/10 bbl seawater
Description and Primary Function: DUAL SPACER Special Information:
Mixing Aid consists of a powder disposed in a low-
toxicity oil. It was developed to minimize solids Usage Restrictions: When preparing brine DUAL
setting which frequently occurs when the DUAL SPACER fluids, add the mixing aid to fresh water.
SPACER is mixed in a low sheer environment (e.g., The salt must be added later, or the concentration of
offshore slugging pit). DSMA improves the surface DSMA required to obtain adequate surface viscosity
suspension properties of a DUAL SPACER design. will be significantly increased.

Secondary Effects: DSMA increases pump rates Effect on Slurry Properties:

required for the DUAL SPACER to achieve turbu-
1. negligible
lence. Its effect is less at higher temperatures.

Interaction with Other Additives: DSMA is capable

of being crosslinked with a chrome source.

Safety and Handling Procedures: Avoid eye and

skin contact with DSMA. In case of contact, immedi-
ately flush eyes and/or skin with plenty of water for
at least 15 minutes. Remove contaminated clothing
and shoes. Get prompt medical attention. If mist is
inhaled, remove to fresh air. If irritation persists, get
medical attention. If swallowed, do not induce
vomiting. Keep person warm and quiet, and get
medical attention. If vomiting occurs spontaneously,
keep head below hips to prevent aspiration. Use
proper protective equipment to avoid inhaling the
dust and contact with eyes and skin.

Properties:

Additive: DUAL SPACER Mixing Aid

Part No.: 516.00177

Specific Gravity: 1.01

Form: liquid

Color: tan

How Packaged: 2-gal can

Bulk Density: 8.38 lb/gal

Absolute Volume: 0.1193 gal/lb

Solubility in Water: miscible

Odor: mineral oil

Flash Point: 255°F

Pour Point: 15°F

Activity: 40%

16-8 January 1996

 Section 16
Cementing Technology Manual Spacers

Table 16-3: DUAL SPACER Mixing Aid Effect

Rates for Turbulence (bbl/min)

DUAL SPACER "Improved Suspension Design" (Fresh Water)

1 gal DSMA/10 bbl Fresh Water No DSMA

6 1/2-in. 8 1/2-in. 12 1/4-in. 6 1/2-in. 8 1/2-in. 12 1/4-in.

Density Temp hole hole hole hole hole hole

lb/gal °F 5-in. pipe 7-in. pipe 9 5/8-in. pipe 5-in. pipe 7-in. pipe 9 5/8-in. pipe

12.0 72 6.1 8.3 15.3 2.5 3.4 6.0

120 5.2 7.0 13.5 2.9 4.0 7.8

190 4.4 5.9 11.4 3.2 4.3 9.5

15.0 72 7.0 9.4 17.2 2.1 2.9 4.4

120 5.5 7.5 14.0 2.5 3.4 6.1

190 4.9 6.6 12.7 2.7 3.7 7.7

18.0 72 8.8 11.9 21.1 3.1 4.2 6.6

120 6.2 8.4 15.5 2.8 3.8 6.2

190 5.3 7.1 13.1 2.7 3.6 6.8

January 1996 16-9

 Section 16
Spacers
Cementing Technology Manual

Activity: 100%
DUAL SPACER Normal Range of Use in Wells:
Surfactant A Temperature: Up to 500°F (260°C) when used in a
properly designed blend of surfactants.
Description and Primary Function: DUAL SPACER Concentration: 0.2 to 1 gal/bbl
Surfactant A is commonly used in water-based
spacers, and it flushes when displacing oil-based Special Information:
drilling fluids. This surfactant is often used with
Usage Restrictions: Using D-AIR 3 can alleviate the
surfactants to reduce interfacial viscosity and pref-
foaming tendencies DUAL SPACER Surfactant A.
erentially water-wet the pipe surface, promoting
better cement bonding. Effect on Slurry Properties:
Secondary Effects: none 1. negligible
Interaction with Other Additives: It works syner-
gistically with other surfactants to provide interfa-
cial compatibility.

Safety and Handling Procedures: Avoid eye and

skin contact. In case of contact, immediately flush
with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove
contaminated clothing and shoes. If mist is inhaled,
remove to fresh air. Give artificial respiration if
victim is not breathing. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. If swallowed, give two glasses of water and
induce vomiting. Repeat until vomit is clear. Keep
head below hips to prevent aspiration. Get prompt
medical attention. Use proper protective equipment
to avoid inhaling the dust and contact with eyes and
skin.

Properties:

Additive: DUAL SPACER Surfactant A

Part No.: 516.00207

Specific Gravity: 1.02

Form: liquid

Color: pale yellow

How Packaged: 5-gal can

Bulk Density: 8.50 lb/gal

Absolute Volume: 0.117 gal/lb

Solubility in Water: insoluble

Odor: mild aromatic

Flash Point: 645°F

Freeze Point: 1°F

pH: 5 to 7 for 1% solution

16-10 January 1996

 Section 16
Cementing Technology Manual Spacers

pH: 5 to 7 for 1% Solution

DUAL SPACER Activity: 100%
Surfactant B Normal Range of Use in Wells:

Temperature: Up to 500°F (260°C) when used in a

Description and Primary Function: DUAL SPACER properly designed blend of surfactants.
Surfactant B is commonly used in water-based spac-
ers, and it flushes when displacing oil-based drilling Concentration: 0.2 to 2 gal/bbl
fluids. This surfactant is often used with surfactants
Special Information:
to reduce interfacial viscosity and preferentially
water-wet the pipe surface, promoting better ce- Usage Restrictions: Using D-AIR 3 can alleviate
ment bonding. It is also recommended as a single foaming tendencies.
water-wetting surfactant, even if interfacial viscos-
ity is not a problem. Effect on Slurry Properties:

Secondary Effects: none 1. negligible

Interaction with Other Additives: It works syner-

gistically with other surfactants to provide interfa-
cial compatibility.

Safety and Handling Procedures: Avoid eye and

skin contact. In case of contact, immediately flush
with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove
contaminated clothing and shoes. If mist is inhaled,
remove to fresh air. Give artificial respiration if
victim is not breathing. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. If swallowed, give two glasses of water and
induce vomiting. Repeat until vomit is clear. Keep
head below hips to prevent aspiration. Get prompt
medical attention. Use proper protective equipment
to avoid inhaling the dust and contact with eyes and
skin.

Properties:

Additive: DUAL SPACER Surfactant B

Part No.: 516.00208

Specific Gravity: 1.06

Form: liquid

Color: colorless

How Packaged: 5-gal can

Bulk Density: 8.85 lb/gal

Absolute Volume: 0.113 gal/lb

Solubility in Water: miscible

Odor: mild, characteristic

Flash Point: 600°F

Freeze Point: 49°F

January 1996 16-11

 Section 16
Spacers
Cementing Technology Manual

Activity: 100%
SEM-7 Normal Range of Use in Wells:

Temperature: Up to 500°F (260°C) when used in a

Description and Primary Function: SEM-7 is com- properly designed blend of surfactants.
monly used in water-based spacers, and it flushes
when displacing oil-based muds. This surfactant is Concentration: 0.5 to 2 gal/bbl
often used with surfactants to reduce interfacial
viscosity and preferentially water-wet the pipe Special Information:
surface, promoting better cement bonding. It can Usage Restrictions: Using D-AIR 3 can alleviate the
also be recommended as a single water-wetting foaming tendencies of SEM-7.
surfactant, even if interfacial viscosity is not a prob-
lem. Effect on Slurry Properties:
Secondary Effects: none 1. negligible
Interaction with Other Additives: It works syner-
gistically with other surfactants to provide interfa-
cial compatibility.

Safety and Handling Procedures: SEM-7 can cause

severe eye and skin burns. In case of contact, imme-
diately flush eyes and/or skin with plenty of water
for at least 15 minutes. Remove contaminated cloth-
ing and shoes. If mist is inhaled, remove to fresh air.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. If swallowed,
do not induce vomiting. Give 1 quart of water or
milk to dilute. If inhaled or swallowed, get prompt
medical attention. Use proper protective equipment
to avoid inhaling the dust and contact with eyes and
skin.

Properties:

Additive: SEM-7

Part No.: 70.15625

Specific Gravity: 0.99

Form: liquid

Color: light yellow

How Packaged: 55-gal drum

Bulk Density: 8.25 lb/gal

Absolute Volume: 0.1212 gal/lb

Solubility in Water: miscible

Odor: alcoholic

Flash Point: 74°F

Pour Point: -7°F

pH: 7.7

16-12 January 1996

 Section 16
Cementing Technology Manual Spacers

Normal Range of Use in Wells:

Pen 5 Temperature: Up to 500°F (260°C) when used in a
properly designed blend of surfactants.
Description and Primary Function: Pen 5 is com- Concentration: 0.5 to 1.5 gal/bbl
monly used in water-based spacers, and it flushes
when displacing oil-based muds. This surfactant is Special Information:
often used with surfactants to reduce interfacial
viscosity and preferentially water-wet the pipe Usage Restrictions: Using D-AIR 3 can alleviate the
surface, promoting better cement bonding. foaming tendencies of Pen 5.

Secondary Effects: none Effect on Slurry Properties:

Interaction with Other Additives: It works syner- 1. negligible

gistically with other surfactants to provide interfa-
cial compatibility.

Safety and Handling Procedures: Avoid eye and

skin contact. In case of contact, immediately flush
with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove
contaminated clothing and shoes. If mist is inhaled,
remove to fresh air. Give artificial respiration if
victim is not breathing. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. If swallowed, give two glasses of water and
induce vomiting. Repeat until vomit is clear. Keep
head below hips to prevent aspiration. Get prompt
medical attention. Use proper protective equipment
to avoid inhaling the dust and contact with eyes and
skin.

Properties:

Additive: Pen 5

Part No.: 516.1

Specific Gravity: 1.03

Form: liquid

Color: clear, colorless

How Packaged: 55-gal drum

Bulk Density: 8.6 lb/gal

Absolute Volume: 0.1163 gal/lb

Solubility in Water: miscible

Odor: alcoholic

Flash Point: 120°F

Pour Point: -4°F

pH: 7.4

Activity: 1%

January 1996 16-13

 Section 16
Spacers
Cementing Technology Manual

Normal Range of Use in Wells:

MUSOL® A Temperature: Up to 500°F (260°C) when used in a
properly designed blend of surfactants.
Description and Primary Function: MUSOL A is a Concentration: 0.5 to 2 gal/bbl
mutual solvent which is commonly used in water-
based spacers, and it flushes when displacing oil- Special Information:
based drilling fluids. This additive is often used
with surfactants to reduce interfacial viscosity and Usage Restrictions: none
preferentially water-wet the pipe surface, promot- Effect on Slurry Properties:
ing better cement bonding.
1. negligible
Secondary Effects: none

Interaction with Other Additives: It works syner-

gistically with surfactants to provide interfacial
compatibility.

Safety and Handling Procedures: MUSOL A can

cause severe eye and skin burns. In case of contact,
immediately flush eyes and/or skin with plenty of
water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contaminated
clothing and shoes. If mist is inhaled, remove to
fresh air. Give artificial respiration if victim is not
breathing. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. If
swallowed, do not induce vomiting. Give two
glasses of water or milk to dilute. If inhaled or swal-
lowed, get prompt medical attention. Use proper
protective equipment to avoid inhaling the dust and
contact with eyes and skin.

Properties:

Additive: MUSOL A

Part No.: 70.15756

Specific Gravity: 0.93

Form: liquid

Color: colorless

How Packaged: 55-gal drum

Bulk Density: 7.75 lb/gal

Absolute Volume: 0.1290 gal/lb

Solubility in Water: miscible

Odor: mild

Flash Point: 149°F

Pour Point: - 40°F

Activity: 100%

16-14 January 1996

 Section 16
Cementing Technology Manual Spacers

Temperature: 60 to 500°F (16°C to 260°C)

SD Spacer Quantity: The spacer volume should provide a
minimum of 4 minutes contact with a preferred
Description and Primary Function: SD Spacer is a contact time of 8 to 10 minutes or 1,000 annular
water-based fluid used in primary and secondary linear feet. If SD Spacer is the only spacer or flush
cementing operations. It is designed to utilize com- run, no less than 500 annular linear feet of spacer is
mon cementing additives to formulate a low viscos- recommended, regardless of the contact time.
ity fluid capable of achieving turbulence at Special Information:
reasonable pump rates. This spacer can be used to
displace most water-based muds with little or no Usage Restrictions: If spacer fluid solids suspension
modifications. Applications requiring displacement is critical to the job's success, the SD Spacer should
of oil-based muds typically demand the addition of be tested under downhole conditions and modified
surfactants. SD Spacer can be formulated in fresh as needed.
water, seawater, and 3% KCl water.
Effect on Slurry Properties:
Secondary Effects: none
1. Compatible: A sufficient amount of retarder
Interaction with Other Additives: Supplementary should be incorporated into SD Spacer designs
additives which can be used in the SD Spacer in- pumped under high temperature conditions.
clude retarders, surfactants, and defoamers. (Refer
to the DUAL SPACER section for application). Ob-
tain additional viscosity by decreasing the inhibitor
CFR-2, increasing the amount of bentonite, and/or
(for seawater designs) pretreating the seawater with
a caustic.

Safety and Handling Procedures: Avoid eye and

skin contact. In case of contact, immediately flush
with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If irrita-
tion persists, get medical attention. Wash clothing
before wearing again. Inhaling the dust can be irri-
tating to the respiratory system. Use proper protec-
tive equipment to avoid inhaling the dust and
contact with eyes and skin.

Properties:

Additive: SD Spacer

Specific Gravity: variable

How Packaged: bulk blended

Bulk Density: variable

Water Requirement: varies with density

Absolute Volume: variable

Solubility in Water: variable

Odor: odorless

pH: variable

Normal Range of Use in Wells:

Spacer Density: 10.5 to 19 lb/gal

January 1996 16-15

 Section 16
Spacers
Cementing Technology Manual

Table 16-4: SD SPACER

Rates for Tubulence in Various Annular Configurations
(bbl/min @ 190°F)

Density Water 6 1/2-in. hole 8 1/2-in. hole 12 1/4-in. hole

lb/gal Type 5-in. pipe 7-in. pipe 9 5/8-in. pipe

12 Fresh 3.6 4.9 9.3

15 Fresh 4.2 5.7 9.3

18 Fresh 3.4 4.6 7.1

12 Sea 2.2 2.9 5.8

15 Sea 2.4 3.2 5.1

18 Sea 2.0 2.7 3.8

12 3% KCl 2.6 3.5 6.8

15 3% KCl 3.2 4.4 7.5

18 3% KCl 2.4 3.3 5.5

16-16 January 1996

 Section 16
Cementing Technology Manual Spacers

Effect on Slurry Properties:

SAM-4 Spacer 1. Compatible: A sufficient amount of retarder
must be incorporated into SAM-4 Spacer de-
Description and Primary Function: SAM-4 Spacer signs pumped under high temperature condi-
is an oil-based fluid designed to help reduce interfa- tions.
cial contamination between the cement slurry and
drilling mud during displacement on primary and
secondary cementing jobs. To prevent the possibility
of oil-wetting a water-wet pipe, limit its use to oil-
based mud applications. The spacer consists of a
50:50 oil-in-water emulsion using liquid Spacer Mix
(emulsifier), Spacer Sperse (wetting agent), and
barite (weighting material).

Secondary Effects: SAM-4 Spacer has excellent

fluid-loss control.

Interaction with Other Additives: none

Safety and Handling Procedures: Avoid eye and

skin contact. In case of contact, immediately flush
eyes and/or skin with plenty of water for at least 15
minutes. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes.
If mist is inhaled, remove to fresh air. Give artificial
respiration if subject is not breathing. If breathing is
difficult, give oxygen. If swallowed, do not induce
vomiting. Give one quart of water or milk to dilute.
If inhaled or swallowed, get prompt medical atten-
tion. Use proper protective equipment to avoid
inhaling the dust and contact with eyes and skin.

Properties:

Additive: SAM-4 Spacer

Part No.: NIS.259

Water Requirement: varies with density

Solubility in Water: nil

Odor: hydrocarbon

Normal Range of Use in Wells:

Density: 8 to 20 lb/gal

Temperature: 60°F to 400°F (16°C to 204°C)

Concentration: 50:50 diesel oil:water (by volume);

0.5 gal Liquid Spacer Mix/bbl SAM-4 Spacer; 4 lb
Spacer Sperse/bbl SAM-4 Spacer; barite to weight

Special Information:

Usage Restrictions: Use SAM-4 only when displac-

ing oil-based muds.

January 1996 16-17

 Section 16
Spacers
Cementing Technology Manual

Table 16-5: SAM-4 SPACER

Rates for Turbulence in Various Annular Configurations
(bbl/min)

Density Temp 6 1/2-in. hole 8 1/2-in. hole 12 1/4-in. hole

lb/gal °F 5-in. pipe 7-in. pipe 9 5/8-in. pipe

12 80 12.5 16.9 26.6

12 150 10.6 14.2 27.6

12 200 8.3 11.2 23.5

15 80 16.9 22.7 36.8

15 150 11.8 15.9 28.3

15 200 10.2 13.8 29.4

18 80 22.1 29.8 51.4

18 150 13.6 18.3 32.1

18 200 12.6 17.0 35.4

16-18 January 1996

 Section 16
Cementing Technology Manual Spacers

Bulk Density: 11.66 lb/gal

SUPER FLUSH 100 Absolute Volume: 0.0857 gal/lb

Solubility in Water: @ 20°C, miscible

Description and Primary Function: SUPER FLUSH
100 is a reactive fluid used in primary and second- Odor: slightly soupy
ary cementing operations. Typically, it is diluted
with either fresh water or seawater (see usage re- Freeze Point: 30°F
strictions) to form flushes designated as SUPER Pour Point: 35°F
FLUSH 101 through 105. This product has been
used to: pH: 11.2
1. improve mud displacement Activity: 29.2%
2. improve cement bonding Normal Range of Use in Wells:
3. improve downhole fluid-loss control
Temperature: 60°F to 450°F (16°C to 232°C)
4. set cement plugs
5. control lost circulation Concentration: 5 to 100 bbl
6. squeeze underground water flows Note: Minimum non-reactive spacer volumes
It can be used with all known mud systems and should be based on a casing or annulus capacity of
cement slurries when isolated with sufficient vol- 150 ft of fill (whichever is larger) plus 1 bbl if the
umes of applicable, non-reactive spacers. pump used to insert the spacer is not clean.

Secondary Effects: none Special Information:

Interaction with Other Additives: SUPER FLUSH Usage Restrictions: Dilute SUPER FLUSH 100 with
100 is highly reactive in the presence of divalent seawater only if a caustic (NaOH) is first added to
metal ions (such as calcium, i.e. cement), highly the seawater. A concentration of at least 28 lb caus-
saline solution, and acids. tic/10 bbl seawater is required to prevent prema-
ture gelation.
Safety and Handling Procedures: SUPER FLUSH
100 can cause severe eye and skin burns. In case of Effect on Slurry Properties:
contact, immediately flush eyes and/or skin with 1. extreme gelation/acceleration: SUPER FLUSH
plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove 100 must be separated from cement (and other
contaminated clothing and shoes. If mist is inhaled, chemicals) with a “minimum” volume of non-
remove to fresh air. Give artificial respiration if reactive spacer.
victim is not breathing. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. If swallowed, do not induce vomiting. Give
one quart of water or milk to dilute. If inhaled or
swallowed, get prompt medical attention. Use
proper protective equipment to avoid inhaling the
dust and contact with eyes and skin.

Properties:

Additive: SUPER FLUSH 100

Part No.: 70.15607

Specific Gravity: 1.40

Form: liquid

Color: translucent

How Packaged: 55-gal drum or bulk

January 1996 16-19

 Section 16
Spacers
Cementing Technology Manual

Table 16-6: SUPER FLUSH Applications

Reactive Flushes Primary Applications

SUPER FLUSH 100 Severe lost circulation (i.e., dilution problems)

Squeeze cementing with crossflow problems

SUPER FLUSH 101 Major lost circulation

Squeeze cementing with major diverting requirements
SUPER FLUSH 102 Cement bonding
Mud displacement
Fluid-loss control
Minor lost circulation
Squeeze cementing with minor diverting requirements
Setting cement plugs

SUPER FLUSH 103-105 Cement bonding

Mud displacement
Fluid-loss control

Note: SUPER FLUSH 103, 104, and 105 provide longer contact times at economical costs.

Table 16-7: Rates for Turbulence

Rates for Turbulence in Various Annular Configurations
(bbl/min)

Density Temp 6 1/2-in. hole 8 1/2-in. hole 12 1/4-in. hole

Reactive Flushes lb/gal °F 5-in. pipe 7-in. pipe 9 5/8-in. pipe

SUPER FLUSH 100 11.7 190 4.7 6.3 9.0

SUPER FLUSH 101 10.0 72 1.1 1.5 2.3

SUPER FLUSH 102 9.6 72 0.8 1.1 1.9

Note: The apparent viscosities of SUPER FLUSH 100 at room temperature and at 190°F are 387 and 25 Cp,
respectively. SUPER FLUSH Designation Example: SUPER FLUSH 102 contains - 1 part SUPER
FLUSH 100, 2 parts Water (by volume)

16-20 January 1996

 Section 16
Cementing Technology Manual Spacers

Absolute Volume: 0.0538 gal/lb

SUPER FLUSH Solubility in Water: @ 20°C, 62 g/100 ml H2O

Odor: odorless
Description and Primary Function: SUPER FLUSH
is a reactive fluid which is typically used in primary pH: 11 for 20% Solution
cementing to improve mud displacement and ce-
ment bonding. It also helps control downhole fluid Normal Range of Use in Wells:
loss. When using the “Double Strength” design, this Temperature: 60°F to 450°F (16°C to 232°C)
flush can also alleviate minor lost circulation during
primary cementing and be used in plug cementing Quantity: 5 to 60 bbl
operations to prevent slurry from migrating
downhole away from the plug location. SUPER Note: Minimum non-reactive spacer volumes
FLUSH can be used with all known mud systems should be based on a casing or annulus capacity of
and cement slurries when isolated with sufficient 150 ft of fill (whichever is larger) plus 1 bbl if the
drums of applicable, non-reactive spacers. Since the pump used to insert the spacer is not clean.
reactive ingredient is readily soluble at low tem- Special Information:
peratures, it is especially useful in cold climates. It
can be weighted up to 20 lb/gal and be prepared Usage Restrictions: SUPER FLUSH can only be
with fresh water or seawater (see usage restriction). mixed with seawater if a caustic (NaOH) is first
added to the seawater. A concentration of at least 28
Secondary Function: SUPER FLUSH can be de- lb caustic/10 bbl seawater is required to prevent
signed with additional bridging materials to help premature gelation.
control severe lost circulation. This is normally
recommended only when SUPER FLUSH 100 is not Effect on Slurry Properties:
available.
1. extreme gelation/acceleration: SUPER FLUSH
Interaction with Other Additives: SUPER FLUSH must be separated from cement (and other
is highly reactive in the presence of divalent metal chemicals) with a “minimum” volume of non-
ions (such as calcium, i.e., cement), high saline solu- reactive spacer.
tions, and acids.

Safety and Handling Procedures: Avoid eye and

skin contact. In case of contact, immediately flush
eyes and/or skin with plenty of water for at least 15
minutes. If irritation persists, get medical attention.
Wash clothing before wearing again. Inhaling the
dust can be irritating to the respiratory system. Use
proper protective equipment to avoid inhaling the
dust and contact with eyes and skin.

Properties:

Additive: SUPER FLUSH

Part No.: 516.00114

Specific Gravity: 2.23

Form: powder

Color: tan

How Packaged: 68-lb sk

Bulk Density: 32.60 lb/cu ft

Water Requirement: varies with density

January 1996 16-21

 Section 16
Spacers
Cementing Technology Manual

Table 16-8: SUPER FLUSH

Rates for Turbulence in VariousAnnular Configurations
(bbl/min @ 120°F)

SUPER FLUSH Density 6 1/2-in. hole 8 1/2-in. hole 12 1/4-in. hole

Designation lb/gal 5-in. pipe 7-in. pipe 9 5/8-in. pipe

Standard Strength 9.2 1.7 2.2 4.6

Double Strength 10.1 3.7 5.0 10.4

Weighted 12.0 4.9 6.6 13.4

Weighted 15.0 6.0 8.0 17.4

Weighted 18.0 6.7 9.0 18.4

Note: “Double Strength” SUPER FLUSH is similar in reactivity to SUPER FLUSH 102. If more reactivity is
required with a product prepared from dry material, FLO-CHEK® P can be used.

16-22 January 1996

 Section 16
Cementing Technology Manual Spacers

Special Information:
Mud Flush Usage Restrictions: When removing freshwater
drilling muds, prepare Mud Flush with fresh water.
Description and Primary Function: Mud Flush is Use an adequate volume of non-reactive fluid to
an aqueous solution of MF-1 and MORFLO® II. This separate Mud Flush from SUPER FLUSH.
flush enhances mud displacement by diluting and Effect on Slurry Properties:
chemically dispersing water-based muds and by
providing turbulent flow action as it is pumped 1. compatible
through the annulus. While MF-1 acts as a dispers-
ant, MORFLO II conditions the pipe for improved
cement bonding.

Secondary Effects: none

Interaction with Other Additives: Mud Flush can

prematurely gel SUPER FLUSH.

Safety and Handling Procedures: Mud Flush can

cause severe eye and skin burns. In case of contact,
immediately flush eyes and/or skin with plenty of
water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contaminated
clothing and shoes. If mist is inhaled, move victim
to fresh air. Give artificial respiration if the victim is
not breathing. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen.
If swallowed, do not induce vomiting. Give 1 quart
of water or milk to dilute. If inhaled or swallowed,
get prompt medical attention.

Properties:

Additive: Mud Flush

Part No.: NIS.336

Specific Gravity: 1.01

Form: liquid

Color: clear, tan

How Packaged: bulk

Bulk Density: 8.40 lb/gal

Absolute Volume: 0.1191 gal/lb

Solubility in Water: miscible

Odor: mild

pH: 4 to 5

Normal Range of Use in Wells:

Temperature: 60°F to 500°F (16°C to 260°C)

Concentration: 200 lb MF-1; 10 gal MORFLO II; 990

gal water

January 1996 16-23

 Section 16
Spacers
Cementing Technology Manual

Special Information:
N-Ver-Sperse O Usage Restrictions: none

Effect on Slurry Properties:

Description and Primary Function: N-Ver-Sperse O
is a hydrocarbon-based fluid which can be used as a 1. lowers compressive strength
cementing flush when displacing oil-based muds.
This flush enhances mud displacement by diluting
and chemically dispersing those muds and by pro-
viding turbulent flow action. N-Ver-Sperse O is
typically followed by a water-based flush contain-
ing water-wetting surfactants to improve cement
bonding.

Secondary Effects: none

Interaction with Other Additives: none

Safety and Handling Procedures: N-Ver-Sperse O

can cause severe eye and skin burns. In case of
contact, immediately flush eyes and/or skin with
plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove
contaminated clothing and shoes. If mist is inhaled,
remove to fresh air. Give artificial respiration if
victim is not breathing. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. If swallowed, do not induce vomiting. Give
one quart of water or milk to dilute. If inhaled or
swallowed, get prompt medical attention. Use
proper protective equipment to avoid inhaling the
dust and contact with eyes and skin.

Properties:

Additive: N-Ver-Sperse O

Specific Gravity: 0.84

Form: liquid

Color: clear, light amber

How Packaged: bulk

Bulk Density: 7.00 lb/gal

Absolute Volume: 0.1429 gal/lb

Solubility in Water: nil

Odor: amine

Flash Point: varies with base oil

Normal Range of Use in Wells:

Temperature: 60°F to 350°F (16°C to 176°C)

Concentration: 100% base oil (of mud); 5%

MUSOL® A or MUSOL; 1% HYFLO® IV

16-24 January 1996

 Section 16
Cementing Technology Manual Spacers

pH: 7.5 for a 1% solution

Alpha Spacer Normal Range of Use in Wells:

Temperature: 60°F to 350°F (16°C to 176°C)

Description and Primary Function: Alpha Spacer is
designed to: Recommended Volume: At least 500 ft of annular
separation
1. separate drilling fluid from the cement slurry
2. disperse mixtures of wellbore fluids to ensure Special Information:
compatibility Usage Restrictions: Must add KCl in the correct
3. leave the pipe and formation water-wet to im- order. (See Interaction with Other Additives.)
prove cement bonding.
Effect on Slurry Properties:
This spacer can be used to displace either a water-
or oil-based drilling fluid by changing the surfactant 1. compatible
type/concentration and incorporating KCl in the
design.

Secondary Effect: none

Interaction with Other Additives: When designing

Alpha Spacer to displace an oil-based drilling fluid,
always dissolve KCl in the mix water before adding
the spacer mix, or the Alpha Spacer Oil Surfactant
will cause the spacer to produce excessive viscosi-
ties. For water-based mud applications, adding KCl
is optional, but if it is used, it can only be added
after the Alpha Spacer mix has had the time to
hydrate.

Safety and Handling Procedures: Avoid getting

Alpha Spacer on skin and in eyes. In case of contact,
flush eyes and/or skin with plenty of water. If irri-
tation persists, get medical attention. Inhaling the
dust can be irritating to the respiratory system. Use
protective equipment to avoid inhaling the dust and
contact with skin and eyes.

Properties:

Additive: Alpha Spacer

Part No.: 516.00696

Specific Gravity: 1.74

Form: powder

Color: tan/off white

How Packaged: 50-lb sk

Bulk Density: 54 lb/cu ft

Water Requirement: varies with density

Absolute Volume: 0.0691 gal/lb

Odor: odorless

January 1996 16-25

 Section 16
Spacers
Cementing Technology Manual

Table 16-9: Alpha Spacer Flow Properties

Turbulent Flow Rates in Various Annular Configurations
(bbl/min @ 180°F)
Yield Point
2
Density Water (lb/100 ft ) 6 1/2-in. hole 8 1/2-in. hole 12 1/4-in. hole

lb/gal Type 75°F 180°F 5-in. pipe 7-in. pipe 9 5/8-in. pipe

9 Fresh 16 14 6.9 9.3 19.5

12 Fresh 13 12 6.5 8.8 17.3

15 Fresh 15 11 5.7 7.7 15.0

18 Fresh 17 10 5.9 8.0 14.3

9 2% KCl 18 13 6.7 9.0 18.8

12 2% KCl 14 9 5.7 7.7 15.7

15 2% KCl 19 6 4.7 6.4 12.0

18 2% KCl 21 6 4.3 5.8 10.7

16-26 January 1996

 Section 16
Cementing Technology Manual Spacers

Effect on Slurry Properties:

Alpha Preflush 1. compatible

Description and Primary Function: Alpha Preflush

is a chemical wash designed to enhance the dis-
placement of both water- and oil-based drilling
fluids because it is pumped in turbulence and can
dilute and disperse clays that can cause flocculation
problems during cementing operations. To promote
better cement bonding, one of the two Alpha Spacer
surfactants is used in this preflush.

Secondary Effects: none

Interaction with Other Additives: none

Safety and Handling Procedures: Avoid getting

Alpha Preflush on skin and in eyes. In case of con-
tact, flush eyes and/or skin with plenty of water. If
irritation persists, get medical attention. Inhaling
the dust can be irritating to the respiratory system.
Use protective equipment to avoid inhaling the dust
and contact with skin and eyes.

Properties:

Additive: Alpha Preflush

Part No.: 516.00697

Specific Gravity: 1.22

Form: powder

Color: tan

How Packaged: 50-lb sk

Bulk Density: 51 lb/cu ft

Absolute Volume: 0.0984 gal/lb

Solubility in Water: soluble

Odor: nondistinctive

pH: 7 for a 1% solution

Normal Range of Use in Wells:

Temperature: 60°F to 500°F (16°C to 260°C)

Concentration: 3 lb/bbl Preflush mix and 0.2 gal/

bbl Alpha Spacer Water Surfactant or 1 to 2 gal/bbl
Alpha Spacer Oil Surfactant, depending on the
displaced mud type

Special Information:

Usage Restrictions: none

January 1996 16-27

 Section 16
Spacers
Cementing Technology Manual

Normal Range of Use in Wells:

Alpha Spacer Water Temperature: 60°F to 350°F (16°C to 176°C)
Surfactant Concentration: 0.2 gal/bbl

Special Information:
Description and Primary Function: Alpha Spacer
Water Surfactant is commonly used in the Alpha Usage Restrictions: Must provide adequate shear to
Spacer and Alpha Preflush when displacing water- disperse surfactant.
based drilling fluids. It is used to provide better
Effect on Slurry Properties:
cement bonding.
1. negligible
Secondary Effects: Since this surfactant provides a
slight defoaming effect, add it to the mix water
before any of the other materials.

Interaction with Other Additives: none

Safety and Handling Procedures: Avoid getting

Alpha Spacer Water Surfactant on skin and in eyes.
In case of contact, flush eyes and/or skin with
plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove
contaminated clothing and shoes. If mist is inhaled,
move to fresh air. Give artificial respiration if victim
is not breathing. If breathing is difficult, give oxy-
gen. If swallowed, give two glasses of water and
induce vomiting. Repeat until vomit is clear. Keep
head below hips to prevent aspiration. Get prompt
medical attention. Use proper protective equipment
to avoid inhaling the dust and contact with eyes and
skin.

Properties:

Additive: Alpha Spacer Water Surfactant

Part No.: 516.00698

Specific Gravity: 0.99

Form: liquid

Color: pale yellow

How Packaged: 5-gal container

Bulk Density: 8.21 lb/gal

Water Requirement: none

Absolute Volume: 0.0122 gal/lb

Solubility in Water: insoluble

Odor: aromatic

Flash Point: 200°F

pH: 5 to 10

Activity: 100%

16-28 January 1996

 Section 16
Cementing Technology Manual Spacers

Activity: 100%
Alpha Spacer Oil Surfactant Normal Range of Use in Wells:

Temperature: 60°F to 350°F (16°C to 176°C)

Description and Primary Function: Alpha Spacer
Oil Surfactant is commonly used in Alpha Spacer Concentration: 1 to 2 gal/bbl
and Alpha Preflush when displacing oil-based drill-
ing fluids. This surfactant is used to reduce interfa- Special Information:
cial viscosity and preferentially water-wet the pipe Usage Restrictions: D-AIR 3 alleviates the foaming
surface, promoting better cement bonding. tendencies of Alpha Spacer Oil Surfactant.
Secondary Effects: Because this product has foam- Effect on Slurry Properties:
ing tendencies, add it to the spacer/preflush just
before it is pumped downhole. 1. negligible
Interaction with Other Additives: It viscosifies the
Alpha Spacer.

Safety and Handling Procedures: Avoid getting

Alpha Spacer Oil Surfactant on skin and in eyes. In
case of contact, flush eyes and/or skin with plenty
of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contami-
nated clothing and shoes. If mist is inhaled, move to
fresh air. Give artificial respiration if victim is not
breathing. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. If
swallowed, give two glasses of water and induce
vomiting. Repeat until vomit is clear. Keep head
below hips to prevent aspiration. Get prompt medi-
cal attention. Use proper protective equipment to
avoid inhaling the dust and contact with eyes and
skin.

Properties:

Additive: Alpha Spacer Oil Surfactant

Part No.: 516.00699

Specific Gravity: 0.99

Form: liquid

Color: clear

How Packaged: 5-gal container

Bulk Density: 8.21 lb/gal

Water Requirement: none

Absolute Volume: 0.0122 gal/lb

Solubility in Water: soluble

Odor: aromatic

Flash Point: 200°F

pH: 5 to 10

January 1996 16-29

 Section 16
Spacers
Cementing Technology Manual

Normal Range of Use in Wells:

Spacer 500 Temperature: 60°F to 250°F (16°C to 121°C)

Recommended Volume: The spacer volume should

Description and Primary Function: Spacer 500 is a provide a minimum of 4 minutes contact, with a
low toxicity, polymer-based spacer which was de- preferred contact time of 8 to 10 minutes, or 1,000
veloped to meet environmental regulations defined annular linear feet. If it is the only spacer or flush
by Control of Substances Hazardous to Health run, at least 500 ft of annular separation is needed,
(COSHH), and Occupational Safety Health Admin- regardless of contact time.
istration (OSHA). Spacer 500 can be pumped in
turbulence at reasonable rates and is designed to Special Information:
provide a compatible interface between the cement
slurry and drilling fluid. It can be formulated in Usage Restrictions: Surfactants are required when
fresh water, seawater, 18% salt water, and mixed at displacing oil-based muds. When surfactants or salt
a density range of 10 to 18 lb/gal. Spacer 500 can be is used in a Spacer 500 design, a defoamer is re-
used to displace both water-based and oil-based quired to reduce foaming tendencies — specifically
drilling fluids. D-AIR 3, for oil-based mud applications.

Secondary Effects: none Effect on Slurry Properties:

Interaction with Other Additives: Always 1. compatible

prehydrate Spacer 500 in the mixing water before
any salt is added, or the spacer blend will not yield
properly, and settling problems could result.

Safety and Handling Procedures: This product

contains materials that are considered nonhazard-
ous and virtually nontoxic. Avoid getting Spacer
500 on skin or in eyes. In case of contact, flush eyes
and/or skin with plenty of water. If irritation per-
sists, get medical attention. Inhaling the dust can be
irritating to the respiratory system. Use protective
equipment to avoid inhaling the dust and contact
with skin and eyes.

Properties:

Additive: Spacer 500

Part No.: 516.00727

Specific Gravity: 2.30

Form: powder

Color: tan/grey

How Packaged: 50-lb sk

Bulk Density: 54.87 lb/cu ft

Water Requirement: varies with density

Absolute Volume: 0.052 gal/lb

Solubility in Water: forms a gel

Odor: odorless to slightly fishy

16-30 January 1996

 Section 16
Cementing Technology Manual Spacers

Table 16-10: Spacer 500

Rates for Turbulence in Various Annular Configuration
(bbl/min @ 160°F)
Yield Point
2
Density Water (lb/100 ft ) 6 1/2-in. hole 8 1/2-in. hole 12 1/4-in. hole

lb/gal Type 75°F 160°F 5-in. pipe 7-in. pipe 9 5/8-in. pipe

10 Fresh 3 3 3.0 4.1 8.3

14 Fresh 5 3 3.4 4.6 8.3

18 Fresh 4 5 3.6 4.8 9.0

a
10 Fresh 5 4 3.8 5.2 10.3
a
14 Fresh 8 6 4.5 6.1 11.7
a
18 Fresh 12 10 5.8 7.8 14.7

10 Sea 3 2 2.6 3.5 6.7

14 Sea 4 5 3.4 4.6 8.6

18 Sea 7 11 4.2 5.6 11.2

10 18% Salt 6 3 3.0 4.1 8.3

14 18% Salt 11 6 3.6 4.8 10.0

18 18% Salt 20 14 5.1 6.9 14.8

a
Improved suspension and high-temperature application designs.

January 1996 16-31

 Section 16
Spacers
Cementing Technology Manual

16-32 January 1996