Introduction to Wireless Communication Telecom Systems

DEBRE BERHAN UNIVERSITY

College of Computing
Department of Information Technology
Wireless Networking and Telecom
Technologies(ITec4101) Lecture Note

Lec01: Introduction to Wireless Communication Telecom Systems

DBU 2017
 Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems

Outline

1 Introduction to Wireless Communication

What is wireless communication
CommunicationsHistoryTimeline
Types of Communication Systems
• Mobile radio transmission
• Paging Systems
• Cordless Telephone Systems
• Cellular Telephone Systems
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems
Types of Communication Systems

Communication Systems can be Wired or Wireless and the medium

used for communication can be Guided or Unguided.
Wired Communication
the medium is a physical path like Coaxial Cables, Twisted
Pair Cables and Optical Fiber Links etc.
which guides the signal to propagate from one point to other.
Such type of medium is called Guided Medium.
Wireless Communication
It doesn’t require any physical medium but propagates the
signal through space.
Since, space only allows for signal transmission without any
guidance, the medium used in Wireless Communication is
called Unguided Medium
With the help of Wireless Communication, the transmitter and
receiver can be placed anywhere between few metres (like a
T.V. Remote Control) to few thousand kilometres (Satellite
Communication).
 What isawirelesscommunicationsystem?
communication system?
Definitions
 The transmitted signal is an electromagnetic wave in the frequency band 10 kHz to
300 GHz
 Mainly concerned with systems in the 300 MHz to 10 GHz range
 The power and time-frequency occupancy of the transmitted signal must be carefully
controlled to avoid disturbing other systems

• The human ear can typically hear sounds between 20 and 20,000
hertz (Hz)
• 2,000 Hz and 5,000
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems

Communications HistoryTimeline
The Past
 Ancient Systems: Smoke Signals, Carrier Pigeons, …
 1790s: “Optical Telegraph Network”:
 About 20 characters per minute;
 1830s: Electromagnetic telegraph invented;
 1845: Morse code becomes telegraph standard
 1851: First submarine telegraph cable:
 London to Paris;

 1857: Mechanical devices boost telegraph speeds to

~267bps.
 The Past
 1880: 50,000 telephone lines in US;
 1884: unshielded twisted pair wiring invented (by accident);
 1902: Marconi sends wireless signals across Atlantic.
 1930s: (Analogue) phone network outgrows (digital) telegraph
network.
 1957: USA creates Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA);
 1960s: Optical fibre first used for voice;
 1960s: Packet switching invented.
The Past
 Late 1960s: First designs for
ARPANET.
 1969: 4 node ARPANET is born.
 1972: First email message;
 1973: Ethernet invented;
 1974: TCP/IP invented;
 1983: Domain Name Services
(DNS);
 1980s: First commercial ISPs.
The Current
T

h
1988: Exponential growth in cellular



e
1989: HTML/URLs/HTTP invented:
1992: First graphical web browsers;
 1993: First search engine:CLycos;

Nov. 2004: Google’s indexu

 2000: most KFUPM STUDENTs were born.
 contains 8 billion


entries.
r
Jan. 2022: Wireless Communications


Course Started!
Jan. 2030: ………………….
r Ubiquitous present, appearing, or found everywhere

e
Pervasive spreading widely throughout an area or a group of people

n
Design Challenges
 Network/Radio Challenges
 Gbps data rates with “no” errors
 Energy efficiency
 Scarce/bifurcated spectrum
 Reliability and coverage
 Heterogeneous networks
 Seamless internetwork handoff

 Device/(System on Chip) SoC Challenges

 Performance
 Complexity
 Size, Power, Cost,
Energy
 High
frequencies/mmWave
 Multiple Antennas 9
 Multiradio Integration
 Coexistance
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems
Needs of Wireless Communication Systems

In Traditional communication systems, various types of wires were

used for making the communication between sender and receiver by
using various cables like twisted pair, fibre optic or copper wire.

To setup such type of communication was very costly and it was very
difficult to handle such type of communication system due to complexity
of wires.
with the development of new trends and changing
1. technologies, WCS came and changed the way of information
transfer by introducing various faster wireless communication
methods
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems

• wireless(mobile)phone subscribers now exceeds than wired phone

subscribers.
• As of 2023, there were almost 8.9 billion mobile phone subscriptions
worldwide, up from around 8.6 billion the previous year.
• wireless Internet-connected devices equals wireline Internet-connected
devices
• laptops, Internet-enabled phones promise anytime untethered
Internet access
• two important(but different) challenges
• Wireless : communication over wireless link,
• The absence of physical cables
• Mobility : handling the mobile user who changes point of
attachment to network
• Mobility refers to the ability to use devices or systems while
moving
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems
Types of wireless communication

• Infrared Communication: It uses electromagnetic energy which is

known as IR for making the communication .
• Frequency range: 300 GHz to 400 THz
-is used in areas where communication range is short. about 10 meters.
• Satellite Communication: It uses space segment and ground segment
for making communication .
• -used to send and receive signal from any place on earth.
• (distance: 100-22,400 miles),no line-o-sight
1.

.
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems

3. Mobile Communication System: uses cellular communication for

making the communication between cell phones by using BS and
base station transceivers.
3. Broadcast Radio: uses radio waves which are electromagnetic
signals and transmitted by antenna at various frequency ranges.
3. Microwave Communication: In this type of communication, high
frequency radio waves are used. This type of communication uses
satellite transmission and mobile phones. Less affected by atmospheric
condition and interference.
WIFI: In this type of communication very low power is used.
Various devices can be connected on same time by using
routers. For safety purpose, passwords are also used.
Bluetooth: This type of communication is used for transferring the
data between various devices like smart phones or computers and
keyboards etc.
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems

Broadcast Radio: uses radio waves which are electromagnetic signals

3.
and transmitted by antenna at various frequency ranges.
Radio wave range 3 KHz to 1 GHz
4. Microwave Communication: In this type of communication, radio waves are
used. This type of communication uses satellite or terrestrial method for making
communication.(1-t-1 communication), It used for cellular phones, satellite
3.

networks, and wireless LAN

• Mobile Communication System: uses cellular communication for making
the communication between cell phones by using BS and base station
transceivers.
• Microwaves operate at frequencies between 1 GHz and 300 GHz, while
radio waves operate at frequencies between 3 kHz and 300 GHz.
• Microwave transmission is used in satellite communications and radar,
while radio transmission is used in mobile communications and
broadcasting
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems

Some of the commonly used Wireless Communication Systems in our

day to day life are- Mobile Phones, GPS Receivers, Remote Controls,
Bluetooth Audio and Wi-Fi
Garage door openers, remote controllers for home entertainment
equipment, cordless telephones, hand-held walkie-talkies, pagers
(also called paging receivers or ”beepers”), and cellular
telephones.
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems

Elements of a wireless network

Wireless Hosts :may be stationary (non mobile) or
mobile
 Types of Communication Systems
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Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
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Base station :typically connected to wired

network
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems

Wireless Link :typically connected mobiles to the base

stations
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
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Infrastructure mode :base station connects mobiles into wired

network
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
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Ad-hoc mode :nodes can only transmit to other nodes within

link coverage
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems

The term subscriber is often used to describe a mobile or portable

user because in most mobile communication systems, each user pays a
subscription fee to use the system, and each user’s communication
device is called a subscriber unit .
In general, the collective group of users in a wireless system
are called users or mobiles, even though many of the users
may actually use portable terminals.
The mobiles communicate to fixed base stations(BS) which are
connected to a commercial power source and a fixed backbone
network.
Mobile radio transmission systems may be classified as
simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex.
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems

Mobile radio transmission systems may be classified:

A simplex systems : communication is possible in only one direction.
Paging systems, in which messages are received but
not acknowledged, are simplex systems.
B Half-duplex radio systems : allow two-way communication, but use
the same radio channel for both transmission and reception.
This means that at any given time, a user can only transmit or
receive information.
Constraints like push-to-talk and release-to-listen are
fundamental features of half-duplex systems.
C Full duplex systems :
It allow simultaneous radio transmission and reception between
a subscriber and a base station
by providing two simultaneous but separate channels (frequency
division duplex(FDD) or adjacent time slots on a single radio
channel -time division duplex(TDD) for communication to and from
the user.
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems

Table1.1 Lists definitions of terms used to describe elements of

wireless communication systems.
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
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There are also terms used to describe elements of

wireless communication systems.
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems

Frequency division duplexing(FDD)

provides simultaneous radio transmission channels for the
subscriber and the base station, so that they both may constantly
transmit while simultaneously receiving signals from one another.
At the base station, separate transmit and receive antennas are
used to accommodate the two separate channels.
At the subscriber unit, however, a single antenna is used for
both transmission to and reception from the base station, and
a device called a duplexer is used inside the subscriber unit
to enable the same antenna to be used for simultaneous
transmission and reception.
Uses
• FDD is used in many wireless networks, including 2G, UMTS,
WCDMA, LTE, and CDMA2000.
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems

In FDD, a pair of simplex channels with a fixed and known

frequency separation is used to define a specific radio channel in
the system.
The channel used to convey traffic to the mobile user from a
base station is called forward channel, while the channel used
to carry traffic from the mobile user to a base station is called the
reverse channel.
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems

Time division duplexing(TDD) : uses the fact that it is possible to

share a single radio channel in time,
a portion of the time is used to transmit from the BS to the
mobile, and the remaining time is used to transmit from the mobile
to the base station.
If the data transmission rate in the channel is much greater than
the end-user’s data rate,
It is possible to store information bursts and provide the
appearance of full duplex operation to a user, even though there
are not two simultaneous radio transmissions at any instant.
TDD is only possible with digital transmission formats and
digital modulation, and is very sensitive to timing.
It is for this reason that TDD has only recently been used, and only for
indoor or small area wireless applications
where the physical coverage distances (and thus the radio
propagation time delay) are much smaller than the many
kilometers used in conventional cellular telephone systems.
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems

Frequency division duplexing uses two radio channel

i.e(analog/digital)
Forward channel: base station to mobile user
Reverse channel: mobile user to base station
Time division duplexing shares a single radio channel in time.(only
for digital )
the difference between FDD and TDD
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems
Paging Systems

Paging systems are communication systems that send brief messages to

a subscriber.
Depending on the type of service, the message may be either a
numeric message, an alphanumeric message, or a voice message.
Paging systems are typically used to notify a subscriber of the need to
call a particular telephone number or travel to a known location to receive
further instructions.
In modern paging systems, news headlines , stock quotations , and faxes
may be sent.
A message is sent to a paging subscriber via the paging system
access number (usually a toll-free telephone number) with a
telephone keypad or modem.
The issued message is called a page.
The paging system then transmits the page throughout the service
area using base stations which broadcast the page on a radio carrier.
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems

Paging systems vary widely in their complexity and coverage area.

While simple paging systems may cover a limited range of 2 to 5 km,
or may even be confined to within individual buildings, wide area paging
systems can provide worldwide coverage.
Though paging receivers are simple and inexpensive,
the transmission system required is quite sophisticated.
Wide area paging systems consist of a network of telephone lines,
many base station transmitters, and large radio towers that
simultaneously broadcast a page from each base station (this is called
simulcasting).
Simulcast transmitters may be located within the same service
area or in different cities or countries.
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems

Paging systems are designed to provide reliable communication to

subscribers wherever they are inside a building, driving on a highway,
or flying in an airplane.
This necessitates large transmitter powers(on the order of kilowatts)
and low data rates (a couple of thousand bits per second) for maximum
coverage from each base station.
The following diagram shows paging system
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
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Cordless Telephone
Systems

Cordless telephone systems are full duplex communication systems

that use radio to connect a portable handset to a dedicated base
station, which is then connected to a dedicated telephone line with a
specific telephone number on the public switched telephone network
(PSTN).
In first generation cordless telephone systems (manufactured in
the 1980s), the portable unit communicates only to the dedicated
base unit and only over distances of a few tens of meters.
Early cordless telephones operate solely as extension telephones to a
transceiver connected to a subscriber line on the PSTN and are
primarily for in-home use.
Modern cordless telephones are sometimes combined with
paging receivers so that a subscriber may first be paged and
then respond to the page using the cordless telephone.
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems

Cordless telephone systems provide the user with limited range and
mobility, as it is usually not possible to maintain a call if the user travels
outside the range of the base station.
Typical second generation base stations provide coverage ranges up
to a few hundred meters.
figure1.3 Figure 1.3 illustrates a cordless telephone system.
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems
Cellular Telephone Systems

A cellular telephone system provides a wireless connection to the

PSTN for any user location within the radio range of the system.
Cellular systems accommodate a large number of users over a
large geographic area, within a limited frequency spectrum.
Cellular radio systems provide high quality service that is
often comparable to that of the landline telephone systems.
High capacity is achieved by limiting the coverage of each base station
transmitter to a small geographic area called a cell so that the same
radio channels may be reused by another base station located some
distance away.
A sophisticated switching technique called a handoff to
proceed uninterrupted when the user moves from one cell to
another.
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems

The mobile switching center is sometimes called a mobile telephone

switching office (MTSO), since it is responsible for connecting all
mobiles to the PSTN in a cellular system.
Each mobile communicates via radio with one of the base
stations and may be handedoff to any number of base stations
throughout the duration of a call.
The mobile station contains a transceiver, an antenna, and
control circuitry, and may be mounted in a vehicle or used
as a portable hand-held unit.
The base stations consist of several transmitters and
receivers which simultaneously handle full duplex
communications and generally have towers which support
several transmitting and receiving antennas.
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems

The base station serves as a bridge between all mobile users in the
cell and connects the simultaneous mobile calls via telephone lines or
microwave links to the MSC.
The MSC coordinates the activities of all of the base stations and
connects the entire cellular system to the PSTN.
A typical MSC handles 100,000 cellular subscribers and 5,000
simultaneous conversations at a time, and accommodates all
billing and system maintenance functions, as well. In large cities,
several MSCs are used by a single carrier.
Communication between the base station and the mobiles
is defined by a standard common air interface (CAl) that
specifies four different channels.
The channels used for voice transmission from the base
station to mobiles are called forward voice channels (FVC),
and the channels used for voice transmission from mobiles
to the base station are called reverse voice channels (RVC).
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems

The two channels responsible for initiating mobile calls are the
forward control channels (FCC) and reverse control channels (RCC).
Control channels are often called setup channels because they are
only involved in setting up a call and moving it to an unused voice
channel.
fig 1.5 a cellular system , the tower represent base station
which provides radio accesses between mobile users and the
mobile switching center(MSC)
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems
How a Cellular Telephone Call is Made?

When a cellular phone is turned on, but is not yet engaged in a call, it
first scans the group of forward control channels to determine the one
with the strongest signal, and then monitors that control channel until
the signal drops below a usable level.
At this point, it again scans the control channels in search of the
strongest base station signal.
For each cellular system described, the control channels are
defined and standardized over the entire geographic area covered
and typically make up about 5percent of the total number of
channels available in the system (the other 95percent are
dedicated to voice and data traffic for the end-users).
Since the control channels are standardized and are identical
throughout different markets within the country or continent, every
phone scans the same channels while idle.
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems

When a telephone call is placed to a mobile user, the MSC dispatches the
request to all base stations in the cellular system.
The mobile identification number (MIN), which is the subscriber’s telephone
number, is then broadcast as a paging message over all of the forward control
channels throughout the cellular system.
The mobile receives the paging message sent by the base station which it
monitors, and responds by identifying itself over the reverse control
channel.
The base station relays the acknowledgment sent by the mobile and
informs the MSC of the handshake.
Then, the MSC instructs the base station to move the call to an unused voice
channel within the cell (typically, between ten to sixty voice channels and just
one control channel are used in each cell’s base station).
At this point, the base station signals the mobile to change frequencies
to an unused forward and reverse voice channel pair, at which point
another data message (called an alert) is transmitted over the forward
voice channel to instruct the mobile telephone to ring, thereby instructing
the mobile user to answer the phone.
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems

Figure 1.6 shows the sequence of events involved with connecting a

call to a mobile user in a cellular telephone system.
All of these events occur within a few seconds and are not noticeable
by the user.
Once a call is in progress, the MSC adjusts the transmitted power
of the mobile and changes the channel of the mobile unit and
base stations in order to maintain call quality as the subscriber
moves in and out of range of each base station. This is called a
handoff.
Special control signalling is applied to the voice channels so that the
mobile unit may be controlled by the base station and the MSC while a
call is in progress.
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems

Figure 1.6: shows the sequence of events involved with connecting a

call to a mobile user in a cellular telephone system.
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems

fig1.6 time diagram illustrate How a call to a mobile user initiated by

landline subscriber is established
 Types of Communication Systems
Paging Systems
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Cordless Telephone
Systems Cellular Telephone
Systems