Name: Muhammad Abdullah Roll No: 2022-EE-019
EE-322L Analog and Digital Communication Marks Obtained: ________
Lab Report
Experiment No.3
Experiment Title
Autocorrelation and Energy Spectral Density of a
deterministic Energy signal
Note:
Don’t forget to include the rubrics table (available at the end of this document),
otherwise reports will not be graded.
Ensure proper comments are there in the source code of each task
Objective
To verify that Energy Spectral Density (ESD) of an energy signal is equal to the Fourier
transform of the autocorrelation of the signal.
Technical Background
In signal processing, Energy Spectral Density (ESD) and autocorrelation are important tools
used to analyze the frequency content and self-similarity of deterministic energy signals. The
experiment focuses on verifying the relationship between the ESD and the Fourier transform of
the autocorrelation, which is a fundamental result in signal analysis.
1. Energy Signals:
𝑢[𝑛] is defined as:
An energy signal is one for which the total energy is finite. The energy E of a discrete-time signal
Such signals have their energy concentrated over a finite duration.
2. Autocorrelation Function:
The autocorrelation function of a discrete-time signal Ruu measures the similarity of the signal
with a time-shifted version of itself. It is computed as:
This gives insight into the signal's structure and periodicity. Autocorrelation is a key measure
because it relates directly to the signal's power and energy.
3. Energy Spectral Density (ESD):
The Energy Spectral Density (ESD) represents how the energy of a signal is distributed across
various frequencies. It is obtained from the squared magnitude of the signal's Discrete-Time
Fourier Transform (DTFT):
where U ¿ ¿)is the DTFT of the signal 𝑢[𝑛]. The ESD provides a frequency-domain view of the
energy distribution.
We’ve to prove that ESD of a signal is equal to DTFT of Ruu. In other words, the ESD is the
Fourier transform of the autocorrelation function.
Procedure
1) Plot the Rectangular Pulse’s Discrete Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
𝑢[𝑛] = [1,1,1,1,1], where 𝑛 = [-2, -1,0,1,2]
Consider the following rectangular pulse in MATLAB
Using the following code in MATLAB, we can plot the above pulse:
n=2
U (e− jω) = ∑ u [n]e− jnω
n=−2
Source Code:
Figure 1. Source Code for DTFT plot
3.1. Results and Discussions for Task-1
Figure 2. DTFT Magnitude and Phase Plots of given pulse
2) Finding Energy Spectral Density Suu
To compute energy spectral density using the following formula:
Write the following code on MATLAB and plot ESD:
Source Code
Figure 3. Source Code of ESD plot
Figure 4. Plot of Energy Spectral Density of DTFT
3) Autocorrelation Ruu of u[n]
For the measurement of similarity between pulse and its time shifted version, we’ll use
xcorr() to compute Autocorrelation.
Following code will help in computing the Ruu :
Source Code
Figure 5. Source code for Autocorrelation of pulse
The above code will plot Ruu which is pasted below:
Figure 6. Plot of Autocorrelation of given pulse
4) Comparison of ESD ( Suu ) and DTFT of Autocorrelation ( Ruu) of given pulse
The DTFT of Autocorrelation can be computed by using the same technique as we used to
compute the DTFT of the given pulse. This is to verify that DTFT of Autocorrelation actually
equals to ESD of the given pulse and by looking at the plots we can easily conclude this
result.
Source Code
Figure 7. Source Code for computation of DTFT of R_uu
The above source code will plot the ESD and DTFT of Ruu which are pasted as below:
Figure 8. Plots of ESD and DTFT of Autocorrelation of given pulse
We can easily see that there is no difference between ESD of the signal and the DTFT of
Autocorrelation of the given pulse.
Conclusion
The ESD of any energy signal is verified to be the Fourier transform of its autocorrelation function.
Computing the autocorrelation of the given signal and further application of the Fourier transform
reveals the spectral properties of the signal. This shows that the ESD provides information regarding
how energy is distributed along frequencies as well as how a signal might behave in the frequency
domain. This validation shows how autocorrelation is essential for any type of signal analysis,
especially when the distribution of energy and frequency content are of interest. The results confirm
this theoretical relationship between properties that are manifested in the time-domain by signals
(autocorrelation) and their counterparts in the frequency-domain (ESD).
Rubrics for Experiment No.
Performance Exceeds Meets expectation Does not meet Marks
expectation (0.5)/(1)/(1) expectation
(1)/(2)/(2) (0)/(0)/(0)
R1: Knowledge of Has required Has partial Has no knowledge
required functions knowledge for code knowledge for code for code
for code design.
Marks: 0-1
R2: Simulation of Simulates all the Needs guidance to Incapable to simulate
experiment tasks correctly by simulate the tasks the tasks correctly by
Marks: 0-2 himself correctly himself even with
guidance
R3: Demonstrate Correct results are Results are provided Results are provided
proper results with provided with with minor errors with major errors
justification required and/or with little and/or with no
Marks: 0-2 justification justification justification
Performance Exceeds expectation Meets expectation Does not meet Marks
expectation
(0.5)/(0.5)/(0.5) (-)/(0.25)/(0.25)
(0)/(0)/(0)
R1: Timely The submission is on --- Late submission
submissionMa time
rks: 0-0.5
R2: Report All relevant All the relevant Most of the relevant
completeness calculations, calculations, graphs, results,
specifications, code, specifications, code, calculations,
Marks: 0-0.5
graphs, and results are graphs and results specifications, and code
provided with proper are provided but are missing, as well as
explanation. with little their proper explanation
explanation and and justification is
justification. missing
R3: Error-free The submitted Some parts of the The submitted
writeup assignment is submitted assignment is mostly
without any assignment contain plagiarized and contain
Marks: 0-0.5 plagiarism and formatting errors formatting errors.
formatting errors. and plagiarized
material.
Rubrics for Lab Manual No.