Example: AMPS [Advanced Mobile Phone System]
30 kHz
30 MHz
AMPS B.W = 30KHz
To avoid adjacent interference
300Hz 3400Hz
N-AMPS (Narrow AMPS) ➔ 10KHz and using sharp filters.
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For FDMA, Channel B.W is required
But for TDMA, (Carrier B.W) , (No of TSs) and (TS duration).
Example: GSM
Carrier B.W = 200KHz.
Number of TS = 8 TS.
TS duration = 577 µs.
Frame duration = 8 * 577 µs = 4.615 ms.
Number of carriers for GSM = (25MHz/200kHz) = 125 Frequencies.
The difference between AMPS & GSM
8 users on AMPS = 8*30KHz = 240 kHz.
8 users on GSM = 200 kHz.
So TDMA is more efficient.
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b) Time Division Multiplexing (TDM):
S1 Examples: Modern Transmission Technology
32 Bytes = 32 TS E1
S2 Mux
. Synchronous Digital Hierarchy [SDH]
.
.
.
.
Sn
24 Bytes = 24 TS T1
Synchronous Optical Network [SONET]
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Sampling Duration = (1/8000) = 125 µSec.
So the duration of the frame = 125 µSec.
Rate for E1 = (32*8)/(125 µSec) = 2.048 Mbps.
Rate for each user [E0] = 2Mbps / 32 = 64kbps.
Disadvantage of TDM:
Waste of time due to unused time slots.
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o−channel reuse ratio (Q) = =
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Since S = KN, where N is the cluster size , we have N = S/K
By the definition of frequency reuse factor, we have frequency reuse factor = 1/N = K/S.
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When the transmit power of each base station is equal and the path loss exponent is the same
throughout the coverage area, S/I for a mobile can be approximated as
io
Considering only the first layer of interfering cells, if all the interfering base stations are equidistant
from the desired base station and if this distance is equal to the distance D between cell centers, then
the previous equation simplifies to
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(a) n = 4 :
First, let us consider cluster size (N) = 7.
( ) ( . )
= 73.5
10 log 73.5 = 18.66 dB. greater than the required SIR.
Since this is greater than the minimum required S/I, N = 7 can be used.
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(b) n = 3:
First, let us consider cluster size (N) = 7. ➔ ( i = 1 & j = 2 )
( ) ( . )
= 16.04
10 log 16.04 = 12.05 dB. Less than the minimum required SIR.
So, we need to use a larger N.
The next possible value of N is 12, ( i = 2 & j = 2 )
The corresponding co-channel ratio is given by
( ) ( )
= 36
Since this is greater than the minimum required S/I,
10 log 36 = 15.56 dB. greater than the required SIR. N = 12 can be used.
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(a) Let be the number of co-channel interfering cells, (b) 120° sectoring, = 2. Assume n = 4.
( )
For omni-directional antenna, = 6. Assume n = 4. > 31.622
( ) ( )
> 15 dB = 31.622 = 31.622 ➔ N > 2.65 ➔ N = 3
( ) (b) 60° sectoring, = 1. Assume n = 4.
= 31.622 ➔ N > 4.59 ➔ N = 7
( )
> 31.622
( )
= 31.622 ➔ N > 1.87 ➔ N = 3
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❑ Traffic Measurement (Erlangs):
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❑ Capacity of Erlang B System:
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❑Erlang B Chart:
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❑Example 1:
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❑Example 2:
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❑Solution:
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❑Solution (Cont.):
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❑Solution (Cont.):
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❑Solution (Cont.):
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