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Mechanical Properties of Fluids Notes

Chapter 9 covers the mechanical properties of fluids, defining key concepts such as fluids, pressure, and density, along with important principles like Pascal's Law and Bernoulli's Principle. It includes essential formulas for pressure variation, continuity, and surface tension, highlighting their applications in real-world scenarios like hydraulic systems and fluid flow. The chapter emphasizes the relationship between pressure, area, and depth, as well as the behavior of fluids under various conditions.

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50 views3 pages

Mechanical Properties of Fluids Notes

Chapter 9 covers the mechanical properties of fluids, defining key concepts such as fluids, pressure, and density, along with important principles like Pascal's Law and Bernoulli's Principle. It includes essential formulas for pressure variation, continuity, and surface tension, highlighting their applications in real-world scenarios like hydraulic systems and fluid flow. The chapter emphasizes the relationship between pressure, area, and depth, as well as the behavior of fluids under various conditions.

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kaushiksimrun
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Chapter 9: Mechanical Properties of Fluids - Summary Notes

Key Concepts and Definitions

1. Fluids:

- Definition: Substances that can flow (liquids and gases). Unlike solids, they don't have a fixed

shape and adapt to the container they are in.

- Key Feature: Fluids offer minimal resistance to shape change due to shear stress.

- Examples: Water, oil, and air.

2. Pressure (P):

- Definition: Pressure is the force exerted per unit area, acting perpendicular to the surface.

- Formula: P = F / A, where F is the force applied, and A is the area.

- Units: Measured in Pascals (Pa), where 1 Pa = 1 N/m^2.

- Conceptual Understanding: Higher pressure results from a greater force on a smaller area.

3. Pascal's Law:

- Principle: In a confined fluid at rest, any applied pressure change is transmitted equally throughout

the fluid.

- Formula: DeltaP = DeltaP_applied.

- Applications: Used in hydraulic systems (e.g., car lifts and hydraulic brakes).

4. Pressure Variation with Depth:

- Principle: In a fluid at rest, pressure increases with depth due to the weight of the fluid above.

- Formula: P = Pa + rho * g * h.
5. Density (rho):

- Definition: Density is mass per unit volume.

- Formula: rho = m / V.

Important Derivations

1. Equation of Continuity:

- Formula: A1 * v1 = A2 * v2

- Application: As area decreases, velocity increases (e.g., water moves faster in a narrowed hose).

2. Bernoulli's Principle:

- Formula: P + 1/2 * rho * v^2 + rho * g * h = constant.

- Applications: Explains airplane lift, where faster air over the wing creates lower pressure, providing

lift.

3. Stokes' Law:

- Formula: F = 6 * pi * eta * a * v.

- Application: Determines terminal velocity of objects in fluids (e.g., raindrops).

4. Surface Tension and Capillary Action:

- Surface Tension: The force per unit length along a liquid's surface.

- Capillary Rise Formula: h = (2 * S * cos(theta)) / (rho * g * a).

Formula Summary

| Concept | Formula | Usage Keywords |

|---------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|
| Pressure (P) |P=F/A | force, area, fluid pressure |

| Pascal's Law | DeltaP = DeltaP_applied | hydraulic systems

| Pressure at Depth | P = Pa + rho * g * h | depth, underwater

| Continuity Equation | A1 * v1 = A2 * v2 | pipe flow |

| Bernoulli's Equation | P + 1/2 * rho * v^2 + rho * g * h = constant | speed change

| Viscous Drag (Stokes' Law)| F = 6 * pi * eta * a * v | drag force, sphere in fluid

| Surface Tension | S = F / (2 * L) | liquid surface |

| Capillary Rise | h = (2 * S * cos(theta)) / (rho * g * a) | thin tube, liquid rise

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