PHILTECH INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND TECHNOLOGY INC.

SUBJECT: HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN

WEEK 8

LESSON 8: LIBERATED STYLE: ARTS AND CRAFTS

TOPICS: Liberated Style: Arts and Crafts

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this session, you will be able to:
 Understand the arts and crafts
 Understand the difference between arts and crafts
 Familiar with the famous arts and craft artist in the world
 Familiar with the famous arts and craft artist in the Phillippines

The Arts and Crafts Movement

The Arts and Crafts movement was an aesthetic design movement occurring in the last
years of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century. The movement began in
Britain and quicky became an American style.

The Arts and Crafts Movement originated in Britain during the late 19th century and was
characterized by a style of decoration reminiscent of medieval times. The primary artist
associated with the movement is William Morris, whose work was reinforced with writings
from John Ruskin. The movement placed a high importance on the quality of craftsmanship while
emphasizing the importance for the arts to contribute to economic reform.

Morris was instrumental in the founding of Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co., which would
later evolve to just Morris & Co.. Morris & Co. and their publishing division Kelmscott
Press contributed much of the work that is associated with the Arts and Crafts movement. The
style is associated with many different types of design including architecture, typography, book
printing, textile and interior design.

What are Crafts?

 In its basic form, the word ‘craft’ means skill. It is something a person has to apply in order
to complete their work.
 Crafts can be an art form, where people can express themselves and form a creation that
makes other people react to it.
 Depending on what kinds of materials are being used to create the art from (for example:
wood, glass or clay, or any other material), crafts can be divided into a few categories.
Below are the example of crafts:

Pottery

- Pottery is one of the crafts that have some very old origins. Even the ancient humans
produced pottery products as early dishes and other tools they used on a daily basis.
- Pottery has made its way into the modern age and is still considered a noble hobby.

Glass Art

-Glass art is another craft that is considered an incredibly beautiful art form. It requires a
lot of practicing and may be dangerous if not handled with safety in mind.
- Some people do wonders and producing the glass art can be incredibly satisfying to
watch and experience.

Rug Making

-This craft is widely used as everyone has some kind of a rug in the house.
-Some people prefer to have it handmade. It is not rare that rugs can cost a lot of money if
you want it made a certain way. It can take a lot of time of careful stitching to get it done.
 Shoe Making

-Making shoes is a craft and also an art form. Today, some shoes are being manufactured
while others are being handmade.
-Shoes can contain some interesting materials such as gold, silver or other metals. It can
include stitching of some kind and other skills that go into the production of the shoe.

What is art?

 Art is often considered the process or product of deliberately arranging elements in a way
that appeals to the senses or emotions.
 It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations and ways of expression,
including music, literature, film, sculpture and paintings.
 Art is generally understood as any activity or product done by people with a
communicative or aesthetic purpose—something that expresses an idea, an emotion or,
more generally, a world view.

Key Differences Between Art and Craft

The difference between art and craft can be drawn clearly on the following grounds:
1. Art is described as an unstructured and open-ended form of work; that expresses
emotions, feelings, and vision. Craft denotes a form of work, involving the creation of
physical objects, by the use of hands and brain.
2. Art relies on artistic merit whereas craft is based on learned skills and technique.
3. Art is well known for serving an aesthetic purpose. On the other hand, craft serves human
objectives.
4. Art gives particular attention to ideas, feelings and visual qualities. Conversely, craft gives
stress on the right use of tools and materials, and the application of technique.
5. There is a flow of emotion in art, which emerges from heart and soul. In contrast, the craft
is the product of the mind.
6. Craft can be quantified easily which is not in the case of art.
7. The duplicability of art forms is not possible while craft forms can easily be copied.
8. Art is the consequence of an individual’s innate ability. On the contrary, craft is the result
of learned ability and experience.

Famous Arts And Crafts Movement Artists

1.Edward Burne-Jones

Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones, 1st Baronet (; 28 August

1833 – 17 June 1898) was an English artist and
designer associated with the phase of the Pre-
Raphaelite movement, who worked with William Morris
on decorative arts as a founding partner in Morris,
Marshall, Faulkner & Co. Burne-Jones was involved in
the rejuvenation of the tradition of stained glass art in
Britain; his works include windows in St. Philip's
Cathedral, Birmingham, St Martin in the Bull Ring,
Birmingham, Holy Trinity Church, Sloane Square,
Chelsea, St Peter and St Paul parish church in Cromer,
St Martin's Church in Brampton, Cumbria (the church
designed by Philip Webb), St Michael's Church,
Brighton.
Artworks: The Wheel of Fortune, The Baleful
Head, King Cophetua and the Beggar Maid, The
Birth of Pegasus and Chrysaor, Atlas Turned to
Stone, + more
Birthplace: Birmingham, United Kingdom
 Associated periods or movements: Aestheticism, Arts and Crafts movement,
Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, Symbolist literature
Nationality: United Kingdom, England
Art Forms: Painting

2.Warja Honegger-Lavater

Warja Lavater (28 September 1913 – 3 May 2007) was born in

Winterthur, Switzerland. She was a Swiss artist and illustrator
noted primarily for working in the artist's books genre by creating
accordion fold books that re-tell classic fairy tales with symbols
rather than words (or even pictures).
Birthplace: Winterthur, Switzerland
Associated periods or movements: Arts and Crafts movement,
Modernism, Bauhaus style
Nationality: Switzerland

3.Joseph Southall
Joseph Edward Southall RWS NEAC RBSA (23 August 1861
– 6 November 1944) was an English painter associated
with the Arts and Crafts movement. A leading figure in the
nineteenth and early twentieth-century revival of painting
in tempera, Southall was the leader of the Birmingham
Group of Artist-Craftsmen—one of the last outposts of
Romanticism in the visual arts, and an important link
between the later Pre-Raphaelites and the turn of the
century Slade Symbolists.A lifelong Quaker, Southall was
an active socialist and pacifist, initially as a radical
member of the Liberal Party and later of the Independent
Labour Party. Southall was elected an Associate of the
Royal Birmingham Society.
Artworks: Beauty Seeing the Image of her Home in the
Fountain, Belgium Supported by Hope, Bacchus and
Ariadne, Contentment, The Sleeping Beauty, + more
Birthplace: Nottingham, United Kingdom
Associated periods or movements: Arts and Crafts
movement
Nationality: United Kingdom, England
Art Forms: Mural, Painting

4.Harry Clarke

Henry Patrick "Harry" Clarke (17 March 1889 – 6 January 1931)

was an Irish stained-glass artist and book illustrator. Born in
Dublin, he was a leading figure in the Irish Arts and Crafts
Movement. His work was influenced by both the Art Nouveau and Art Deco movements. His
stained glass was particularly informed by the French Symbolist movement.
Artworks: The shepherdess-She walks-the lady of my delight-a shepherdess of sheep,
Chambelina, La Belle Dame Sans Merci, The Nativity mural, Cradle Song, + more
Birthplace: Dublin, Republic of Ireland
Associated periods or movements: Arts and Crafts movement
Nationality: Republic of Ireland
Art Forms: Glass

5.Henry Chapman Mercer

Henry Chapman Mercer was an American archeologist, artifact

collector, tile-maker, and designer of three distinctive poured
concrete structures: Fonthill, his home, the Moravian Pottery and
Tile Works, and the Mercer Museum.
Birthplace: Doylestown, Pennsylvania
Associated periods or movements: Arts and Crafts
movement
Nationality: United States of America

6.J. J. Lankes

Julius John Lankes (1884–1960) was an illustrator, a woodcut print

artist, author, and college professor.
Birthplace: Buffalo, New York
Associated periods or movements: Arts and Crafts movement
Nationality: United States of America

7.Gustav Stickley

Gustav Stickley was a furniture manufacturer, design leader,

publisher and the chief proselytizer for the American Craftsman
style, an extension of the British Arts and Crafts movement. He
was a radical who published articles by anarchists and other
libertarian socialists.
Birthplace: Osceola, Osceola, Wisconsin
Associated periods or movements: Arts and Crafts movement
Nationality: United States of America

8.George Francis Stephens

George Francis Stephens (1859–1935), known as Frank

Stephens, was an American sculptor, political activist and co-
founder of a utopian single-tax community in Arden, Delaware.
Birthplace: Rahway, New Jersey
Associated periods or movements: Arts and Crafts
movement
Nationality: United States of America

9.Maxwell Armfield

Maxwell Ashby Armfield (5 October 1881 – 23 January 1972)

was an English artist, illustrator and writer.
Birthplace: Ringwood, United Kingdom
Associated periods or movements: Arts and Crafts
movement
Nationality: England
Art Forms: Painting

10. Arthur Frank Mathews

Arthur F. Mathews (October 1, 1860 – February 19, 1945) was an
American Tonalist painter who was one of the founders of the
American Arts and Crafts Movement. Trained as an architect and
artist, he and his wife Lucia Kleinhans Mathews had a significant effect on the evolution of
Californian art in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Birthplace: Markesan, Wisconsin
Associated periods or movements: Arts and Crafts movement, Art Nouveau
Nationality: United States of America
Art Forms: Painting

The 10 Most Famous Filipino Artists and their Masterworks

1.Fernando Amorsolo (1892-1972)

Labelled the country’s first National Artist in 1972 by then

President Marcos, Fernando Amorsolo is often known as the ‘Grand
Old Man of Philippine Art’. The Spanish-trained realist developed a
backlighting technique, where his colorful depictions of local people
reflect the radiance of the Philippine sun. The figures and
illuminated landscapes magically glow on the canvas. Despite his
deteriorating health and failing eyesight, he remained prolific until
the end, producing up to 10 paintings a month until his death at
the age of 80. Amorsolo’s creativity defines the nation’s culture
and heritage to this day.

The Vargas Musuem – found inside the campus of his alma mater,
the University of the Philippines, displays a notable selection of his
work.

2.José Joya (1931-1995)

A Filipino pioneer of Abstract expressionism, multi-media painter

José Joya uses bold and vibrant colours with a variety of painting
techniques, layering, loose impasto strokes and controlled drips.
His harmonious colours are influenced by Philippine landscapes
and tropical wildlife. His mastery lies in gestural paintings, where
the paint is applied spontaneously on canvas, sometimes directly
out of the tube or through the use of broad strokes with brushes.

Joya influenced younger artists to explore other mediums such as

pottery and printmaking while he served as the Dean of the
College of Fine Arts at the University of the Philippines. In 1964,
Joya represented the country in the Venice Biennial, showcasing
the advancement of modern art in the Philippines.
His most notable painting from 1958, called Granadean Arabesque, is a large scale yellow hued
mural that features clusters of sand and impasto. It can be viewed at the Ateneo Art Gallery in
Manila.

3.Pacita Abad (1946-2004)

Born on the northern island of Batanes, the internationally revered

artist first obtained a degree in Political Science at the University of
the Philippines. Her staunch activism against the Marcos regime in
the 1970s, led her to move to San Francisco to initially study law –
but she found her true calling with art. Her paintings consist of
vibrant colors and a constant change of patterns and materials.
Earlier work dealt with socio-political depictions of people,
indigenous masks, tropical flowers, and underwater scenes. Pacita
created a unique technique called ‘trapunto’, where she stitches
and stuffs her vibrant canvases with a wide range of materials such
as cloth, metal, beads, buttons, shells, glass and ceramics, to give
her work a three-dimensional look. Her many travels across the
globe with her husband have served as an inspiration for the
techniques and materials used in her art. Pacita has participated in
over 60 exhibitions across the United States, Latin America, and
Europe.

She is noted to have worked on more than 5,000 pieces of art – her
masterwork being Alkaff Bridge, Singapore, a 55-meter bridge covered in over 2,000 colourful
circles. It was completed a few months before she passed away from lung cancer in 2004.

4.Ang Kiukok (1935-2005)

Born to Chinese immigrants, Ang Kiukok is the pioneer of Philippine

modern figurative expressionism. Rewarded as the country’s National
Artist in 2001, he was one of the most successful commercial figures
on the local art scene from the 1960s until his death from cancer in
2005. Like Amorsolo, his paintings are popular at auctions and have
received exceptionally high bids at Sotheby’s and Christie’s. He is
known for his distinct cubist and surrealist portrayals of the crucifixion
of Christ and mother and child. However, he is acclaimed for his
series of Fishermen at Sea, which connects both energy, faith and the
struggle of fishermen under a vibrant crimson sun labouring together
to bring in the haul for the day.

His notable works are represented in the Cultural Center of the

Philippines, the National Historical Museum of Taipei and the National
Museum in Singapore.

5.Benedicto Cabrera (1942-present)

Fondly known as ‘BenCab’ in the Philippines, Cabrera is the best-

selling commercial painter of his generation and a prominent head of
the local contemporary art scene. He studied under José Joya at the
University of the Philippines and received his degree in Fine Arts in
1963. His fruitful career has spanned five decades, where his
paintings, etchings, sketches, and prints have been exhibited across
Asia, Europe, and the US. He currently resides in the chilly northern
hill station of Baguio, where he established his own four-level BenCab
Museum on Asin Road that features an eclectic selection of indigenous
artifacts, personal works, and an overwhelming collection of paintings
from contemporary Filipino artists.
6.Kidlat Tahimik (1942-present)

A close friend of BenCab and Baguio native is critically

acclaimed director Kidlat Tahimik. Known as the father of
Philippine independent film, the government recently conferred
upon him the Order of National Artist for Film in October 2018.
Born Eric de Guia, Kidlat Tahimik means ‘silent lightning’ in
Tagalog. Before entering cinema, Kidlat studied at the
prestigious University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School, earning
a Masters in Business Administration. His work is associated with
Third Cinema, a film movement that denounces neo-colonialism
and the capitalist system. His films have been prominent at film
festivals across America, Europe, and Asia.

He is highly respected among directors Werner Herzog and

Francis Ford Copolla, who were both instrumental in helping him
present his most famous semi-autobiographical work Perfumed
Nightmare in 1977. The film combines documentary and essay
techniques that provide a somewhat humorous but sharp critique of the social divide between
the rich and poor in the Philippines.

7.Eduardo Masferré (1909-1995)

Further north of Baguio, in the mountainous province of Sagada, Eduardo

Masferré was born to a Filipino mother and Spanish soldier. He is
regarded as the Father of Philippine photography. He documented with
great detail the everyday lives of indigenous people of the Cordilleras.
The self-taught photographer processed his own film in a makeshift
darkroom and managed to even produce prints without electricity. His
photographs capture the culture of the people in his community and
serve as a documentation of their customary practices and rituals.
Masferré’s photographs have found their way into exhibitions around the
world. The Smithsonian Institution carries at least 120 prints of his works
for the National Museum of Natural History in Washington D.C.

He is remembered for his book on the People of the Philippine Cordillera

Photographs 1934-1956, which was published in 1988. A country inn and
café in Sagada is named after him and is worth the visit to see copies of
his prints and purchase souvenirs created in Masferré’s honor.

8.Agnes Arellano (1949-present)

Born to a family of prominent male architects, sculptress Agnes Arellano is best known for her
surrealist and expressionist work in plaster, bronze and cold-cast marble. Her sculptures
highlight the female body and draw from themes surrounding sexuality, religion, and mysticism.
Borrowing from the term of poet Gerard Manley Hopkins, Agnes attributes her work to ‘inscapes’,
that assert an internal unity among various elements in her installations and sculptures. Drawing
from the tragic death of her parents and sister from a house fire in 1981, her work explores
themes of creation and destruction, and the cycles of life from birth to death.

9.Roberto Chabet (1937-2013)

Born Roberto Rodriguez, he used his mother’s maiden name

Chabet when he began his career in art. He was a mentor to
many students at the University of the Philippines, where he
taught for over 30 years, and is acknowledged as the father of
conceptual art in the Philippines. Chabet initially studied
architecture but his conceptual art installations, collages, and
sculptures in the 1960s and 70s made him a rebellious figure
on the local art scene. He was the founding museum director
of the Cultural Center of the Philippines from 1967-1970,
where he established the 13 Artists Awards that highlight the
achievements of young artists whose works show a
contemporary view of art-making and thinking.

He describes himself as a “custodian” and his work as

“creatures of memory”. His multi-faceted skills in drawing,
sculpture, installations, photography, printmaking, and
collages question modernity. His works reflect the importance
of space and how the displacement of ordinary objects can
alter their meaning.

10.Napoleon Abueva (1930-2018)

Noted as the Father of Modern Filipino sculpture, Abueva

attended the University of the Philippines with Joya and was
mentored by noted sculptor Guillermo Tolentino, at the
College of Fine Arts. Born in Bohol, he is also the youngest
National Artist awardee appointed by then President Marcos,
at the age of 46. His expertise was seen in a wide array of
materials such as hard wood, abode, steel, cement, marble,
and bronze.

Abueva is adept in traditional representation and modern

abstract forms of sculpture. A trip around the University of the
Philippines will show you a number of his works, such as
the University Gateway and Nine Muses near the old faculty
centre. He was also responsible for the relief marble
sculptures seen in the war memorial cross in Mt. Samat,
Bataan.

It is the second highest cross in the world and the tallest in

Asia. Under the commission of the Philippine government,
Abueva collaborated with designer Lorenzo del Castillo to
create a shrine that commemorates the thousands of Filipino
and American soldiers who lost their lives during the Japanese-led Bataan Death March in 1942.
Make sure to walk up the flight of stairs inside the cross to reach the top, and experience the
fabulous views of Bataan.

Activity
Directions:
1.Choose one foreign famous arts and crafts movement and one famous Filipino artist.
2. Expalin what characteristics are common to the art of each artist.
3. What do you think about the significance of their artworks in art history?

QUIZ 1: Multiple Choice

Directions: Select the letter of the correct answer.

1.One of the crafts that have some very old origins.

a.Pottery b.Rug Making
b.Glass Art c.Shoe Making
2. It is a craft and also an art form. Today, some of these are being manufactured while others
are being handmade.
a a.Pottery b.Rug Making
b.Glass Art c.Shoe Making
3. This craft is widely used as everyone has some kind of a rug in the house.
a a.Pottery b.Rug Making
b.Glass Art c.Shoe Making
4. It requires a lot of practicing and may be dangerous if not handled with safety in mind.
a a.Pottery b.Rug Making
b.Glass Art c.Shoe Making
5.One of his artwork is the Wheel of Fortune.
a. Warja Honegger-Lavater c. Joseph Southall
b. Edward Burne-Jones d. Harry Clarke
6.He was a leading figure in the Irish Arts and Crafts Movement.
a. Warja Honegger-Lavater c. Joseph Southall
b. Edward Burne-Jones d. Harry Clarke
7. American archeologist, artifact collector, tile-maker, and designer of three distinctive poured
concrete structures Fonthill, the Moravian Pottery and Tile Works, and the Mercer Museum.
a. Henry Chapman Mercer c. Warja Honegger-Lavater
b. Edward Burne-Jones d. Harry Clarke
8. He was a radical who published articles by anarchists and other libertarian socialists.
a. Gustav Stickley c. Joseph Southall
b. Edward Burne-Jones d. Harry Clarke
9. was an American sculptor, political activist and co-founder of a utopian single-tax community
in Arden, Delaware.
a. Gustav Stickley c. Joseph Southall
b. Edward Burne-Jones d. George Francis Stephens
10. He was an American Tonalist painter who was one of the founders of the American Arts and
Crafts Movement.
a. George Francis Stephens c. J. J. Lankes
b. Gustav Stickley d. Arthur Frank Mathews
11. Known as the ‘Grand Old Man of Philippine Art’.
a. Fernando Amorsolo c. Ang Kiukok
b. José Joya d. Benedicto Cabrera
12. His most notable painting called Granadean Arabesque.
a. Fernando Amorsolo c. Ang Kiukok
b. José Joya d. Benedicto Cabrera
13. . Known as the father of Philippine independent film.
a. Eduardo Masferré c. Kidlat Tahimik
b. Agnes Arellano d. Benedicto Cabrera
14. He describes himself as a “custodian” and his work as “creatures of memory”.
a. Napoleon Abueva c. Eduardo Masferré
b. Roberto Chabet d. Benedicto Cabrera
15. He is regarded as the Father of Philippine photography.
a. Napoleon Abueva c.Eduardo Masferré
b. Roberto Chabet d. Benedicto Cabrera

References

https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/the-10-most-famous-filipino-artists-and-their-
masterworks