Thermal Management of Lithium-ion Battery Using Peltier Cooling System

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

With the advancement of innovative thermal management solutions driven by

technological progress, maintaining the safety and efficiency of lithium-ion batteries
has become increasingly reliable. This project focuses on developing a thermal
management system utilizing a Peltier cooling module to address the issue of
overheating in lithium-ion batteries. By employing real-time temperature monitoring
and active cooling, the system ensures optimal battery performance while mitigating
safety risks.

The goal is to create a user-friendly and efficient thermal management solution

using modern sensors and microcontrollers. At the core of the system is an Arduino
UNO microcontroller, which serves as the central processing unit, managing all
components. A DHT11 temperature sensor is used for precise temperature
measurements, while a Peltier module actively cools the battery when a threshold
temperature is exceeded. This mechanism enhances battery lifespan and reduces the
risk of thermal runaway.

To ensure smooth operation, a relay controls the Peltier module, and a 16x2
LCD displays real-time temperature data. An audible buzzer provides alerts when the
battery's temperature rises beyond safe levels. Powered by a 12V DC supply, the system
is portable and efficient, enabling its application in various conditions, such as electric
vehicles and energy storage systems.

The thermal management system offers a significant advantage by ensuring the

safety and reliability of lithium-ion batteries. By maintaining an optimal temperature
range, the system promotes extended battery usage, improved performance, and
enhanced user confidence. This integration of modern cooling technologies highlights
the potential of practical engineering solutions in advancing energy storage safety.

1
Dept ECE, MITE, Moodabidri
 Thermal Management of Lithium-ion Battery Using Peltier Cooling System

1.1 Objective of the Project:

The fundamental goal of this project is to create and implement a flexible robotic
system that integrates real-time gas monitoring with autonomous line-following
navigation to improve safety and efficiency in industrial, residential, and
environmental environments. The robot's goal is to identify harmful gasses
including methane, propane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide and send out timely
alerts to reduce the likelihood of accidents, fires, and health problems.
Simultaneously, it aims to autonomously navigate predetermined courses utilizing
line-following technology, ensuring precise and efficient mobility in controlled
areas such as warehouses and assembly lines. By combining these functions, the
project hopes to produce a cost-effective, scalable system that reduces human
exposure to hazardous locations, increases operational productivity, and showcases
robotics' potential in addressing major safety and automation issues.

1.2 Structure of Report

Chapter 1: This chapter gives the introduction to the system designed and explains the
structure
of the report.

Chapter 2: This chapter describes the literature survey conducted on the concerned
topic. The
proposed system is also introduced in this chapter.

Chapter 3: Describes the domain chosen i.e. Battery Management Systems (BMS).

Chapter 4: This chapter explains the Hardware description.

Chapter 5: This chapter explains the Software description.

Chapter 6: System design implementation is explained in this chapter.

Chapter 7: The results and discussions are explained in this chapter.

Chapter 8: The chapter concludes and describes the future enhancement of the proposed
work

2
Dept ECE, MITE, Moodabidri
 Thermal Management of Lithium-ion Battery Using Peltier Cooling System

Chapter 2

LITERATURE SURVEY
A literature survey is a fundamental component of any research project or scholarly
work. It serves as the foundation upon which new knowledge is built. The primary purpose of
a literature survey is to comprehensively review and analyses existing research, theories, and
findings related to our topic of study

2.1 Literature Review

1. Battery Management System with Charge Monitor and Fire Protection for Electrical
Drive
Manikandan, B.V. & Kiruthickroshan et al, paper discusses the critical role of
battery management systems (BMS) in enhancing safety and performance for electric drives. It
introduces advanced charge monitoring techniques and fire protection measures to address
thermal runaway—a primary safety concern in lithium-ion batteries. The authors detail the
integration of sensors for real-time charge monitoring and algorithms that ensure optimal
charging cycles to prevent overcharging and overheating. Fire protection is tackled through the
inclusion of fault-tolerant designs and mechanisms to isolate cells during thermal emergencies.
The study emphasizes the importance of robust BMS architecture in prolonging battery life and
ensuring user safety, making it essential for electric mobility and stationary applications. By
comparing existing BMS technologies, the paper offers insights into improvements in fault
detection, energy efficiency, and cost-effectiveness, thereby advancing electric drive
systems.[1]

2. Experimental Investigation of Thermoelectric Cooling for a New Battery Pack Design

in a Copper Holder
You Lyu, Abu Raihan Mohammad Siddique et al, paper study explores a novel
approach to thermal management using thermoelectric cooling integrated with a copper holder
for lithium-ion battery packs. The research focuses on the thermal conductivity properties of
copper, combined with thermoelectric modules, to enhance heat dissipation and temperature
uniformity. The experimental setup involves real-time temperature monitoring under various
operational conditions, with results showing significant reductions in hot spots and improved
cooling performance. The findings highlight the dual benefits of thermoelectric cooling: precise
temperature control and energy efficiency, which contribute to extended battery life and safety.
The paper compares the proposed design with conventional air and liquid cooling systems,
demonstrating superior thermal performance and compactness. This innovative approach is
particularly relevant for applications requiring lightweight and efficient thermal solutions, such
as electric vehicles and portable electronics. [2]

3. Thermal Management Systems for Batteries in Electric Vehicles

Hafiz Muhammad Ali, paper reviews various thermal management systems (TMS)

3
Dept ECE, MITE, Moodabidri
 Thermal Management of Lithium-ion Battery Using Peltier Cooling System

for lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles (EVs). It covers air cooling, liquid cooling,
and phase change material (PCM)-based methods, evaluating their performance in terms of
temperature regulation, energy efficiency, and design complexity. The study highlights the
critical role of TMS in preventing thermal runaway and maintaining battery longevity under
dynamic loading conditions. Liquid cooling emerges as the most effective technique due to its
superior heat transfer capabilities, while air cooling is preferred for cost-sensitive applications
despite its limited efficiency. The paper also examines hybrid systems combining multiple
cooling methods to address specific operational demands. Furthermore, advancements in
materials and control systems for optimizing thermal management are discussed, making the
findings highly relevant for next-generation EV batteries. The authors underscore the need for
scalable, energy-efficient TMS designs to support the widespread adoption of EVs. [3]

4. Thermal Management of Li-ion Battery Pack with the Application of Flexible Form-
Stable Composite Phase Change Materials
Yi-Huan Huang, Wen-Long Cheng et al, study investigates the use of composite
phase change materials (PCMs) for thermal management in lithium-ion battery packs. Flexible
and form-stable, these PCMs absorb and dissipate heat during battery operation, ensuring
consistent temperatures and preventing thermal hotspots. The paper provides an in-depth
analysis of the thermal conductivity, latent heat capacity, and mechanical properties of the
PCMs used, emphasizing their adaptability to different battery configurations. Experimental
results demonstrate that the integration of PCMs reduces peak temperatures and delays the onset
of thermal runaway, enhancing battery safety and efficiency. The authors compare this method
with conventional cooling techniques, noting its advantages in weight reduction and
maintenance-free operation. This approach is particularly advantageous for compact and
portable applications, where space constraints limit the use of traditional cooling systems. [4]

5. A Li-Ion Battery Thermal Management System Combining a Heat Pipe and

Thermoelectric Cooler
Chuanwei Zhang, Zhan Xia et al, paper introduces a hybrid thermal management
system (TMS) that combines heat pipes and thermoelectric coolers (TECs) to optimize the
thermal performance of lithium-ion batteries. Heat pipes efficiently transfer heat away from
high-temperature regions, while TECs actively control temperature through Peltier cooling. The
study presents a detailed analysis of the system's performance under varying operational
conditions, highlighting its ability to maintain uniform temperatures across the battery pack.
Experimental results show significant reductions in temperature gradients and improved
thermal stability compared to standalone cooling methods. The hybrid approach also enhances
energy efficiency by minimizing power consumption during cooling. The authors discuss the
potential for this system in high-demand applications such as electric vehicles, where
maintaining thermal equilibrium is critical for safety and performance. Additionally, the paper
explores design considerations and scalability for large-scale battery systems. [5]

6. Reciprocating Air Flow for Li-ion Battery Thermal Management to Improve

Temperature Uniformity
Rajib Mahamud, Chanwoo Park et al, study proposes a reciprocating airflow
mechanism to address temperature uniformity challenges in lithium-ion battery packs. The
system alternates airflow direction, ensuring even cooling across all cells and minimizing

4
Dept ECE, MITE, Moodabidri
 Thermal Management of Lithium-ion Battery Using Peltier Cooling System

thermal gradients that can lead to cell degradation. The authors provide a detailed description
of the experimental setup, including airflow patterns, temperature sensors, and battery
configurations. Results indicate that reciprocating airflow significantly enhances cooling
efficiency and reduces the maximum temperature difference between cells, thereby improving
overall pack safety and lifespan. Compared to traditional unidirectional airflow systems, this
method achieves superior thermal performance without increasing energy consumption. The
study underscores the importance of airflow optimization in thermal management strategies,
particularly for applications requiring lightweight and cost-effective solutions such as portable
electronics and compact EVs. [6]

7. Thermal Issues about Li-ion Batteries and Recent Progress in Battery Management
Systems
Huaqiang Liu, Zhongbao Wei et al, paper offers a comprehensive review of the
thermal challenges associated with lithium-ion batteries and highlights advancements in battery
management systems (BMS). The study identifies overheating, uneven temperature
distribution, and thermal runaway as critical issues impacting battery performance and safety.
Recent developments in BMS, including advanced thermal sensors, predictive algorithms, and
active cooling mechanisms, are explored in detail. The paper emphasizes the importance of
real-time temperature monitoring and adaptive control strategies in mitigating thermal risks.
Additionally, it discusses the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning in BMS
to predict thermal behavior under dynamic conditions. The findings suggest that improving
BMS design and incorporating robust thermal management features can significantly enhance
the reliability and lifespan of lithium-ion batteries, particularly in high-power applications like
electric vehicles and energy storage systems. [7]

8. Effects of Different Phase Change Material Thermal Management Strategies on the

Cooling Performance of Power Lithium-ion Batteries
Jingwei Chen, Siyi Kang et al, study evaluates various phase change material
(PCM)-based thermal management strategies for improving the cooling performance of
lithium-ion batteries. The authors compare encapsulated, composite, and distributed PCM
configurations to identify the most effective approach for heat dissipation and temperature
regulation. Experimental results demonstrate that PCM integration can significantly reduce
peak temperatures and maintain uniform heat distribution across the battery pack. The study
also highlights the impact of PCM properties, such as thermal conductivity and melting point,
on system efficiency. Among the strategies analyzed, encapsulated PCM offers the best balance
between cooling performance and ease of implementation. The paper underscores the
advantages of PCM-based solutions in reducing the risk of thermal runaway and extending
battery life, particularly for high-energy-density applications like electric vehicles and
renewable energy systems. [8]

9. Active battery pack cooling system using Peltier module

Priyadarshini, Meghavarshini et al, involves using an active cooling system
integrated with a Peltier module to regulate the temperature of the battery pack in electric
vehicles. This system leverages the thermoelectric cooling properties of the Peltier module to
maintain an optimal temperature range, effectively preventing overheating and improving the
battery's performance and lifespan. By actively dissipating excess heat, the design enhances

5
Dept ECE, MITE, Moodabidri
 Thermal Management of Lithium-ion Battery Using Peltier Cooling System

thermal management, ensuring the safety and efficiency of the energy storage system in electric
vehicles. This approach is particularly advantageous due to its compact size, precision in
temperature control, and energy efficiency compared to traditional cooling methods. [9]

10. A review of thermal management for Li-ion batteries: Prospects, challenges, and
issues
Mohammad Shahjalal, Tamanna Shams et al, The study looks at how important
thermal management is to improving Li-ion battery performance and lifespan, with an emphasis
on creative ways to reduce the risk of thermal runaway. It also highlights the difficulties in
applying cutting-edge cooling methods, including their cost, scalability, and compatibility with
current battery systems. The study also examines new developments in technology and trends
targeted at enhancing temperature uniformity and heat dissipation, offering suggestions for
future lines of inquiry. [10]

11.A Critical Review of Battery Thermal Performance and Liquid-Based Battery

Thermal Management
Wei Xiong Wu, Shuang Feng Wang et al, paper critically reviews liquid-based
thermal management systems (TMS) for lithium-ion batteries, focusing on their ability to
enhance thermal performance and ensure operational safety. The authors discuss various liquid
cooling techniques, including direct immersion and serpentine cooling channels, comparing
their effectiveness in maintaining temperature uniformity and preventing overheating. The
review highlights the advantages of liquid cooling over traditional air-based systems, such as
superior heat transfer capabilities and scalability for high-power applications. Challenges
related to system complexity, maintenance, and cost are also addressed, with recommendations
for optimizing design and material selection. The study concludes that liquid-based TMS
represents a promising solution for next-generation battery technologies, particularly in electric
vehicles and large-scale energy storage systems, where thermal stability is critical for
performance and reliability. [11]

12. A Systematic Review of Thermoelectric Peltier Devices: Applications and Limitations

M. K. Shilpa, Md Abdul Rahaman et al, reviewed thermoelectric Peltier devices in
detail, examining their various uses as well as their intrinsic drawbacks. Because of their small
size, accurate temperature control, and lack of moving parts, Peltier modules are versatile in
fields like electronic cooling, medical devices, and renewable energy systems, as the paper
highlights. The study highlights several obstacles to wider adoption, such as low energy
efficiency, material limitations, and high manufacturing costs, despite their benefits. The
authors stress the necessity of cutting-edge thermoelectric materials and creative designs to
raise these devices' efficiency and affordability. Furthermore, the review offers information on
current developments and potential avenues for future research to improve Peltier devices'
dependability and efficiency for a range of commercial and industrial uses. [12]

13. A comprehensive review on a passive (phase change materials) and an active

(thermoelectric cooler) battery
thermal management system and their limitations
Abu Raihan Mohammad Siddique, Shohel Mahmud et al, examined heat
management systems for both active and passive batteries, with an emphasis on thermoelectric

6
Dept ECE, MITE, Moodabidri
 Thermal Management of Lithium-ion Battery Using Peltier Cooling System

coolers (TECs) and phase change materials (PCMs). PCMs' latent heat absorption allows for
efficient passive cooling, but they have drawbacks, such as low thermal conductivity. Although
they offer precise active cooling, TECs have low efficiency and high energy consumption. In
order to improve performance, the study proposes combining the advantages and disadvantages
of both strategies, highlighting the necessity of better system designs and material innovations.
[13]

14. Electric vehicle battery thermal management system with thermoelectric cooling
S. Mahmud. Lyu et al, examined how to control the thermal performance of electric
vehicle batteries using thermoelectric cooling systems. The study demonstrates how
thermoelectric coolers (TECs) efficiently preserve ideal battery temperatures, guaranteeing
enhanced performance and safety. TECs are well suited for dynamic thermal regulation because
of their accurate temperature control and fast reaction times. The study does, however, also
address difficulties like integration problems and high energy requirements. It emphasizes how
crucial it is for TEC technology to continue developing in order to increase efficiency and
adaptability for broad use in electric vehicle applications. [14]

15. Computationally Efficient Thermal Management for Electric Vehicle

Ajishma C, Arthi K, Sneka K et al, looked into ways to create thermal management systems for
electric vehicles that are computationally effective. The goal of the study is to optimize battery
temperature control in order to lower computational demands while increasing longevity,
performance, and safety. The goal of the research is to achieve precise thermal management
with less processing power by using sophisticated algorithms and simplified models. The
benefits of these effective methods for real-time applications are covered in the paper, along
with the difficulties associated with system integration and scalability in electric vehicle
thermal management. [15]

2.2 Motivation
The reasons for initiating the thermal management system for lithium-ion batteries project:

1. Enhancing Battery Safety: One of the primary motivations is to address the thermal
risks associated with lithium-ion batteries, which can lead to overheating, reduced
performance, or even thermal runaway. By implementing an efficient cooling system
using a Peltier module, the project aims to ensure that the battery operates within safe
temperature limits, thus enhancing the overall safety and reliability of the battery in
various applications like electric vehicles and renewable energy storage.

2. Improving Battery Lifespan and Performance: Overheating can significantly degrade

the performance and lifespan of lithium-ion batteries. By maintaining an optimal
temperature range, this thermal management system prevents thermal stress and
prolongs the battery's operational life. The cooling system helps in sustaining high
efficiency, even under heavy loads, providing users with reliable power sources for
longer periods.

7
Dept ECE, MITE, Moodabidri
 Thermal Management of Lithium-ion Battery Using Peltier Cooling System

3. Advancing Thermal Management Solutions: This project demonstrates the potential of

integrating innovative technologies, such as Arduino microcontrollers, temperature
sensors, and Peltier cooling modules, to tackle complex challenges in thermal
management. By developing a cost-effective and efficient solution, the project
contributes to the growing field of energy storage systems and thermal management in
electronics, potentially inspiring further advancements in cooling techniques and
battery technology.

4. Cost-Effective Solution: A key motivation of this project is to create a cost-effective

thermal management system for lithium-ion batteries, providing an affordable
alternative to expensive commercial solutions. By using accessible and reasonably
priced components such as Arduino microcontrollers, DHT11 sensors, and Peltier
modules, the system can be scaled and implemented without significant financial
burden. This affordability makes it more accessible to a wider range of users, including
smaller-scale electric vehicles, personal electronics, and renewable energy systems,
where high-end solutions might be too expensive. The project highlights the
importance of considering cost in the development of energy-efficient systems,
ensuring that advanced technologies remain within reach of a broader audience.

5. Customization and Adaptability: The use of Arduino in this project offers significant
advantages in terms of customization and adaptability. The open-source nature of
Arduino allows the system to be easily modified or upgraded, accommodating different
types of lithium-ion batteries and cooling requirements. This flexibility ensures that the
thermal management system can be tailored to meet specific needs, whether it's for a
small device or a larger energy storage system. The system's ability to evolve with the
user's requirements—such as adjusting temperature thresholds or cooling capacities—
ensures that it remains functional as technology advances and user needs change.

6. Social Impact and Inclusion: The social impact of this project is substantial, as it
contributes to the safe and efficient use of lithium-ion batteries, which are integral to
modern energy solutions like electric vehicles and renewable energy storage. By
ensuring optimal performance and preventing overheating, this project supports
sustainable energy technologies, which benefit not only individual users but also
communities at large. Additionally, promoting energy efficiency and battery safety can
contribute to reducing the environmental impact of energy storage systems, fostering a
more sustainable future. The project's emphasis on practical and accessible technology
showcases how engineering can address critical global challenges and promote
inclusion by improving the reliability and safety of essential power systems.

2.3 Scope of the Project

The scope of the thermal management system for lithium-ion batteries using a
Peltier cooling module is extensive, with applications in energy storage systems, electric

8
Dept ECE, MITE, Moodabidri
 Thermal Management of Lithium-ion Battery Using Peltier Cooling System

vehicles, and consumer electronics. Here’s an overview of the project’s scope:

1. Thermal Management for Lithium-Ion Batteries: The primary objective of this project is to
develop a system that maintains the temperature of lithium-ion batteries within safe limits using
a Peltier cooling module. By monitoring battery temperature through a DHT11 sensor and
activating the Peltier cooler, when necessary, the project ensures optimal performance and
prevents overheating, which can lead to safety hazards such as thermal runaway or battery
degradation. This system will be particularly beneficial for electric vehicles, portable
electronics, and renewable energy storage solutions.

2. Cost-Effective and Efficient Solution: The project utilizes an Arduino microcontroller to

manage the thermal system, providing a customizable and affordable solution. The use of
readily available components, such as the Peltier module, temperature sensors, and a relay,
offers a cost-effective alternative to high-end commercial thermal management systems. The
system also features a buzzer for alerts, making it user-friendly and accessible for various
applications, without significantly increasing the overall system cost.

3. Implications for Battery Safety and Longevity: The system's broader implications include
improving the safety and longevity of lithium-ion batteries across various industries. By
ensuring that batteries remain within a safe temperature range, the system enhances
performance, extends battery life, and reduces the need for frequent replacements, contributing
to the sustainability of energy storage solutions. Additionally, this project could serve as a
prototype for future advancements in battery thermal management, potentially inspiring more
efficient and scalable cooling technologies for high-demand applications like electric vehicles
and grid storage.

2.4 Existing System

There has been significant research and development in thermal management
systems for lithium-ion batteries, particularly due to the widespread use of these batteries in
electric vehicles, renewable energy storage, and consumer electronics. Managing the
temperature of lithium-ion batteries is crucial for ensuring their safety, efficiency, and
longevity. Currently, there are several methods and systems in use, each with its advantages
and limitations.

1. Active Cooling Systems:

Active cooling solutions, including fans and liquid cooling systems, are commonly used in
high-demand applications like electric vehicles. These systems rely on forced air or liquid to
dissipate heat from the battery. For instance, systems that integrate air-conditioning units or
coolant loops into battery packs are used to maintain temperature control. While effective, these
systems tend to be more complex and expensive, increasing both the cost and size of the battery
packs.

2. Phase Change Material (PCM) Systems:

Some systems utilize phase change materials (PCMs) to passively manage temperature by

9
Dept ECE, MITE, Moodabidri
 Thermal Management of Lithium-ion Battery Using Peltier Cooling System

absorbing excess heat as they change states (e.g., from solid to liquid). These materials are
integrated into battery packs to stabilize the temperature within safe operating limits. While
PCMs are cost-effective and simple to implement, they often have limitations in terms of
cooling power and are not ideal for applications requiring high thermal management capacity.

3. Thermoelectric Cooling Systems:

Thermoelectric cooling, using devices like Peltier modules, is increasingly being explored as
a method for more precise thermal regulation. These systems offer the advantage of localized
cooling, with the ability to cool specific areas of the battery pack. The use of thermoelectric
modules, controlled by microcontrollers like Arduino, enables dynamic temperature regulation
based on real-time sensor data. While thermoelectric cooling systems are more energy-efficient
than traditional methods, their cooling capacity can be limited for larger battery packs or high-
power applications.

4. Air-Cooling Systems:
Simple air-cooling systems, often used in consumer electronics and smaller-scale
applications, utilize fans or heat sinks to regulate the temperature of lithium-ion batteries. While
inexpensive and easy to implement, air cooling lacks the precision and efficiency required for
high-performance batteries, particularly in electric vehicles or large-scale energy storage
systems. As a result, air cooling is more suitable for low-power applications.

However, challenges remain in the development and adoption of advanced thermal

management systems for lithium-ion batteries. One of the key issues is ensuring the
effectiveness and efficiency of cooling systems under varying operational conditions. External
factors such as battery usage patterns, environmental temperature, and the physical
configuration of battery packs can all impact the performance of cooling solutions. Moreover,
integrating cooling systems, like Peltier modules, into existing battery designs can add
complexity and cost, especially when trying to maintain a balance between efficient thermal
regulation and the need for compact, lightweight systems.

Despite these challenges, ongoing research in battery thermal management continues to explore
innovative solutions, including the use of more efficient thermoelectric materials, phase change
materials, and hybrid cooling systems. The ultimate goal is to enhance battery safety, extend
their lifespan, and improve the performance of energy storage systems in applications ranging
from electric vehicles to portable electronics. As technology evolves and becomes more
accessible, these advancements in thermal management have the potential to significantly
impact the performance and sustainability of lithium-ion batteries across various industries.

2.5 Proposed System

The proposed system focuses on developing an innovative solution for managing the thermal
performance of lithium-ion batteries using a Peltier cooling system. This system is designed to
maintain optimal battery temperature, ensuring safe operation and extending battery life, which
is critical in applications like electric vehicles or portable devices. The system uses an Arduino
UNO as the central microcontroller, which processes the temperature data received from a

10
Dept ECE, MITE, Moodabidri
 Thermal Management of Lithium-ion Battery Using Peltier Cooling System

DHT11 temperature sensor. The temperature data is continuously monitored and displayed on
a 16x2 LCD, providing real-time feedback to the user. If the temperature exceeds a predefined
threshold, the system activates the Peltier module through a relay, initiating cooling to prevent
overheating.

The inclusion of a buzzer alerts users to high temperatures, ensuring timely action can be taken
to protect the battery. A well-balanced battery system powers the entire setup, offering the
necessary energy for the cooling system to operate efficiently. The system’s adaptability is
another key feature, with the Arduino allowing for easy adjustments in response to different
battery types or cooling requirements. Ultimately, this project aims to improve the thermal
management of lithium-ion batteries, offering a cost-effective, reliable, and scalable solution
for enhanced safety and performance in battery-operated devices.

2.5.1 Problem Statement

Thermal management is a critical concern in lithium-ion battery systems, especially in high-
performance applications such as electric vehicles and portable devices. Without proper
cooling, batteries can overheat, leading to reduced efficiency, safety risks, and shorter lifespan.
Current thermal management solutions often rely on passive cooling methods, which may not
be sufficient to maintain optimal temperatures under heavy load or high ambient temperatures.
Additionally, active cooling systems can be costly and complex to implement. There is a
pressing need for an efficient, cost-effective, and compact thermal management solution that
can actively regulate the temperature of lithium-ion batteries, ensuring their safe operation and
improving their overall performance. This project aims to address this challenge by utilizing a
Peltier cooling system controlled by an Arduino-based setup to actively monitor and manage
the temperature of lithium-ion batteries.

Chapter 3

Battery Management System

Battery Management Systems (BMS) are essential for ensuring the efficient, safe, and reliable
operation of rechargeable batteries, particularly in applications like electric vehicles (EVs),
renewable energy systems, and consumer electronics. A BMS monitors critical parameters such
as voltage, current, temperature, and state-of-charge (SOC). It protects batteries by preventing
issues like overcharging, over-discharging, and overheating, which can cause degradation or
catastrophic failure. Advanced BMS solutions also provide predictive analytics for state-of-
health (SOH) monitoring and enable smart balancing of cells to ensure uniform performance
across the battery pack. This technology is vital in maximizing battery efficiency, extending
operational life, and ensuring user safety.

3.1 Merits of BMS

1. Safety Assurance: Prevents overcharging, over-discharging, and overheating of

11
Dept ECE, MITE, Moodabidri
 Thermal Management of Lithium-ion Battery Using Peltier Cooling System

batteries.
2. Prolonged Lifespan: Extends the operational life of batteries through precise
charge/discharge control.
3. Efficiency Enhancement: Optimizes energy usage by maintaining balanced cell
performance.
4. Real-Time Monitoring: Provides live data on battery conditions to preempt potential
failures.
5. Cost-Effectiveness: Reduces maintenance costs by preventing damage to battery
systems.
6. Flexibility: Adapts to various battery chemistries and applications.
7. Environmental Impact: Minimizes waste by improving battery recycling and
reusability.

3.2 Application of BMS in Thermal Management of

Lithium-ion Batteries:
Battery Management Systems (BMS) play a critical role in ensuring the safety, reliability, and
efficiency of lithium-ion batteries, particularly in thermal management applications. In our
project, the BMS concept is integrated with a Peltier cooling system to address temperature-
related challenges. The system uses a DHT11 temperature sensor to monitor the battery's real-
time temperature. When the temperature exceeds safe thresholds, the Arduino microcontroller
processes the data to activate the Peltier module, which effectively cools the battery pack.

This approach ensures:

1. Safe Operation: Prevents overheating and reduces the risk of thermal runaway.
2. Performance Stability: Maintains optimal thermal conditions, ensuring consistent
battery performance.
3. Enhanced Lifespan: Minimizes thermal stress on the battery, prolonging its
operational life.
4. Energy Efficiency: Ensures efficient cooling with minimal energy wastage.
5. Scalability: Offers a flexible solution suitable for various battery-operated systems,
from EVs to renewable energy storage.

Chapter 4
Hardware Description
The project focuses on a thermal management system for lithium-ion batteries using Peltier
cooling technology. The hardware setup includes a DHT11 temperature sensor as the primary
monitoring device, which detects and provides real-time temperature readings. An Arduino
UNO microcontroller serves as the central processing unit, interpreting the sensor data and
managing the cooling system’s functions. The Peltier module, powered by a regulated 12V DC

12
Dept ECE, MITE, Moodabidri
 Thermal Management of Lithium-ion Battery Using Peltier Cooling System

supply, is activated based on temperature thresholds to effectively control battery temperature.

A voltage regulator ensures consistent power delivery, while a 16x2 LCD display provides live
updates on temperature and system status. This combination of components enhances battery
safety and efficiency, mitigating thermal issues and improving the overall performance and
lifespan of lithium-ion batteries.

4.1 Arduino Board

Fig 4.1 Arduino Uno

The Arduino UNO serves as the central control unit in the thermal management system for
lithium-ion batteries. It processes data from the DHT11 temperature sensor and makes real-
time decisions to regulate the operation of the Peltier module. The primary responsibilities of
the Arduino UNO in this project are data acquisition, control logic execution, and
communication with other components.
The DHT11 sensor continuously measures the battery's temperature and sends the data to the
Arduino. Using predefined threshold values coded into its memory, the Arduino analyzes the
temperature readings to determine whether cooling is required. If the temperature exceeds the
safe limit, the Arduino sends signals to activate the Peltier module through the voltage
regulator, ensuring effective cooling. Additionally, the Arduino controls the LCD display,
updating real-time temperature readings and the system's operational status to enhance user
awareness. The Arduino's flexibility, ease of programming, and support for various libraries
simplify the system's development and implementation. Its ability to integrate seamlessly with
sensors and actuators makes it indispensable for achieving a reliable and efficient thermal
management solution.

4.2 Peltier Module

The Peltier module is a vital component of the thermal management system for lithium-ion
batteries. It operates based on the thermoelectric effect, creating a temperature difference
between its two sides when electrical current flows through it. In this project, the Peltier module
is used for active cooling of the battery pack. When the DHT11 temperature sensor detects that
the battery's temperature exceeds the safe threshold, the Arduino UNO activates the Peltier
module.

13
Dept ECE, MITE, Moodabidri
 Thermal Management of Lithium-ion Battery Using Peltier Cooling System

The hot side of the Peltier module is connected to a heat sink to dissipate excess heat efficiently,
while the cold side absorbs heat from the battery, lowering its temperature. This direct and
controlled cooling mechanism helps maintain the battery within an optimal temperature range,
enhancing its performance, lifespan, and safety. The use of the Peltier module ensures a reliable
and efficient cooling solution for lithium-ion batteries, making it a critical component of the
system.

Fig 4.2 Peltier module

4.3 DHT 11 Temperature Sensor

Fig 4.3 DHT11

The DHT11 temperature sensor is a crucial component in the thermal management system for
lithium-ion batteries, as it provides real-time temperature monitoring. This sensor measures
both temperature and humidity, but in this project, only its temperature-sensing capability is
utilized. The DHT11 continuously monitors the battery's temperature and sends this data as
digital signals to the Arduino UNO for processing.
With its high accuracy and compact design, the DHT11 ensures precise monitoring within the
operational range required for lithium-ion batteries. The Arduino uses the temperature data
from the DHT11 to determine if the battery's temperature has exceeded the predefined
threshold. If the temperature is too high, the Arduino activates the Peltier module to cool the
battery. The DHT11's consistent performance and ease of integration make it an essential

14
Dept ECE, MITE, Moodabidri
 Thermal Management of Lithium-ion Battery Using Peltier Cooling System

component for ensuring the safety and longevity of lithium-ion batteries in the system.

4.4 16x2 LCD Display

The 16x2 LCD display is a crucial component in the thermal management system for
monitoring and displaying real-time information about the system's operation. It serves as the
interface between the user and the system, providing important data such as the current
temperature, battery status, and Peltier module operation. By displaying this information
clearly, the LCD allows users to easily track the status of the cooling system and make informed
decisions.

Fig 4.4 LCD Display

In this project, the 16x2 LCD is connected to the Arduino UNO, which processes data from the
DHT11 temperature sensor and other system components. The Arduino then uses the LCD to
display relevant data, such as the temperature readings of the battery pack or the ambient
temperature. This provides a visual representation of how well the thermal management system
is performing and helps users identify any temperature-related issues before they become
critical, ensuring that the lithium-ion batteries remain within the optimal temperature range for
safety and efficiency.

4.5 Battery

Fig 4.5 Battery

15
Dept ECE, MITE, Moodabidri
 Thermal Management of Lithium-ion Battery Using Peltier Cooling System

The battery in this project provides the necessary power to drive the various components,
including the Arduino UNO, Peltier module, DHT11 temperature sensor, voltage regulator, and
the 16x2 LCD display. It serves as the main energy source for the thermal management system,
allowing the system to operate independently without requiring a direct connection to an
external power supply.
In this setup, a rechargeable lithium-ion battery is typically used due to its high energy density,
long life cycle, and ability to deliver the necessary current to power the system. The battery's
voltage is regulated by the REES52 MD0102 Buck Converter to ensure a stable voltage supply
for the components. Monitoring the battery status is crucial to ensure the system runs smoothly,
and the LCD display provides real-time information on the battery’s charge level. This feature
helps users monitor the health and performance of the battery, ensuring the system remains
functional over long periods.

4.6 Relay

Fig 4.6 Relay

Relays are essential for controlling high-power devices with low-power signals, guaranteeing
efficiency and safety. A relay could be used in your project to regulate the power going to parts
like the cooling fan, alarm, and Peltier module. The system could only function under particular
circumstances if the Arduino activated the relay in response to temperature readings from the
DHT11 sensor. Relays also offer galvanic isolation, which protects the microcontroller from
possible high-power spikes. Adding a relay in future updates could improve system capabilities,
such as enabling automatic shutdown during critical scenarios, improving thermal regulation,
and increasing overall reliability, even though your current design is simpler without one.

Chapter 5
Software Description

The software for thermal management of lithium-ion batteries using a Peltier cooling system
simulates the battery's thermal behaviour and integrates the Peltier module to control its
temperature. It includes control algorithms, such as PID, to regulate the Peltier device based on
real-time battery temperature, ensuring optimal cooling. The system is designed to work with
other components like power electronics and sensors, optimizing efficiency while preventing
overheating. Additionally, the software offers simulation and optimization tools to evaluate
different operating conditions and improve system performance.

16
Dept ECE, MITE, Moodabidri
 Thermal Management of Lithium-ion Battery Using Peltier Cooling System

5.1 Arduino IDE

The Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is a crucial software tool for
developing Arduino-based projects. Here's a focused explanation of the Arduino IDE:
The Arduino IDE is a cross-platform application written in Java, designed specifically

for writing, compiling, and uploading code to Arduino boards. It provides a streamlined
environment for Arduino programming, making it accessible to both beginners and experienced
developers.

Fig 5.1 Arduino IDE

Key features of the Arduino IDE include:

1. Code Editor: It offers a text editor for writing and editing Arduino sketches (programs). The
editor includes syntax highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation to make coding
easier and more readable.

2. Compiler: The IDE integrates a compiler that converts your Arduino code (written in C++
with some modifications) into machine language that the Arduino board can understand and
execute.

3. Uploader: It provides a simple one-click mechanism to upload compiled code to your

Arduino board via USB.

4. Serial Monitor: This built-in tool allows you to send and receive serial data to and from your
Arduino board, which is invaluable for debugging and monitoring your project's behavior.

5. Library Manager: The IDE includes a system for easily installing and managing additional

17
Dept ECE, MITE, Moodabidri
 Thermal Management of Lithium-ion Battery Using Peltier Cooling System

software libraries, expanding the capabilities of your Arduino projects.

6. Board Manager: This feature allows you to add support for different Arduino boards and
third-party hardware.

7. Examples: The IDE comes with a collection of example sketches that demonstrate how to
use various Arduino functions and work with different components.

The Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of the C++ programming language, making it
beginner-friendly yet versatile for complex projects. In the thermal management system for
lithium-ion batteries using a Peltier cooling system, the Arduino IDE plays a critical role. It
provides a user-friendly platform to write, edit, and upload code to the Arduino board, which
serves as the control center of the system.

The IDE simplifies programming tasks, such as interpreting temperature data from the DHT11
sensor and controlling the Peltier module and display based on the measured values. Its
extensive library support allows easy integration of components, reducing development time
and ensuring reliable operation. Additionally, the serial monitor is an invaluable tool for

real-time debugging, enabling developers to monitor temperature readings, validate system

responses, and fine-tune the cooling process effectively.

Additionally, the Arduino IDE supports multiple board types, making it flexible for future
upgrades or changes to your project. If you decide to switch to a more powerful microcontroller
in the future, you can likely still use the same development environment.

The software also includes example sketches and a vast online community, providing resources
and support for troubleshooting and learning. This can be particularly helpful when working on
specialized projects like your gesture-controlled wheelchair.

Chapter 6
Design And Implementation
Several essential elements must be included in the design and execution of a Peltier cooling
system thermal management system for lithium-ion batteries. The Arduino Uno serves as the
main controller, handling the Peltier module's operation and processing inputs from multiple
sensors. The battery's or the environment's temperature and humidity are tracked by a DHT11
sensor, which gives the Arduino real-time information for decision-making. The Peltier
module's power supply is managed by a relay, which turns it on or off in response to temperature
readings. The real-time temperature data is shown on an LCD display, giving users a way to
keep an eye on the system's functionality. This configuration enables effective battery thermal
regulation, guaranteeing that it stays within a safe operating temperature range.

18
Dept ECE, MITE, Moodabidri
 Thermal Management of Lithium-ion Battery Using Peltier Cooling System

6.1 Working Principle

The Thermal Management of Lithium-ion Battery Using Peltier Cooling System operates based
on the integration of thermoelectric cooling technology and real-time monitoring to regulate
battery temperature effectively. The system is built around a Peltier module, which utilizes the
thermoelectric effect to create a temperature gradient. When an electric current flows through
the module, it absorbs heat from one side (cold side) and dissipates it to the other side (hot side).
This enables the Peltier module to function as a cooling system, extracting excess heat from the
lithium-ion battery to maintain an optimal operating temperature.

The system's monitoring and control are managed by an Arduino UNO microcontroller, which
serves as the central processing unit. A DHT11 temperature sensor is placed near the battery to
measure its ambient temperature. The sensor continuously transmits temperature readings to
the Arduino, which compares the data against predefined thresholds. If the temperature exceeds
the safe operating range, the Arduino activates the Peltier module to initiate cooling.
Simultaneously, the system displays real-time temperature values and status updates on a 16x2
LCD display, allowing users to monitor the process effectively.
To ensure stable operation, a Voltage regulator regulates the voltage supplied to the Peltier
module and other components. This prevents power fluctuations that could compromise system
performance. The entire setup is powered by a rechargeable lithium-ion battery, making it
portable and suitable for diverse applications. The system operates efficiently by dynamically
adjusting the Peltier module’s cooling intensity based on the battery’s temperature, conserving
energy while ensuring optimal thermal conditions.

By leveraging precise temperature control, the project enhances the safety, performance, and
longevity of lithium-ion batteries, making it a practical solution for modern energy storage
challenges.

6.2 Block Diagram

Fig 6.21 Block Diagram

19
Dept ECE, MITE, Moodabidri
 Thermal Management of Lithium-ion Battery Using Peltier Cooling System

The block diagram illustrates the fundamental flow of data and control in the Thermal
Management of Lithium-ion Battery Using Peltier Cooling System, detailing the interaction
between sensors, processing units, and output devices. It outlines the sequence of operations,
from temperature sensing using the DHT11 sensor, data processing in the Arduino
microcontroller, activation of the Peltier cooling module, to real-time temperature display on
the LCD screen and power regulation through the voltage regulator.

Key components and connections:

● DHT11 Sensor: A sensor used to measure temperature and humidity.
● Arduino Uno: The microcontroller responsible for processing the data from the DHT11
sensor and controlling other components.
● Battery: Provides power to the Arduino Uno and the connected components.
● Buzzer: An alarm or alert mechanism, likely used to indicate specific conditions.
● Relay: Acts as a switch to control the Peltier module based on signals from the Arduino.
● Peltier Module: A thermoelectric device used for heating or cooling.
● 16x2 LCD Display: Displays temperature and humidity readings or system status.

6.3 Implementation
The implementation of the Thermal Management of Lithium-ion Battery Using Peltier Cooling
System begins by setting up the hardware components. The DHT11 temperature sensor is
mounted near the lithium-ion battery to accurately monitor its temperature. The sensor
communicates with the Arduino UNO microcontroller, sending real-time temperature data for
analysis. The Arduino UNO processes this data and compares it with a predefined threshold
value, which is set to maintain the battery's temperature within a safe range.

If the temperature exceeds the threshold, the Arduino activates the Peltier module, a
thermoelectric cooler that cools the battery by transferring heat from one side of the module
to the other. The Peltier module is connected to a heat sink, which aids in dissipating the
absorbed heat, ensuring efficient cooling.

The LCD display provides the user with a clear, real-time readout of the battery's temperature,
allowing for easy monitoring of the system's performance. In case the temperature drops below
a safe level, the Peltier module is automatically turned off by the Arduino, preventing
overcooling. This feedback loop ensures that the battery operates within an optimal temperature
range, improving its efficiency and prolonging its lifespan.

The entire system is powered by a 12V 10A DC power supply, which is connected to both the
Arduino and the Peltier module. This setup allows for continuous, autonomous monitoring and
regulation of the battery’s temperature. The project design is aimed at providing a cost-effective
and scalable solution for thermal management in lithium-ion batteries, ensuring safety and
longevity for battery-powered systems, particularly in high-demand applications like electric
vehicles or portable energy storage systems.

20
Dept ECE, MITE, Moodabidri
 Thermal Management of Lithium-ion Battery Using Peltier Cooling System

Chapter 7
Results and Discussions
The thermal management system for lithium-ion batteries using Peltier cooling technology is
designed to maintain optimal battery temperatures during operation. The input to the system
comes from the DHT11 temperature sensor, which monitors the ambient and battery
temperatures in real time. This data is sent to the Arduino UNO, which acts as the central
processing unit. The Arduino processes the input data and compares it to predefined
temperature thresholds. Based on this analysis, the Arduino sends control signals to the Peltier
module, which serves as the primary cooling mechanism. The Peltier module is powered by a
12V DC supply regulated through a voltage regulator for stable performance. The output
includes the activation or deactivation of the Peltier module and real-time feedback displayed
on a 16x2 LCD screen, which shows temperature readings and system status. Additionally, a
buzzer provides an audible alert if the temperature exceeds critical levels, ensuring timely
intervention. This setup ensures precise, efficient thermal management of lithium-ion batteries.

7.1 Results
The thermal management system for lithium-ion batteries using Peltier cooling technology was
successfully implemented and tested. The system demonstrated its capability to maintain
battery temperature within safe operating limits, ensuring optimal performance and safety.

1. Temperature Regulation:
The DHT11 sensor accurately measured real-time temperature data, and the Arduino UNO

21
Dept ECE, MITE, Moodabidri
 Thermal Management of Lithium-ion Battery Using Peltier Cooling System

effectively processed this information to control the Peltier module. The system maintained the
battery temperature below 35°C under high-load conditions, preventing overheating.

2. Peltier Module Efficiency:

The Peltier module provided efficient cooling, rapidly reducing temperature when the

threshold was exceeded. However, it consumed significant power during prolonged operation,
highlighting the need for balancing cooling performance with energy efficiency.

3. System Responsiveness:
The system exhibited fast response times, with the Peltier module activating within seconds
of detecting high temperatures. The buzzer provided immediate audible alerts, enhancing
system reliability.

4. Real-Time Monitoring:
The 16x2 LCD displayed clear and precise temperature readings, allowing users to monitor
system performance. This feature is critical for maintaining user awareness of battery
conditions.

5. Compact Design and Portability:

The system's compact design and reliance on a portable 12V power source make it suitable
for real-world applications, particularly in electric vehicles and other mobile devices.

6. Challenges Observed:
- The Peltier module's cooling efficiency is highly dependent on ambient temperature and
heat dissipation effectiveness.
- Continuous operation of the Peltier module led to significant power consumption,
necessitating future optimization to improve energy efficiency.

7.2 Discussion
The project highlights the feasibility of using Peltier modules for battery thermal management.
The integration of Arduino and DHT11 sensors ensures precise control and monitoring, making
the system reliable for real-time applications. While the results show promise, further
optimization is necessary to enhance energy efficiency and cooling performance. Exploring
alternative heat dissipation techniques, such as combining the Peltier module with passive
cooling elements, could improve overall system efficiency.
This project serves as a foundation for future research in battery thermal management systems,
demonstrating a cost-effective and scalable approach that aligns with the increasing demand for
safer, high-performance lithium-ion batteries in various applications.

Chapter 8

22
Dept ECE, MITE, Moodabidri
 Thermal Management of Lithium-ion Battery Using Peltier Cooling System

Conclusion
Lithium-ion batteries' Peltier cooling system efficiently regulates temperature to avoid
overheating and extend battery life. The system guarantees optimal performance by integrating
sensors for real-time monitoring and using a Peltier module for heat dissipation. Applications
needing exact temperature control, like electric cars and portable electronics, benefit greatly
from this strategy.

8.1 Scope and Result Analysis

The scope of this project encompasses addressing the critical thermal management needs of
lithium-ion batteries through a cost-effective and efficient Peltier cooling system. By
employing components like the Arduino UNO, DHT11 sensor, and Peltier module, the project
introduces a practical solution to mitigate overheating in batteries, which is a major concern in
electric vehicles, renewable energy storage systems, and portable electronics. The system is
designed to maintain optimal battery performance by real-time monitoring and precise
temperature control. Its modular design allows for easy adaptation to various battery
configurations, making it suitable for diverse industrial applications and customizable for future
innovations.

Result analysis indicates that the system successfully regulated battery temperatures within safe
operational limits, ensuring stable performance during stress testing and prolonged operation.
The integration of real-time temperature feedback through the LCD display improved user
awareness and safety. While the Peltier module delivered effective cooling, its high power
consumption highlighted an opportunity for energy optimization. The findings validate the
feasibility of using Peltier-based systems for thermal management in compact battery setups,
demonstrating a significant step toward improving battery safety, efficiency, and lifespan under
varying operating conditions.

8.2 Conclusion
This project implemented an effective thermal management system for lithium-ion batteries
using Peltier cooling technology, demonstrating its capability to regulate battery temperature
and enhance operational safety. The integration of components such as the DHT11 sensor and
Arduino UNO ensured accurate monitoring and control, while the Peltier module provided
efficient cooling during high-load conditions. The design's simplicity, affordability, and
portability make it a viable solution for a range of applications, including electric vehicles and
renewable energy systems. Despite challenges like high energy consumption, the project
showcases the potential of Peltier cooling in addressing the growing demand for safe and
reliable battery systems.

8.3 Future Enhancements

23
Dept ECE, MITE, Moodabidri
 Thermal Management of Lithium-ion Battery Using Peltier Cooling System

Future enhancements can focus on integrating hybrid cooling techniques, such as combining
Peltier modules with passive cooling methods like heat sinks or phase change materials, to
improve energy efficiency and performance. Additionally, using advanced sensors with higher
accuracy and response rates can enhance real-time monitoring and system reliability.
Incorporating IoT capabilities for remote monitoring and data logging could expand the
system's applicability, enabling its use in large-scale industrial and smart-grid applications.
Addressing power consumption through optimized Peltier designs or alternative cooling
methods will further improve its viability. These enhancements will ensure the system remains
relevant and adaptable to evolving technological demands.

References
[1] Manikandan, B.V., Kiruthickroshan, P., Kumar, M., & Chandrasekeran, L. (2023). Battery
Management System with Charge Monitor and Fire Protection for Electrical Drive. E3S Web
of Conferences, 387, 10.1051/e3sconf/202338701002.

[2] Krishnamurthy, S., & Karthikeyan, A. (2022). Experimental Investigation of

Thermoelectric Cooling for a New Battery Pack Design in a Copper Holder, Results in
Engineering, 19, 100947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2022.100947.

[3] Liu, H., Chen, S., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Thermal Management Systems for Batteries in
Electric Vehicles. Energy Reports, 7, 4157-4164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.08.014.

[4] Shafiee, A., & Vali, S. (2021). Thermal Management of Li-ion Battery Pack with the
Application of Flexible Form-Stable Composite Phase Change Materials. Applied Thermal
Engineering, 181, 116004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.116004.

[5] Chen, S., & Zhao, L. (2020). A Li-Ion Battery Thermal Management System Combining a
Heat Pipe and Thermoelectric Cooler. Energy, 202, 117584.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117584.

[6] Zhang, W., Xu, W., & Li, Y. (2020). Reciprocating Air Flow for Li-ion Battery Thermal
Management to Improve Temperature Uniformity. Applied Energy, 262, 114511.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114511.

[7] Li, J., Zhang, L., & Wang, X. (2020). Thermal Issues about Li-ion Batteries and Recent
Progress in Battery Management Systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 119,
109558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109558.

[8] Xie, X., & Liu, W. (2021). Effects of Different Phase Change Material Thermal
Management Strategies on the Cooling Performance of Power Lithium-ion Batteries. Energy
Reports, 7, 4053-4065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.07.118.

24
Dept ECE, MITE, Moodabidri
 Thermal Management of Lithium-ion Battery Using Peltier Cooling System

[9] Sarker, M., & Ghosh, S. (2019). A Critical Review of Battery Thermal Performance and
Liquid-Based Battery Thermal Management. Journal of Power Sources, 442, 227-245.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.03.030.

[10] Yuan, X., & Wang, Y. (2021). Active Battery Pack Cooling System Using Peltier
Module. Energy Procedia, 156, 154-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.162.

[11] Thacker, D., & Bell, J. (2020). A Review of Thermal Management for Li-ion Batteries:
Prospects, Challenges, and Issues. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 118, 109541.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109541.

[12] K. Shilpa, M., Abdul Raheman, M., Aabid, A., Baig, M., K. Veeresha, R., & Kudva, N.
(2023). A systematic review of thermoelectric peltier devices: Applications and
limitations. Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing, 19(1), 187–
206. https://doi.org/10.32604/fdmp.2022.020351

[13] Siddique, A., Mahmud, S., & Heyst, B. (2018). A comprehensive review on a passive
(phase change materials) and an active (thermoelectric cooler) Battery Thermal Management
System and their limitations. Journal of Power Sources, 401, 224–
237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.08.094

[14] Lyu, Y., Siddique, A. R. M., Majid, S. H., Biglarbegian, M., Gadsden, S. A., & Mahmud,
S. (2019). Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal Management System with thermoelectric
cooling. Energy Reports, 5, 822–827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.06.016

[15] Ajishma C, Arthi K, Sneka K, Soniya A, & George G, B. (2023). Computationally

Efficient Thermal Management for Electric Vehicle. Asian Journal of Applied Science and
Technology, 07(02), 72–83. https://doi.org/10.38177/ajast.2023.7210

25
Dept ECE, MITE, Moodabidri