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RESEARCH ARTICLE | JULY 26 2023

GIS-based approach for geotechnical mapping: A review 

Alaa D. Mamdooh  ; Khalid R. Aljanabi; Khamis N. Sayl

AIP Conference Proceedings 2775, 050004 (2023)

https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0141122

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29 July 2023 11:50:44

 GIS-Based Approach for Geotechnical Mapping: A Review
Alaa D. Mamdooh1, a), Khalid R. Aljanabi1, b) and Khamis N. Sayl1, c)
1
University of Anbar, Ramadi, Iraq.
a)
Corresponding auther: [email protected]
b)
[email protected]
c)
[email protected]

Abstract. Traditional methods for geotechnical mapping cannot efficiently provide the needed information because these
analysis are commonly costly, time consuming and limited in retrieving the temporal and spatial variability. A Geographic
Information systems System (GIS) is a contemporary method for managing digital data, representing real places, analyzing,
mapping, and creating data, among other things. Different methods and criteria have been developed and applied via many
researchers to map the geotechnical proprieties. The primary scope of this study is to determine an overall methods used for
mapping the geotechnical properties. A published study that bridges the gap between information and innovation, providing a
greater understanding of the various domains and applications of GIS in geotechnical engineering, there are over 60 queries
in our database. Between 1993 and 2022, research papers from diverse sources were collected. The data that was pertinent to
the study was kept, while the remainder was discarded. The literature is anticipated to provide various data, methodologies,

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software, limitations, and application locations. Engineering properties data, foundation bearing capacity data, engineering
soil data, standard penetration test data, groundwater, and other types of data with a place value may be used to get various
outcomes. The scope of GIS in many sectors, as well as methods of application and analysis, were examined in this paper.
GIS data can be collected and identified in a systematic way to help with any project, saving time, money, and effort while
also increasing access to digital maps. This research will surely help researchers obtain a solid knowledge of GIS and bridge
the gap in research for areas wherever GIS is used in a restricted or non-existent way in the technical sector.

Keywords: Digital Data, Soil Properties, Application of GIS.

INTRODUCTION
GIS has become a popular tool for altering and organizing geographic data as computer technology has advanced
over the last two decades. Data that is georeferenced to its true location is delivered through GIS. Satellites collect
this information in the form of graphic pictures, which researchers may reuse, store, share, analyze, interpret, and
adapt to current situations and needs. Many sorts of data and outcomes were used to work on the project's map of
past resource photos referring to prior completed work, as well as vital technical and legal instructions that may be
applied to any project work. (Khudhair et al., 2020).The use of geotechnical zoning maps in sustainable urban
development is critical (Al-Ani & Al-Uzairy, 2014). GIS have grown in importance as a method for representing
geospatial data over the years(Mohammed & Sayl, 2020). Over the previous four decades, GIS have evolved as the
primary mode of communication.(Hashim & Sayl, 2021; Mohammed & Sayl, 2020). GIS-formatted data may be
extensively and readily transmitted via the World Wide Web(Kadhim et al., 2016) . It is necessary to have a publicly
available spatial geotechnical database. GIS and Global Positioning Systems (GPS) have revolutionized
engineering since their introduction. GIS may create a geotechnical map by combining geographical data with visual
presentation (Khalid et al., 2021). A geotechnical engineer's job is made more difficult by the absence of accurate
data on the site's soil composition. Geotechnical properties of the region beneath the foundation must be known to
complete the design (Mohammed Ali & Shakir, 2021). Different land quality criteria such as soil texture, depth, and
erosion were combined to develop land suitability and capability maps that could be used for planning purposes
(Abdelrahman et al., 2016). Properties of the material at typical sites are documented and allocated to the complete
map unit in a traditional soil survey. Traditional soil maps are not inverted because soil units are limited, even

The Fourth International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering Technologies

AIP Conf. Proc. 2775, 050004-1–050004-10; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0141122
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-4595-6/$30.00

050004-1
though the soil fence is well aware of the spatial variability of soil properties. As a result, GIS is essential (Sayl et
al., 2021)Muneer et al., 2022).

GIS for Geotechnical Purposes

In geotechnical research, GIS would be used in a variety of ways, including system integration. Visual analytics,
site preparation and outline activities, and database layout (Hashim & Sayl, 2020; Muneer et al., 2021)To
geotechnical, GIS offers a wide range of data analysis software opportunities. GIS is comprised of three major
components: A system can be described using concepts such as a database, a graphical user interface, and data
analysis. GIS allows you to accomplish more in less time.(Hellawell et al., 2001).

GIS with Missing Data Interpolation

Interpolation is a method for calculating values of the data when measurements are unknown (O. A. Mohammed &
Sayl, 2021). Many interpolation algorithms require user-entered data rather than just plain old data collected to
process the expected result, as shown in figure (1.a) (Al-Ani et al., 2014).

Kriging's Algorithms Method with (GIS/Kriging)

It is a sophisticated geostatistical procedure that generates a more robust estimation surface from a set of
scattered points than other extrapolation methods (Sameer et al., 2021) of the studies examined used Kriging's
method to map soil properties using GIS. Kriging is based on the idea that things that are close together are much
more different compared to objects that are far apart. Whenever there is a spa-related spatial or directional partiality
in the information, kriging is the best method to use. Kriging can forecast values that are unknown (Ajvazi &
Czimber, 2019b). as shown in figure (1.b).

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Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) Algorithms with (GIS/IDW)
The values of the sample data points near each treated cell are averaged using inverse distance weight. The
closer a cell is to the center, the greater its effect or weight in determining the mean (Mitas & Mitasova, 2015). (9%)
of the studies examined used (IDW) method to map soil properties using GIS. Using GIS, the attributes of soils with
a strong spatial organization were mapped more precisely than those with weak spatial structures. For mapping soil
qualities, kriging using given variogram values outperform IDW in most circumstances. When there are dense
sample points that are better scattered across an area, instead of aggregate, the IDW technique can be utilized
(Kravchenko, 2003). as shown in figure (1.b).

Spline Algorithms with GIS (GIS/Spline)

A spline is a sort of interpolation which uses a mathematical equation to estimate parameters by minimizing total
surfaces curvature, resulting in a level surface that passes over the input locations precisely (Bilu & Babu, 2016).
(4%) of the studies examined used (Spline) method to map soil properties using GIS. as shown in figure (1.b).

Previous studies
100% 87%

50%
9% 4%
0%
Kriging IDW Spline

(a) (b)

FIGURE 1. Interpolation surface In the ArcGIS spatial analysis

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 GIS for Creating Geotechnical Criteria Maps
A user-friendly GIS-based framework based on Fresh New Neighbor Interpolation could help in producing maps
of various themes based on soil attributes more quickly and effectively (Adam et al., 2018). The usage of mapping
software GIS has made it easier to communicate engineering properties. Based on the data, the researcher can create
graphic maps using GIS. GIS can easily reveal its wet (Abdulraheem et al., 2019a). The GIS is utilized to produce a
map of the research region, as well as to compute all soil parameters and assess the soil quality for foundations. It
ranges from outstanding to satisfactory. For any location, strip footing has the lowest bearing capacity and square
footing has the highest (Alawode et al., 2020). Engineers can now employ GIS to analyze specific geotechnical site
analyses (Aldefae et al., 2020a). GIS-generated geo - technical mapping in soil categorisation are simple to get and
cost-effective.(Al-Mamoori et al., 2020). GIS will be employed in four areas in engineering and construction
evaluations: data presentation, information processing, visualization of data, site planning for summarizing
activities, and interpretation.(Ghosh et al., 1996).

GIS for Mapping Geotechnical Criteria Bearing Capacity with GIS

The permissible carrying capacity of soil is a critical characteristic to consider while creating a database. GIS
software is one of the most powerful tools for creating exact maps and for quickly generating large databases for
most any purpose.(Al-Maliki et al., 2018). SPT-N allowable bearing capacity values are used to figure out how
much carrying capacity there is, and a GIS map is made (Dungca et al., 2017). percentage of previous studies in this
case (20Mohammed Ali & Shakir, 2021;7;Mohammed Ali & Shakir, 2021;ELJAMASSI, 2013a;Mohammed Amin,
2018;Raut & Acharya, 2020;K. N. Kadhim & AL-Abody, 2015;(Andriamamonjisoa & Hubert-Ferrari, 2019;Sail et
al., 2017;Goudar & Naik, 2020;Sharo et al., 2019;Aldefae et al., 2020a;M. S. Mohammed et al., 2020a;'Kamal et al.,
2015;Al-Maliki et al., 2018; Murugan B & V.K, 2016,CANBOLAT, 2017b;Al-Mamoori et al., 2021;Mohammed
Mustafa Mahmood, 2006;M. S. Mohammed et al., 2020b).

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Standard Penetration Test (SPT) with GIS Map
The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is a popular in-situ test since it is easy, quick to perform, and inexpensive.
It was created in 1972. This testing is used to assess the parametric behavior of soil, including such stiffness, to
characterize the type of soil (gravel, clay, or sand), and to offer some association with other soil parameters. (Al-Ani
et al., 2014).Percentage of previous studies in this case (34%) like (RASKAR-PHULE & NADGOUDA, 2016), (Al-
Mamoori et al., 2021;Karim et al., 2019;Khalid et al., 2021;Al-Khazaali, 2017;Wan-Mohamad & Abdul-Ghani,
2011;Al-Ani et al., 2013;Al-Ani et al., 2014;Santos et al., 2018;CANBOLAT, 2017a;(Fikret Kurnaz et al.,
2013;Saberelizei et al., 2020;Murugan B & V.K, 2016;Kate et al., 2021;Zare & Boushehrian, 2018;Kamal et al.,
2015;Habibullah et al., 2012;Al-abboodi et al., 2020; Thiesen et al., 2015;Sharo et al., 2019;Goren et al., 2017;Raut
& Acharya, 2020;Aziz et al., 2017;Liengsakup et al., 1993;Mohammed Amin, 2018;Mohammed Ali & Shakir,
2021;Dungca et al., 2017;Teknologi et al.,2016).

Friction Angle with GIS

The angles of internal friction values (φ) describe the soil's resistance to shear. Direct shear testing or triaxial
stress test are used to estimate it experimentally. Due to the high expense of performing field testing, innovative and
feasible approaches for predicting soil properties for non-spatial data regions have become critical (Al-Mamoori et
al., 2020).(7%), based on previous research using friction angle to draw a map with GIS.(RASKAR-PHULE &
NADGOUDA, 2016; Al-Ani & Al-Uzairy, 2014;,Saberelizei et al.,2020; Sharo et al., 2019;,Raut &
Acharya,2020;,Teknologital.,2016).

Liquid and Plastic Limits with GIS

The author utilized GIS software to create contour lines that revealed differences in liquid and plastic limitations
at various points on the mapping. The author learned through the research articles that the different values of soil's
liquid and plastic limitations can be simply represented using contour maps that used GIS.(Aderinola et al.,

050004-3
2017a)The authors use GIS software to illustrate the fluid and plastic limits with contour maps. Different soil fluid
and plastic boundary values can be easily displayed using GIS and a contour line for each point on the map
(Aderinola et al., 2017b).The mapping of GIS liquid and plastic restrictions was observed in (10%) of the previous
investigations (Khatri & Suman, 2019;Sail et al., 2017;,Al-abboodi et al., 2020;(Rashed & Hussein, 2020;Adam et
al., 2018;Kate et al., 2021;(Abdulraheem et al., 2019b;Al-Khazaali, 2017).

Liquefaction of the GIS

Type of failure, amongst the most common types of damage caused by earthquakes, is now a phenomenon for
which saturated fluvial soils lost stiffness and rigidity. It has long been recognized that its properties include size
distribution, density, grain shape, deposit depth, and groundwater level position.(Cabalar et al., 2019).(5%) from a
prior study that created a liquefaction map using GIS (Goren et al., 2017; Das et al., 2018; Habibullah et al.,
2012;,CANBOLAT, 2017b;Zare & Boushehrian, 2018).

Soil Strength of the GIS

The strength of a soil is often described in terms of internal management angle of internal friction and
effectiveness cohesive (c'). This technical statement is designed to act as a reference for determining the weight of a
unit of soil in the absence of specific test findings. (Wan-Mohamad & Abdul-Ghani, 2011).(5%) from a previous
study that used GIS to produce a map of soil strength (Santos et al., 2018; Saberi et al., 2018;Teknologi et al.,
2016;Wan-Mohamad&Abdul-Ghani,2011).

California Bearing Ratio CBR of the GIS

The California the Bearing Ratio (CBR) is the ratio of such force applied necessary to bore the mass of soils at a

29 July 2023 11:50:44

rate of 1.25 mm/min with a standard circular press to the corresponding rate of penetration necessary for a standard
sample. The Testing is a testing process that is used to measure the strength of roadway and pedestrian various
structures. (Kate et al., 2021).(2 %) from prior research that utilized GIS to create a map of the California Bearing
Ratio (Khatri & Suman, 2019;,(Kate et al., 2021;,Adam et al., 2018)

Shear Strength of the GIS

The soil can absorb the shear stress induced by the structure's load. Shearing the phrases that refer to this
strength are called soil strength parameters. Shear stress weakens any soil. Due to the imposed weights, stretching or
contraction can occur. (Aldefae et al., 2020b), (5%) from a prior study that created a shear strength map using GIS
(RASKAR-PHULE & NADGOUDA, 2016;,Al-Ani et al., 2013;,Aldefae et al., 2020;,Das et al., 2018;,Teknologi et
al., 2016).

Soil Classification of the GIS

More information about soil kinds can be found in soil categorization. Engineers can use the type of soil to assist
them choose the right foundation. (ELJAMASSI, 2013b). (12 %) from previous research that used GIS to build a
soil classification map (Jain & Goel, 2002;Navas et al., 2005;Aziz et al., 2017;Mahfouz & Abdelgiom, 2020;Labib
& Nashed, 2013;Al-abboodi et al., 2020;Murugan B & V.K, 2016;Santos et al., 2018;,Khalid et al., 2021;Labib &
Nashed, 2013;Sharma & Rahman, 2016).

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 Soil classification 40%
34%

Percetange from Papers %

35%
Shear strength
30%
California Bearing
Ratio 25%
20%
Soil strength 20%
Liquefaction 15% 12%
10%
liquid and plastic limits 10% 7%
5% 5% 5%
5% 2%
Friction angle
0%
previous studies
FIGURE 2. Percentages of criteria used through previous studies

DISCUSSION
These papers show the importance of GIS to geotechnical applications in a wide range of ways. GIS approaches
are used to assess study work by writers from various locations, allowing GIS software to be used for the
engineering field. GIS usage is expanding as the program becomes more commonly recognized. This review's major
purpose was to determine the breadth of GIS. Both qualitative methodologies can benefit from the usage of GIS.
There are no restrictions on the GIS's capacity to incorporate several layers of data. It could provide detailed
information on several layers that can help explain the data's quality. The findings of several research publications
provide a significant contribution to GIS research. GIS has a significant impact in a range of industries, including

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calculating geographical cover/land any use of an area, estimating changes from previous periods, and forecasting
land use maps. As indicated in the paper, different researchers use GIS in a variety of methods. Users need to
understand that GIS is really only helpful to those who are familiarized using satellite data. Lastly, future research
opportunities are mentioned, that may also network with a large amount of GIS to evaluate bearing capacity, record
borehole logs ,but also assessing various soil properties using GIS.

CONCLUSION
The authors came to the following conclusions after studying many research papers: Using GIS, different soil
attributes can be kept in a single spot. Data visualization and understanding got simple while using GIS. To
determine unknown data, the Spatial Analyst tool in ArcGIS may perform data interpolation. Depending on the
practicality of the task, GIS can connect to several domains. Depending on the user's financial situation, GIS can be
used with a variety of software. GIS is used by various researchers for location analysis, such as land usage,
foundation type, and soil bearing capacity spectral analysis. GIS could be utilized by numerous academics as a
database management system and as an inventory of diverse geotechnical data. The spatial tool in ArcGIS can be
used to create three-dimensional data models. Most geotechnical or engineering information, according to the
preceding ideas, can be simply digital. Spatial data created with GIS may be simply made public and given open
access for other academics to use. Tracking GIS data from a random place is simple. Depending on soil available
data, GIS helps with facility location for geotechnical work. Different data sets can be easily combined to form a
new map. As a result, there are no constraints on the development of data processing and compilation; users could
thus add several layers. Previous research can be enhanced by new information. The study will undoubtedly aid
researchers in deciding the best strategy for their research and picking the correct software for such job. This would
save effort and time when deciding on a study approach and software. This will make it difficult for the researcher to
identify the social shift that is taking place in the study location and the trend that's also influencing those
socioeconomic elements.

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was conducted within the framework of obtaining a master's degree in Geotechnical Engineering,
University of Anbar.

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