LAB MANUAL

COURSE NAME: ANALOG CIRCUITS LAB

COURSE CODE: LC-ECE-208 G

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

GANGA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND

MANAGEMENT, KABLANA
GANGA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
VISION
GITAM aims to be an outstanding Institute in India through academic excellence in the field of
Technology and Management to fulfill the need of the Industry and serve the society.

MISSION
 To provide healthy environment to our students as well as faculty members.
 To achieve excellence in technical education
 To promote holistic development of students through interaction with alumni, academia,
Industry and expert lectures
 To attract nurture and retain the best faculty and technical manpower
 To contribute to the society by inculcating professional ethics in the students
 To promote research and development Initiatives

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
VISION
The Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering endeavors to develop high
quality, technically competent and socially responsible engineers

MISSION
 To have adequate mechanisms by improving the understanding and implementation of
theoretical concepts in practical scenario.
 To develop technical manpower by organizing workshops, expert lectures and industrial
visits on regular basis.
 To impart quality teaching-learning experience with state of the art laboratories.
 To prepare the students to meet the global needs of Industry and Society by inculcating
professional ethics.

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 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
PROGRAM OUTCOMES/PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
Engineering Graduates will be able to:
PO-1 Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
PO-2 Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

PO-3 Design/Development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems

and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.

PO-4 Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems: Use research-based knowledge and

research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

PO-5 Modern Tool Usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitation.

PO-6 The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.

PO-7 Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need
for sustainable development.

PO-8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.

PO-9 Individual and Teamwork: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or

leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO-10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.

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PO-11 Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply the set to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multi-disciplinary environments.

PO-12 Life-long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

PSO1: Analyze, design and implement hardware and software skills to solve problems in
electronics and communication engineering in various areas such as analog & digital electronics,
signal processing, communication, VLSI, embedded systems and its allied branches by applying
basic sciences and engineering fundamentals.

PSO2: Adapt rapid changes in the field of electronics and communication engineering and also
employs their skills for the multidisciplinary work environment, to be a successful
professional/entrepreneur and worthy citizen

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

PEO1: Devise and deliver efficient solutions to challenging problems in the field of Electronics
& Communications Engineering and allied disciplines using engineering fundamentals.
PEO2: Employ and cement their existence in reputed industrial organizations/ companies by
training them with soft skills, domain knowledge and managerial skills.
PEO3: Assess and motivate young engineers to become good human being and responsible
engineer for the welfare of society.
PEO4: Develop their attitude to adapt new ideas, innovations and technologies through lifelong
learning practices.

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 COURSE NAME: ANALOG CIRCUITS LAB
COURSE CODE: LC-ECE-208 G

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Sr.
Description COs Page No.
No.
1 To analyze and study frequency response of RC coupled CO4 6
amplifier.

2 To analyze and study different types of feedback topology. CO4 9

3 To analyze and study RC phase shift oscillator. CO2 13

4 To analyze and study wein bridge oscillator. CO2 16

5 To analyze and study three terminal IC voltage regulator. CO3 19

6 To draw characteristics of a transistor. CO1 24

7 To analyze and study working of Push-Pull amplifier. CO3 31

8 To analyze and study 555 timer as a square wave generator. CO3 33

9 Design & realize inverting, non‐inverting and buffer amplifier u CO1 36

sing 741 op‐amps.
10 To analyze and study CE amplifier and calculate its gain. CO3 40

Experiments beyond the syllabus

11 Verify the operation of a differentiator circuit using op amp IC CO3 43

741 and show that it acts as a high pass filter.
12 Verify the operation of a integrator circuit using op amp 741 and CO3 46
show that it acts as a low pass filter.

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 COURSE OUTCOMES

Analog Circuits Lab LC-ECE-208 G RBT

COs Level
Show the characteristics of various configurations of transistors.
LC-ECE-208 G.1 L1
Explain voltage regulator, push-pull amplifier and SMPS power supply.
LC-ECE-208 G.2 Various types of oscillators in terms of their oscillation frequency. L2

Demonstrate the applications of IC 555 timer and calculate the gain of

LC-ECE-208 G.3 amplifiers. L3

Analyze the operation of oscillators and frequency response of amplifier.

LC-ECE-208 G.4 L4

Articulation Matrix CO-PO MAPPING

CO/PO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2

CO1 1 3

CO2 1 3 3 3 2 2 2 1

CO3 3 1 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3

CO4 3 3 3 3

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 EXPERIMENT NO-1
AIM: To analyze and study frequency response of RC coupled amplifier.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: CRO, function generator, breadboard, transistor BC 104 (2 pcs),

capacitor10μF (3 pcs), 100μF (2pcs), resistor 4.7K (2pcs), 5.6K (2pcs), 1K (2pcs), ± 12 V supply
and connecting leads.

THEORY: - RC coupled amplifier is a coupling of two emitter biased transistor circuit to form a
single cascade network. The output Vi of one stage is coupled to the input of the next stage. A
blocking capacitor is used to keep the DC component f the output voltage at Vo1. The emitter
resistor RE and resistor R1 and R2 are used for biasing. The bypass capacitor is used to present
loss of Amplification due to negative feedback. Output is taken across capacitor Cc.
When an AC input signal is applied to the base of first transistor, it gets amplified and appears at
the collector load RL which is then passed through the coupling capacitor CC to the next stage.
This becomes the input of the next stage, whose amplified output again appears across its
collector load. Thus the signal is amplified in stage by stage action.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -

PROCEDURE: -

(1) Apply input signal of 10 mv amplitude and frequency 50 Hz at input terminal.

(2) Varying the frequency of the input signal from 10Hz to1MHz.

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 (3) Measure the output signal amplitude.

(4) Study the frequency response characteristics of RC coupled amplifier.

(5) Determine lower cut-off frequency and upper cut-off frequency from the graph.

(6) Calculate Bandwidth.

OBSERVATION TABLE: -

FREQUENCY RESPONSE AND BANDWIDTH CALCULATOR:-

RESULT: - The output of RC coupled amplifier is a sinusoidal wave having same phase as the
input signal.

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QUIZ QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS:-

Q1. In RC coupled amplifier which component is responsible for reduction in voltage gain in the
high frequency range?

Ans. Shunt capacitance in the input circuit.

Q2. In RC coupled amplifier which component’s value is responsible for low 3-dB frequency?

Ans. Increasing the value of coupling capacitor Cb.

Q3. In RC coupled amplifier which component’s value is responsible for high 3-dB frequency?

Ans. By reducing the total effective shunt capacitance in the input circuit of hybrid pie model.

Q4. In a single stage RC coupled amplifier, what is the phase shift introduced in the true middle
frequency?

Ans. 180˚

Q5. Which type of coupling capacitor is used in RC coupled amplifier?

Ans. 0.05 μf paper capacitor.

Q6. What is the application of RC coupled amplifier?

Ans. It is widely used as a voltage amplifier.

Q7. In single stage RC coupled amplifier, what is the phase shift at low 3-dB frequency?

Ans. 225˚

Q8. In single stage RC coupled amplifier, what is the phase shift at high 3-dB frequency?

Ans. 135˚

Q9. In RC coupled amplifier what is the effect of low 3-dB frequency by increasing the value of
coupling capacitor Cb?

Ans. Decreasing.

Q10. In RC coupled amplifier what is the effect of low 3-dB frequency by increasing the value of
total effective shunt capacitor?

Ans. Decreasing.

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 EXPERIMENT NO-2
AIM: - To analyze and study RC phase shift oscillator.

APPRATUS REQUIRED: - RC phase shift oscillator kit,CRO.

THEORY:

An RC phase shift oscillator, just as its name suggests, takes advantage of the phase shift that
occurs in an RC circuit during discharge. As the circuit output rises, successive RC stages in the
circuit will charge and discharge and there will be a phase shift in their output voltages. This
produces an oscillation due to charging/discharging in successive RC networks. The RC
networks in an RC phase shift oscillator are constructed such that the sum of phase shifts across
these networks equals 180°, giving a total phase shift of 360° between the differential input and
amplifier output (180° for the RC networks plus 180° for the inverted output). This is the critical
condition that allows the circuit to output a clean sine wave. The phase difference between the
charging/discharging current in the RC networks and the output voltage/current will determine
the output frequency. Oscillation frequency of RC phase shift oscillator is given as:

Fo =1/2π√6RC

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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PROCEDURE:

(1) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

(2) Switch ‘on’ the power supply.

(3) Output of the circuit is shown on CRO.

RESULT: The frequency of oscillation of the RC Phase ShiftOscillator is Hz.

QUESTIONS:

Q1. What is the frequency of RC phase shift oscillator?

Ans. To find resonant frequency of an RC phase shift oscillator, use the following formula

f=1/2πRC√6
Q2. What is a phase shift oscillator?
Ans. “Phase shift oscillator” is the term given to a particular oscillator circuit topology that uses
an RC network in the feedback loop of a tube, transistor, or opamp to generate the required phase
shift at a particular frequency to sustain oscillations. They are moderately stable in frequency and
amplitude, and very easy to design and construct.

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Q3. What is the main difference between an amplifier and an oscillator?

Ans.

Basis of
Amplifier Oscillator
Difference

Definition An electronic circuit that increases An electronic circuit that generates an

the magnitude of a weak signal is AC signal of definite frequency having
called an amplifier. either sinusoidal or nonsinusoidal
waveform is called an oscillator.

Primary The main function of an amplifier is The main function of an amplifier is to

function & to increase the intensity of a signal. increase the intensity of a signal.
location in Therefore, the amplifiers are Therefore, the amplifiers are
circuit repetitively used in a circuit because repetitively used in a circuit because
the signal losses its energy while the signal losses its energy while
travelling over long distances. travelling over long distances.

Acts as Amplifier acts as a multiplier. Oscillator acts as a source.

Output signal The output of an amplifier is just an Oscillator always generates an

amplified signal of same nature as oscillatory, i.e. periodic signal.
the input. It may be period or
aperiodic.

Q4. State Barkhausen criterion for oscillation.

Ans. The Barkhausen criterion states that:

• The loop gain is equal to unity in absolute magnitude, that is, | β A | = 1 and
• The phase shift around the loop is zero or an integer multiple of 2π: ∠ β A = 2 π n, n ∈ 0, 1, ,….
The product β A is called as the “loop gain”.

Q5 State the factors on which oscillators can be classified.

Ans. Oscillators may be classified by the type of signal they produce. SINE WAVE
OSCILLATORS produce a sine wave output. RELAXATION OSCILLATORS and ASTABLE
MULTIVIBRATORS produce Square waves and rectangular pulses. SWEEP OSCILLATORS
produce sawtooth waves.

6. Why three RC networks are needed for a phase shift oscillator? Can it be two or four?

Ans. With a phase shift oscillator, you need 180 degrees phase shift in the feedback network
between the (inverting) output and the input. The theoretical maximum phase shift you can get
with an RC network is 90 degrees, so you need at least two of them, but in practice the loop gain

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would be zero with such a system so nothing would happen. Three stages, each shifting 60
degrees, is usually enough. You can have four or more, but there is no advantage.

Q7. What are the merits and demerits of phase shift oscillator?

Ans.Merits

o It is useful for frequencies in the audio range.

o Simplicity of the circuit.
o They have a wide range of frequency.
o The RC phase shift oscillator gives good Frequency stability.
o The output of this circuit is sinusoidal that is quite distortion free..
Demerits

8. At low frequency which oscillators are found to be more suitable?

9. What are the two important RC oscillators.

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 EXPERIMENT NO-3
AIM: To analyze and study different types of feedback topology.

THEORY: - Voltage Series Feedback:-This is also called the shunt-derived series feedback. In
this circuit, Amplifier and feedback network are connected in series-parallel. A fraction of the
output voltage is applied in series opposition to the input voltage through feedback network. The
feedback voltage is derived from the voltage divider circuit formed of resistors R1 and R2.

The feedback voltage is given as:

Vf= β Vout=R1/R1+R2Vout

Thus β =R1/R1+R2

And the overall gain of the amplifier is:

Af =Vout /Vs=R1+R2/R1=1/ β

Voltage Shunt Feedback: - This is also called the shunt-derived shunt feedback. A small
portion of the output voltage is coupled back to the input voltage since the feedback network
shunt both the input and output of the amplifier, both the input and output impedances are
reduced by a factor 1/ (1+ β A). The feedback is proportional to the output voltage Vout and
feedback current If. Ifgets added in shunt with the input. Thus this circuit from the case of
voltage shunt inverse feedback amplifier.

Feedback current, If=Vin – Vout/RF =Vout/RF=βVout

Current Series Feedback: - This is also called the series derived series feedback. In such a
feedback circuit, a part of the output current is made to develop voltage proportional to the
output current and supplied back in series with the input .Since feedback network is in series
with the amplifier on the output end as well as on the input end , both input and output
impedances are increased with negative feedback. The current feedback can be obtained by
removing the bypass capacitor across the emitter resistor RE.

Current Shunt Feedback: - It is also known as series derived shunt feed feedback or current
shunt inverse feedback. In this circuit the feedback network pick up a part of the output current
and produces a feedback voltage in parallel with the input signal voltage. input impedance is
reduced with feedback where as the output impedance is increased because of feedback network
being in series with the output.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

RESULT:-Series and parallel voltage & current feedback circuit have been studied.

QUIZ QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS:-

Q1. What is the application of negative feedback amplifier?

Ans. Negative feedback amplifier makes the circuit stable.

Q2. What is voltage series feedback amplifier?

Ans. It is that amplifier in which output voltage feedback in voltage series with input Signal,
resulting in an overall gain reduction.

Q3. What is the overall voltage gain with feedback in voltage series feedback amplifier?

Ans. The overall voltage gain with feedback in voltage series feedback amplifier is given by:-
AF=VO/Vs=A/(1+Aβ) Where A= gain without feedback, β= feedback

Q4. What is the effect on input resistance due to series feedback connections?

Ans. Series feedback connections tend to increase the input resistance.

Q5. What is the effect on input resistance due to shunt feedback connections?

Ans. Shunt feedback connections tend to decrease the input resistance.

Q6. What is the effect on output impedance due to voltage feedback?

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Ans. Voltage feedback tends to decrease the output impedance

Q7. What is the effect on output impedance due to current feedback?

Ans. Current feedback tends to increase the output impedance.

Q8. Which factor reduces the input noise & non-linear distortions of the amplifier?

Ans. (1+Aβ)

Q9. What is the effect of frequency on phase shift of an amplifier?

Ans. Phase Shift of an amplifier will change with frequency.

Q10. What is the effect on output impedance of the voltage series feedback amplifier?

Ans. Zof =Zo/(1+Aβ)

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 EXPERIMENT NO-4
AIM: To analyze and study wein bridge oscillator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Bread board, CRO, ± 12V power supply, Resistors 10KΩ, 20KΩ,
3.2KΩ, 0.05μf, and connecting leads.

THEORY: - In Wein bridge oscillator, Wein bridge circuit are connected between amplifier
input and output terminal. The bridge have a series RC network in one arm and a Parallel RC
network in adjoining arm, on the remaining two arms of bridge, resistor R1 and Rf are
connected. The phase angle criterion for oscillator is that the total phase shift around the circuit
must be 0°.This condition occurs only when the bridge is balanced, i.e. at resonance. The
frequency of oscillation f0 is exactly the resonant frequency of the balanced wein bridge and is
given by

f0 = 1/2πRC = 0.159/RC

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

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PROCEDURE: -

(1) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

(2) Switch ‘on’ the power supply.

(3) Output of the circuit is shown on CRO.

PRECAUTIONS:- 1. Do not use open ended wires for connecting to 230 V power supply.

2. Before connecting the power supply plug into socket, ensure power supply should be
switched off

3. Ensure all connections should be tight before switching on the power supply.

4. Take the reading carefully.

5. Power supply should be switched off after completion of experiment.

RESULT: - Sine wave is generated on CRO.

QUIZ QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS:

Q1. What is the oscillator?

Ans. The oscillator is a circuit that generates repetitive waveforms of fixed amplitudes and
frequency without any external i/p signal.

Q2. What is the application of the oscillator?

Ans. A radio, T.V., Computers and communications.

Q.3 what is the principle of the oscillator?

Ans. If the signal feedback is of proper magnitude and phase, the circuit produces alternating
currents or voltage.

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Q4. what are the two requirements for oscillation?

Ans. 1. Magnitude of the loop gain must be at least 1 2. Total phase shift of the loop gain must
be equal to 0 or 360 degree.

Q5. What is frequency stability?

Ans. The ability of the oscillator circuit to oscillate at one exact frequency is frequency stability.

Q6. What is the total phase for oscillation?

Ans. 360 or 0 degree.

Q7. What is the condition for wein bridge oscillator to balance?

Ans. Total phase shift around the circuit must be 0 degree.

Q8. What is wein bridge oscillator?

Ans. Wein bridge oscillators that circuit in which the wein bridge circuit is connected between
the amplifiers i/p terminals and the o/p terminals.

Q9. Which type of feedback used in oscillator?

Ans. +ve feedback

Q10. What is the frequency response for a wein bridge oscillator?

Ans. F= 0.159/RC

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 EXPERIMENT NO-5
AIM: To analyze and study three terminal IC voltage regulators.

APPARATUS:

1. Bread board
2. ICs 7805, 7809, 7912 ICs - 1No. each
3. RPS
4. DRB / potentiometer 10KΩ - 1No.
5. Capacitors 1000µF, 22 µF - 1No. each
6. Voltmeter - 0-20V
7. Connecting wires

THEORY: A regulated power supply has to provide constant output voltage irrespective of
variation in the load connected to the power supply or variation in the input unregulated power
given to the power supply. This is achieved by taking the feedback from the output voltage and
compared with a fixed reference voltage. Based on the error, the output voltage is adjusted.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Figure.1 Fixed Positive Voltage regulator

Figure.2 Fixed Negative Voltage Regulator

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PROCEDURE:

For fixed positive voltage regulator (7805 and 7809):

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in figure.1.

2. Apply the unregulated voltage to the IC 7805 and note down the regulator output voltage.
Vary input voltage from 7V to 20V and record the output voltages.
3. Calculate the line regulation of the regulator using the formula.
4. Line Regulation = ΔVO /ΔVi.
5. Now, fix the input voltage as 15V and vary the load resistance RL, from 1K to 10 K
ohms. Note down the regulator output voltage.
6. Calculate the Load regulation of the regulator using the formula.
7. Load Regulation =ΔVO / ΔIL.
8. Repeat the above procedure for 7809.

For fixed negative voltage regulator (7912):

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in figure.2.

2. Apply the unregulated voltage to the IC 7912 and note down the regulator output voltage.
3. Vary input voltage from 7V to 20V and record the output voltages.
4. Calculate the line regulation of the regulator using the formula.
5. Line Regulation = ΔVO / ΔVi.
6. Now, fix the input voltage as 15V and vary the load resistance RL, from 1K to 10 K
ohms. Note down the regulator output voltage.
7. Calculate the Load regulation of the regulator using the formula.
8. Load Regulation =ΔVO / ΔIL.

OBSERVATIONS:

Line Regulation: (RL is constant)

No. Unregulated DC Input, Vi in Volts Regulated DC Output, VO in Volts

Load Regulation: (Vi is constant)

No. Load Resistance, RL in Ohms Regulated DC output, VO in Volts

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Model Graphs(for +Ve Voltage Regulators):

Fig 3. Line Regulation

Fig 4. Load Regulation

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Model Graphs(for -Ve Voltage Regulator):

Figure 5. Line Regulation for 79XX

Figure 6. Load Regulation for 79XX

RESULT: Studied the 3-terminal fixed voltage regulator using IC 78XX and 79XX series &also
the line regulation and load regulation of them are verified.

QUIZ QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. What is meant by line regulation?

Ans: Line regulation is expressed as percent of change in the output voltage relative to the
change in the input line voltage.

2. What is meant by load regulation?

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Ans: Load regulation is the capability to maintain a constant voltage (or current) level on the
output channel of a power supply despite changes in the load.

3. What is the function of a series pass transistor in Linear regulated power supply?

Ans: Based on the error due to the variation in the output voltage, the transistor is driven by the
control circuit to correct that error, so that the emitter of the transistor, which is the output
voltage, is maintained with a steady value.

4. What is a voltage regulator?

Ans: A voltage regulator is an electronic circuit that provides a stable dc voltage independent of
the load current, temperature, and ac line voltage variations.

5. What are the advantages of IC voltage regulators?

Ans: Low cost, high reliability, reduction in size, excellent performance.

6. What is meant by current limiting?

Ans: Current limiting refers to the ability of a regulator to prevent the load current from
increasing above a max value, in order to protect the power supply.

7. Give the drawbacks of linear regulators.

Ans: Efficiency is low.

8. What is thermal shut down?

Ans: When the temperature on the IC increases beyond a high limit (safe value of operation), the
output of the power supply will be switched OFF.

9. What are the limitations of 3 pin fixed voltage regulators?

Ans: There is no short circuit protection. Output voltage can not be varied.

10. How current boosting is achieved in 723 IC?

Ans: By adding another npn transistor in Darlington mode with the series transistor.

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 EXPERIMENT NO-6(A)
AIM: To study and draw the characteristics of transistor in common collector configuration.

APPRATUS REQUIRED: Transistor characteristics kit, Multimeter, Connecting leads.

THEORY: In common collector configuration input is applied between base and collector while
the output is taken across emitter and collector. Thus the collector forms the terminal common to
both input and output circuits. The circuit is essentially the same as that of CE configuration
except that load resistor is now placed in the emitter circuit instead of collector circuit. The
operation of the circuit in terms of the currents that flow is basically the same as that for the CE
configuration. In this arrangement base current flows in the input circuit and emitter current
flows in the output circuit. So change in emitter circuit current to the change in base current
gives the current amplification factor γ.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

mA
1 16
3

E
mA
2

VEC 1 1 16
B

1
C VBC
1

Circuit diagram according to kit

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PROCEDURE:

To plot input characteristics proceed as follows :

1. Connect -5V and +12V dc power supplies according to circuit diagram.
2. Rotate both the potentiometer P1 and P2 fully in CCW (counter clockwise direction).
3. Connect Ammeter between test point 16 and 8 to measure input base current IB
(μA).
4. Connect a 2mm patch cord between test point 9 and 22
5. Connect voltmeter between test point 22 and ground to measure output voltage
VCE.
6. Switch On the power supply.
7. Vary potentiometer P2 and set a value of output voltage VCE at some constant
value (4.5V, 5V, 5.5...).
8. Now connect voltmeter between test point 16 and ground to measure input
voltage VCB
9. Vary the potentiometer P1 so as to increase the value of input voltage VCB in
step and measure the corresponding values of input current IB for different
constant value of output voltage VCE in an Observation Table 1.
10. Rotate potentiometer P1 fully in CCW direction.
11. Repeat the procedure from step 6 for different sets of output voltage VEC.
12. Plot a curve between input voltages VBC and input current IB as shown in figure
1 using suitable scale with the help of Observation Table l. This curve is the
required input characteristic.

To plot output characteristics proceed as follows :

1. Switch Off the power supply.
2. Rotate both the potentiometer P1 and P2 fully in CCW (counter clockwise direction).
3. Connect voltmeter between test point 22 and ground to measure output voltage VEC.
4. Connect Ammeter between test point 16 and 8 to measure input current IB(μA) .
5. Connect a 2mm patch cord between test point 9 and 22 .
6. Switch ON the power supply.
7. Vary potentiometer P1 and set a value of input current IB at some constant value
(0μA i.e. input open circuit/remove ammeter between test point 16 and 8, 1μA,2μA...).
8. Now connect one external Ammeter between test point 22 and 9 to measure output current IE
(mA).
9. Connect a 2mm patch cord between test point 8 and 16 .
10. Vary the potentiometer P2 so as to increase the value of output voltage VEC from zero to
maximum value in step and measure the corresponding values of output current IE for different
constant value of input current IB in an observation table2.
11. Rotate potentiometer P2 fully in CCW direction.
12. Repeat the above procedure for different sets of input current IB.
13. Plot a curve between output voltage VEC and output current IC using suitable scale with the
help of observation table 2. This curve is the required output characteristic.

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 OBSERVATION TABLE:

I/P at const. VCE O/P at const. IB

S. No VCB (V) IB (mA) VEC (V) IE (mA)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

PRECAUTIONS:
(a) Connections should be tight
(b) Handle the equipments with care.
(c) Don’t touch the open lose wire.
(d) Switch off the power supply of kit after use.

RESULT: Input and output characteristics of common collector configuration is drawn.

QUESTION AND ANSWERS:-

QNo QUESTION ANSWERS

1 What is common collector configuration? In common collector configuration input is applied
between base and collector while the output is taken
across emitter and collector.
2 What is approximate value of input Approximate value of input impedance of common
impedance of common collector collector configuration is 750 kΏ.
configuration?
3 What is approximate value of output Approximate value of output impedance of common
impedance of common collector collector configuration is 50 Ώ.
configuration?
4 What is approximate value of current gain of Approximate value of current gain of common
common collector configuration? collector configuration is about 100.
5 What is approximate value of voltage gain of Approximate value of voltage gain of common
common collector configuration? collector configuration is less than unity.
6 Is leakage current in common collector Leakage current in common collector configuration is
configuration is large or small? very large.
7 Is signal phase is in phase with input? Signal phase is in phase with input.
8 Give one application of common collector Common collector configuration is used in
configuration? impedance matching.
9 Why is voltage gain of common collector Voltage gain of common collector configuration less
configuration less than unity? than unity because this arrangement gives very high
input impedance and very low output impedance.

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 EXPERIMENT-6(B)
AIM: Study of the characteristics of NPN transistor in common emitter configuration.

APPRATUS REQUIRED: Transistor characteristics kit, Multimeter, Connecting leads.

THEORY: In common emitter configuration input is applied between base and emitter while the
output is taken across emitter and collector. Thus theemitter forms the terminal common to both
input and output circuits. The circuit is essentially the same as that of CC configuration except
that load resistor is now placed in the collector circuit instead of emitter circuit. The operation of
the circuit in terms of the currents that flow is basically the same as that for the CC
configuration. In this arrangement base current flows in the input circuit and collecto current
flows in the output circuit. So change in collector circuit current to the change in base current
gives the current amplification factor β.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Circuit used to plot different characteristics of transistor

PROCEDURE :
To plot input characteristics proceed as follows:
1. Connect +5V and +12V dc power supplies at their indicated position using patch cord.
2. Rotate both the potentiometer P1 and P2 fully in CCW (counter clockwise direction).
3. Connect Ammeter between test point 17 and 5 to measure input base current IB(μA).
4. Connect a 2mm patch cord between test point 4 and 19.
5. Connect voltmeter between test point 19 and ground to measure output voltage VCE.
6. Switch On the power supply.
7. Vary potentiometer P2 and set a value of output voltage VCE at some constant value (1V,
3V...).
8. Now Connect voltmeter between test point 17 and ground to measure input voltage VBE .
9. Vary the potentiometer P1 so as to increase the value of input voltage VBE from zero to 0.8V
in step and measure the corresponding values of input current IB for different constant value of
output voltage VCE in an observation Table 1.

27
10. Rotate potentiometer P1 fully in CCW direction.
11. Repeat the above procedure for different sets of output voltage VCE.
12. Plot a curve between input voltage VBE and input current IB as shown in figure
using suitable scale with the help of Observation Table l. This curve is the required input
characteristic.
Observation Table 1 :

S. no. Input voltage VBE Input current IB(μA) at constant value of output
voltage
VCE = 1V VCE = 3V VCE
=5V

To plot output characteristics proceed as follows :

1. Switch Off the power supply.
2. Rotate both the potentiometer P1 and P2 fully in CCW (counter clockwise direction).
3. Connect voltmeter between test point 19 and ground to measure output voltage VCE.
4. Connect a 2mm patch cord between test point 4 and 19.
5. Connect Ammeter between test point 17 and 5 to measure input current IB (μA).
6. Switch On the power supply.
7. Vary potentiometer P1 and set a value of input current IB at some constant value (0μA,
10μA......100μA).
8. Now connect Ammeter between test point 4 and 19 to measure output current IC (mA).
9. Connect a 2mm patch cord between test point 17 and 5.
10. Vary the potentiometer P2 so as to increase the value of output voltage VCE from zero to
maximum value in step and measure the corresponding values of output current IC for different
constant value of input current IB in an observation table 2.
11. Rotate potentiometer P2 fully in CCW direction.
12. Repeat the procedure from step 6 for different sets of input current IB.
13. Plot a curve between output voltage VCE and output current IC using suitable scale with the
help of observation.

Observation Table 2 : This curve is the required output characteristic.

S.NO. Output Output current IC (mA) at constant value of input current

voltage
VCE
IB = IB =10μA IB =20μA IB =30μA IB =40μA
0μA

28
Input Characteristic :
In common base configuration, it is the curve plotted between the input current (IE)
versus input voltage (VBE) for various constant values of output voltage (VCB).

Output Characteristic :

This is the curve plotted between the output current IC versus output voltage VCB for
Various constant values of input current IE.

PRECAUTIONS:
(a) Connections should be tight
(b) Handle the equipments with care.
(c) Don’t touch the open lose wire.
(d) Switch off the power supply of kit after use.

RESULT: Input and output characteristics of common emitter configuration is drawn.

29
QUIZ QUESTION &ANSWERS:-

QNo QUESTION ANSWERS

1 What is common emitter configuration? In common emitter configuration
input is applied between base and
emitter while the output is taken
across emitter and collector.
2 What is approximate value of input Approximate value of input
impedance of common emitter configuration? impedance of common emitter
configuration is 750 kΏ.
3 What is approximate value of output Approximate value of output
impedance of common emitter configuration? impedance of common emitter
configuration is 50 Ώ.
4 What is approximate value of current gain of Approximate value of current gain of
common emitter configuration? common emitter configuration is
about 100.
5 The input & output signal for CE amplifier Yes the input & output signal for CE
are always out of phase. amplifier are always out of phase.
6 What is the function of Emitter in NPN To emit or inject electrons in to base.
transistor?
7 In a transistor , What is the relationship β= α / α-1
between α & β.

30
 EXPERIMENT NO-7
AIM: To analyze and study working of Push-Pull amplifier.

APPRATUS REQUIRED: Push-Pull amplifier kit. , CRO, Function generator ,power supply
etc.

Theory: A amplifier designed with two stages where one is utilizing the positive cycle that is
referred to as the push stage and the negative cycle can be pulled at another stage. This design is
referred to as the push-pull amplifier or Class B amplifiers.

The push-pull amplifiers are the combination of P-N-P and the N-P-N transistors. This
combination has its significance in terms of amplification. It acts as a dual-stage amplifier. The
N-P-N transistor here acts as a push amplifier where the positive cycle is amplified. P-N-P in this
transistor acts as the pull amplifier where it enacts on the negative cycle of the applied input
signal.

Push-Pull Amplifier Circuit Diagram

PROCEDURE:-

1. Connect the function generator across the input terminals of push pull amplifier.
2. Connect CRO at output terminals.

31
 3. Switch on the power supply and instruments.
4. Apply the input frequencies and observe the amplified output on CRO.
5. Calculate the Voltage gain
Voltage Gain(Av) =Vout/Vin
6. Vary the frequency and calculate the voltage gain at different frequencies.

Observation Table
S.No. Frequency Input Signal Output Signal Voltage Gain

RESULT: Working of Push-Pull amplifier has been studied.

QUIZ QUESTION & ANSWERS:-

1). Why is it called a Push-pull Amplifier?

This Amplifier has two transistors in the circuit. One of the transistors push the current towards
output during positive half-cycle of the input signal The other transistor pulls the current towards
the output during the negative half-cycle of the input signal Thus, the amplifier is called as Push-
pull Amplifier.

2). What is a Complimentary Push-pull Amplifier?

The use of a transformer makes the design of the push-pull amplifier bulky. To remove this
disadvantage, two transistors, an NPN and a PNP, which are complementary to each other are
used at the input stage of the Push-pull amplifier. This design is known as the Complimentary
Push-pull Amplifier.

3). What is Push-pull?

The push-pull output stage is designed using two complementary transistors that alternatively
supply current load and absorb current from the load.

4). Why Push-pull Amplifier is used?

A push-pull amplifier is usually preferred to amplify the signals without distortion.

5). Which amplifier has the highest efficiency?

The Class B Push-pull Amplifier has the highest efficiency of 78.9 %.

32
 EXPERIMENT NO-8
AIM: To analyze and study 555 timer as a square wave generator.

APPRATUS REQUIRED: IC 555

THEORY: - 555 timers is used in almost every electronic circuit today. For a 555 timer working
as a flip flop or as a multi-vibrator, it has a particular set of configurations.
The 555 generally operates in 3 modes:
 A-stable
 Mono-stable
 Bi-stable modes.
Astable mode: This means there will be no stable level at the output. So the output will be
swinging between high and low. This character of unstable output is used as a clock or square
wave output for many applications.
Mono-stable mode: This configuration consists of one stable and one unstable state. The stable
state can be chosen either high or low by the user. If the stable output is set at high (1), the output
of the timer is high (1). At the application of an interrupt, the timer output turns low (0). Since
the low state is unstable it goes to high (1) automatically after the interrupt passes. Similar is the
case for a low stable monostable mode.
Bi-stable mode: In bistable mode, both the output states are stable. At each interrupt, the output
changes from low (0) to high (1) and vice versa, and stays there. For example, if we have a high
(1) output, it will go low(0) once it receives an interrupt and stays low (0) till the next interrupt
changes the status.

33
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & WAVEFORM OF ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR: -

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & WAVEFORM OF MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR: -

RESULT: - Astable and monostable multivibrator has been studied.

QUIZ QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS:-

Q1. Why astable multivibrator is known as free running multivibrator?

34
Ans. A multivibrator that generates square wave of its own is known as astable multivibrator.
This has no stable state. There are two quasi stable states. The circuit changes automatically from
one quasi state to another without any external triggering pulse. Thus it is just an oscillator since
it does not require any external pulse for its operation so it is known as free running
multivibrator.

Q2.In an astable multivibrator, the frequency of output mainly depends on?

Ans. Values of R and C in circuit.

Q3. A monostable multivibrator has?

Ans. only one stable stage

Q4. A bistable multivibrator has?

Ans. two stable stages

Q5. A circuit that generates square wave is called?

Ans. Astable multivibrator

Q6. What is the use of reset pin in IC 555?

Ans. Reset pin controls flip flop directly.

Q7. What is the use of discharge pin in IC 555?

Ans. discharge pin used for discharging the capacitor.

Q8. What are the applications of multivibrators?

Ans: (i) used to generate square wave and pulse generator

(ii) Used as frequency dividers
(iii) used in radar and TV circuits

Q9.Which type of feedback is used in multivibrator?

Ans: A multivibrator circuit is essentially an amplifier with 100% positive feedback.

Q10. How many states in switch?

Ans: Two

35
 EXPERIMENT NO-9
AIM: Design & realize inverting, non‐inverting and buffer amplifier using 741 op‐amps.

APPRATUS REQUIRED: CRO, Function Generator, Bread Board, 741 IC, ± 12V supply,
resistors1KΩ, 10KΩ, and connecting leads.

THEORY: - The op-amp is a multi-terminal device used in a number of electronic circuits.

Inverting Amplifier: - In the inverting amplifier only one input is applied and that is to the
inverting input (V2) terminal. The non-inverting input terminal (V1) is grounded.

Since,

V1= 0 V & V2= Vin

Vo= -Avin

The negative sign indicates the output voltage is 180° out of phase with respect to the input and
amplified by gain A.

Non-Inverting Amplifier: - The input is applied to the non-inverting input terminal and the
Inverting terminal is connected to the ground.

V1= Vin and V2= 0 volts

Vo= Avin

The output voltage is larger than the input voltage by gain A & is in phase with the input signal.

Buffer amplifier:-The lowest gain that can be obtained from a non-inverting amplifier with
Unity feedback. When the non-inverting amplifier is for unity gain it is called a voltage follower
because the output voltage is equal to and in phase with the input .In the Voltage follower the
output follows the input Since the voltage follower is a special case of the non inverting
amplifier, all the Formulae developed for the latter are applicable to the former aspect that the
gain of the feedback circuit is UNITY.

Af = 1

R (if) = A Ri

R (of) = Ro/A

Vo = ± Vsat/A

Since (1+A) ≅ A

36
The voltage follower is also called a non inverting buffer because, when placed between two
networks, it removes the loading on the first network.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: -

(1) Connect the circuit for inverting, non-inverting and buffer amplifier on a breadboard.

(2) Connect the input terminal of the op-amp to function generator and output terminal to CRO.

(3) Feed input from function generator and observe the output on CRO.

(4) Draw the input and output waveforms on graph paper.

37
OUTPUT WAVEFORM:- Output: Inverting Amplifier

PRECAUTIONS:- 1. Do not use open ended wires for connecting to 230 V power supply.

2. Before connecting the power supply plug into socket, ensure power supply should be switched
off.

3. Ensure all connections should be tight before switching on the power supply.

4. Take the reading carefully.

38
5. Power supply should be switched off after completion of experiment.

RESULT: - Amplified output waveforms are obtained.

QUIZ QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS:-

Q1. What is the significance of a differential amplifier?

Ans. The differential amplifier is capable of amplifying dc as well as ac input signals.

Q2. what are the applications of a differential amplifier?

Ans. In instrumentation systems

Q3. What is the meaning of CMRR?

Ans. It is the ratio of the differential voltage gain Ad to the common mode voltage gain Acm.

Q4. What is the unit of CMRR?

Ans. Decibels (dB)

Q5. What is the value of CMRR for the 742 IC ?

Ans. 90 dB

Q6. what is the gain of the inverting amplifier in terms of resistances?

Ans. Gain (- Rf/Ri)

Q7. what is the gain of the non- inverting amplifier in terms of resistances?

Ans. Gain = (1+Rf/Ri)

Q8. what is the condition for averaging amplifier?

Ans. Rf/Ri =1/n, where n is no. of inputs applied.

Q9. What is the effect of –ve feedback on the voltage gain of an amplifier?

Ans. Increases the stability of its voltage gain.

Q10. What is meaning of gain of an amplifier with feedback?

Ans. Closed loop voltage gain

39
 EXPERIMENT NO-10
AIM: To analyze and study CE amplifier and calculate its gain.

APPRATUS REQUIRED: CE amplifier kit, Function Generator and CRO

THEORY: The single stage common emitter amplifier circuit shown above uses what is
commonly called "Voltage Divider Biasing" or “self biasing”. This type of biasing arrangement
uses two resistors as a potential divider network and is commonly used in the design of bipolar
transistor amplifier circuits. This type of biasing arrangement greatly reduces the effects of
varying Beta, (β) by holding the Base bias at a constant steady voltage. This type of biasing
produces the greatest stability. The Common Emitter Amplifier circuit has a resistor in its
Collector circuit. The current flowing through this resistor produces the voltage output of the
amplifier. The value of this resistor is chosen so that at the amplifiers quiescent operating point,
Q-point this output voltage lies half way along the transistors load line. In Common Emitter
Amplifier circuits, capacitors C1 and C2 are used as Coupling Capacitors to separate the AC
signals from the DC biasing voltage. This ensures that the bias condition set up for the circuit to
operate correctly is not affected by any additional amplifier stages, as the capacitors will only
pass AC signals and block any DC component. The output AC signal is then superimposed on
the biasing of the following stages. Also a bypass capacitor, CE is included in the Emitter leg
circuit. This capacitor is an open circuit component for DC bias meaning that the biasing currents
and voltages are not affected by the addition of the capacitor maintaining a good Q-point
stability. However, this bypass capacitor short circuits the Emitter resistor at high frequency
signals and only RL plus a very small internal resistance acts as the transistors load increasing
the voltage gain to its maximum. Generally, the value of the bypass capacitor, CE is chosen to
provide a reactance of at most, 1/10th the value of RE at the lowest operating signal frequency.
A single stage Common Emitter Amplifier is also an "Inverting Amplifier" as an increase in
Base voltage causes a decrease in V out and a decrease in Base voltage produces an increase in
Vout. The output signal is 180◦ out of phase with the input signal.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

40
Procedure

1. Connect the function generator across the input terminals of push pull amplifier.
2. Connect CRO at output terminals.
3. Switch on the power supply and instruments.
4. Apply the input frequencies and observe the amplified output on CRO.
5. Calculate the Voltage gain
Voltage Gain(Av) =Vout/Vin
6. Vary the frequency and calculate the voltage gain at different frequencies.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No Frequency(hz) Output Voltage gain Gain (db)

voltage(vo) (vo/vi) Avf=20 log
(vo/vi)

INPUT Vs OUTPUT WAVEFORM

41
FREQUENCY RESPONSE AND PHASE RESPONSE GRAPHS

RESULT: The maximum gain is dB and bandwidth is Hz of the CE Amplifier is studied.

QUIZ QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS:-

Q1.What is the phase difference between input and output waveforms of CE amplifier?

Q2.What type of biasing is used in the given circuit?

Q3. If the given transistor is replaced by P-N-P, can we get the output or not?

Q4.What is the effect of emitter bypass capacitor on frequency response?

Q5.What is the effect of coupling capacitor?

Q6.What is the region of transistor so that it operates as an amplifier?

Q7.Draw the h-parameter model of CE amplifier?

Q8.How does transistor acts as an amplifier?

Q9.Mention the characteristics of CE amplifier?

42
 EXPERIMENT NO-11

AIM: - Verify the operation of a differentiator circuit using op amp 741 and show that it acts as
a high pass filter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:- CRO, Function Generator, ± 12 Supply, Connecting Leads, 741

IC, capacitor 0.1μf, resistor 1KΩ, Breadboard.
THEORY: - Differentiator circuit as its name implies, performs the mathematical operation of
differentiation, that is, the output waveform is the derivative of the input. The differentiator may
be constructed from a basic inverting amplifier when an input resistor R1 is replaced by a
capacitor C,
Vo = - Rf C dVin/dt
Thus, the output Vo is equal to the Rf C times the negative instantaneous rate of change of the
input voltage Vin with time. The true differentiation is a form of high pass filtering.

H (jω) = -Zf / Zi = -Rf /1/jωC

H (jω) = - Rf jωC
Magnitude of H (jω) is M (ω) = ωRf C The function is very small at low frequencies but
increases linearly as the frequency increases. This explanation indicates that true differentiator is
a form of high, pass filtering.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

PROCEDURE: -
(1) Connect the circuit. according to the circuit diagram.
(2) Apply square wave to the input terminal of differentiator circuit.
(3) Set the input voltage at 1V peak to peak and frequency at 1 KHz.
(4) Note down the input and output waveform.
OBSERVATION TABLE:-

S.NO I/P Voltage Vin O/P Voltage Vo Frequency in Gain=20log

KHz V0/Vin

43
GRAPH:-

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. Do not use open ended wires for connecting to 230 V power supply.
2. Before connecting the power supply plug into socket, ensure power supply should be switched
off.
3. Ensure all connections should be tight before switching on the power supply.
4. Take the reading carefully.
5. Power supply should be switched off after completion of experiment.

RESULT: -Wave forms shows integrator is a high pass filter.

QUIZ QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS:-

Q1.What is the differentiator?

Ans. The differentiator is that circuit in which o/p waveforms is the derivative of the input
waveforms.
Q2. What is non-linear wave shaping?

Ans. Non-linear wave shaping is the process on applying any wave at input of a nonlinear
device, the shape of the output waves varies non-linearly with the input wave.

Q3. Give the application of a differentiator?

Ans. It is used in wave shaping circuits to detect high frequency components in an input signal
and also as a rate of change of detector in F.M modulation.

Q4. What is the significance of input capacitor in a differentiator?

Ans. Input capacitor in a differentiator combines with feedback resister, selects lower cut off
frequency.

Q5. When input of a differentiator is sine wave, then what is the output of the Differentiator?

44
Ans. Cosine wave.

Q6. What is the condition of differentiator for proper operating?

Ans. T > Rf C1.

Q7. When input of a differentiator is square wave, then what is the output of a differentiator?

Ans. Spikes waves

Q8. Give the examples of linear circuits.

Ans. Adder, Subtractor, Integrator, Differentiator

Q9. When a number of stages are connected in parallel, the overall gain is the product of the
individual stage gains?

Ans. False statement

Q10. A filter that provides a constant output from dc up to a cutoff frequency and passes no
signal above that frequency is called a ________ filter?

Ans. Low-pass

45
 EXPERIMENT NO. 12
AIM: - Verify the operation of Integrator circuit using op amp 741 and show that it acts as a low
pass filter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: - CRO, Function generator, ±12V supply, 741 IC, Breadboard,
Resistors10KΩ, 1KΩ, capacitor 0.1μf and connecting leads.

THEORY: - A circuit in which the output waveform is the integral of the input wave is the
integrator. Such a circuit is obtained by using a basic inverting amplifier configuration. If the
feedback resistor Rf is replaced by a capacitor C. The output voltage can be obtained by,
Vo = - 1/ R Cf ∫Vin dt + C
Where C is the integration constant and proportional to the value of the output Voltage Vo at
time t = 0 sec. Thus, the output voltage is directly proportional to the negative integral of the
input voltage and inversely proportional to the time constant R Cf. The convenient way to
introduce the AC integration circuit is through frequency response and impedance consideration.
The transfer function for the true integrator is given by
H (jω) = - Zf / Zi = -1/jωc R
H (jω) = - 1/ jωcR
Amplitude response, M (ω) = 1 / ωRC It is clear that integration is a form of low pass filtering
i.e., the function is very large at low frequency and decreases as the frequency increases.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -

46
PROCEDURE: -

(1) Connect the circuit according to the circuit diagram.

(2) Apply square wave to the input terminal of integrator circuit.

(3) Set the input voltage at 1V peak to peak and frequency at 1 KHz.

(4) Note down the input and output waveform.

(5) Draw the waveform on graph paper.

OBSERVATION TABLE: -

S.NO I/P Voltage Vin O/P Voltage Vo Frequency in Gain=20log Vo/

KHz. Vin

GRAPH:-

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. Do not use open ended wires for connecting to 230 V power supply.
2. Before connecting the power supply plug into socket, ensure power supply should be switched
off.
3. Ensure all connections should be tight before switching on the power supply.
4. Take the reading carefully.
5. Power supply should be switched off after completion of experiment.

RESULT: - Waveforms shows Integrator acts as low pass filter.

47
QUIZ QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS:-

Q1. What is the integrator?

Ans. The integrator is that circuit in which output voltage is equal to the –ve of integral of input
voltage.

Q2. What is the input offset voltage?

Ans. Input offset voltage is the error voltage that occurs at the i/p of op-amp, which causes to
produce o/p offset voltages.

Q3. Why we use capacitor Cf in feedback loops of the integrator?

Ans. The feedback capacitor Cf combine with Rf is used to select cut off voltage.

Q4. What is the relation between input and output voltage?

Ans. Output voltage Vo is equal to the –ve of integral of input voltage.

Q5. If input of the integrator is sine wave, then which type of waveforms will obtain at the output
of the integrator?

Ans. Cosine wave

Q6. What is the effect of resistor Rf that is connected across the feedback capacitor Cf in
practical integrator?

Ans. The feedback resistor Rf that remove the high frequency noise signals.

Q7. If input of the integrator is d.c. voltage, then which type of waveforms will be obtained at the
output of the integrator?

Ans. Ramp waveforms.

Q8. If input of the integrator is square wave, then, which type of waveforms will be obtain at the
output of the integrator.

Ans. Triangular waveforms

Q9. What are the applications of an integrator?

Ans. It is used in analog computer, ADC, signal wave shaping circuits.

Q10. What is the effect of input bias current?

Ans. Input bias current produces output offset voltage at the output of an op-amp.

48