WHAT IS PARAPHRASING?
WHAT IS PARAPHRASING?
Paraphrasing is one of the ways to avoid plagiarism. It is
rendering the essential ideas in a text (sentence or
paragraph) using your own words. Paraphrased materials
are usually shorter than the original text. It is more
detailed than a summary.
Characteristics:
does not match the source word for word
involves putting a passage from a source into your own words
changes the words or phrasing of a passage, but retains and fully
communicates the original meaning
must be attributed to the original source
When Paraphrasing:
paraphrase a short text with one or two sentences or a paragraph with a
maximum of five sentences
paraphrase when you want to avoid or minimize direct quotation
rewrite the author’s words by not changing the message or use your own words
to state the author’s ideas
Guidelines in Paraphrasing:
Read the text & understand its meaning
Highlight the key words or main idea of the text
Recall the key words or main idea when you read it
Write in your own words what you understood about the ideas of the text
Get the original text and compare it with your paraphrase
Guidelines in Paraphrasing:
Check the meaning. Should have the same meaning with the original text
Check the sentence structure. Should be different from the original text
Refrain from adding comments. Stick to the ideas presented in the text
Compare your output to the original text for accuracy. Avoid redundancy
Record the details of the original source
Format your paraphrase properly
Example:
Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking note, and as a
result they overuse quotations in the final research paper. Probably only
about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted
matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact
transcribing of source materials while taking note. Lester, James D.
Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed., 1976, pp. 46-47.
Paraphrased
In research papers, students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted
material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates
during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded
verbatim (Lester 46-47).
Plagiarized
Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes,
resulting in too many of them in the final copy should consist of directly
quoted material. So, it is important to limit the amount of source
material copied while taking notes.
What is summarizing?
Summarizing is used to determine the essential ideas in a book, article,
book chapter, an article, or parts of an article. These essential ideas include
the gist or main idea, useful information, or key words or phrases that help
meet the reading purpose. It is generally done after reading but can be done
as well while reading a text. In addition, it is an important skill because it
helps:
What is summarizing?
deepen the understanding of the text
learn to identify relevant information or key ideas
combine details or examples that support the main idea/s
concentrate on the gist or main idea and key words presented in the text
capture the key ideas in the text and put them together clearly and concisely
What is NOT summarizing?
when write down everything
write down ideas from the text word for word
write down incoherent and irrelevant ideas
write down ideas that are not stated in the text
write down a summary that has the same length or is longer than the original
text.
Guidelines
Clarify purpose before you read.
Read the text and understand the meaning. Locate the gist or main idea or thesis
statement.
Highlight or circle the key ideas or phrases while reading or annotate the text.
Identify the connections of these key ideas and phrases using a concept map.
List your ideas in a sentence form.
Guidelines
Combine these sentences into a paragraph using appropriate transitional
devices to improve cohesion.
Ensure that you do not copy a single sentence from the original text.
Refrain from adding comments about the text. Stick to the ideas it presents.
Edit the draft of your summary by eliminating redundant ideas.
Guidelines
Compare your output to the original text to ensure accuracy.
Record the details of the original source.
Format your summary properly.
FORMATS IN SUMMARIZING
1. Idea Heading Format- the summarized
idea comes before the citation. (Pay
attention to the bold sentences.)
Example
Benchmarking is a useful strategy that has the potential to help public
officials improve the performance of local services (Folz, 2004; Ammons,
2001).Once the practice of a particular city is benchmarked, it can be a
guidepost and the basis for the other counterparts to improve its own.
2. Author Heading Format- the summarized idea comes
after the citation. The author’s name/s is/are
connected by an appropriate reporting verb. (Pay
attention to the bold sentences.)
Example
Folz (2004) and Ammons (2001) said that benchmarking is a useful strategy that
has the potential to help public officials improve the performance of local
services. Once the practice of a particular city is benchmarked, it can be a
guidepost and the basis for the other counterparts to improve its own.
3. Date Heading Format- the summarized
idea comes after the date when the
material was published. (Pay attention to
the bold sentences.)
Example
In 2004 and 2001, Folz & Ammons said that benchmarking is a useful strategy
that has the potential to help public officials improve the performance of local
services. Once the practice of a particular city is benchmarked, it can be a
guidepost and the basis for the other counterparts to improve its own.
Use Reporting Verbs when Summarizing
A reporting verb is a word used to discuss another person’s writings or
assertions. They are generally used to incorporate the source to the discussion
in the text. In summarizing, you are highly encouraged to vary the verbs you
use to make your writing more interesting and to show importance to each of
your sources. You can use either the past or the present tense depending on
your meaning. Using the past tense usually indicates that you view the idea to
be outdated and therefore want to negate it. On the other hand, using the
present tense generally indicates that you view the idea to be relevant or
agreeable.
THANKS FOR LISTENING
