MICROPROCESSOR & INTERFACES
IVth SEM
Information Technology & Cyber Security Engineering
January 2025 – Jun 2025
KAPIL RAJ POKHRA
(ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)
ENGINEERING COLLAGE
(BARLIYA) AJMER
1
Introduction of Microprocessor
A Microprocessor is an important part of a computer architecture without which you will
not be able to perform anything on your computer. It is a programmable device that takes
in input performs some arithmetic and logical operations over it and produces the desired
output. In simple words, a Microprocessor is a digital device on a chip that can fetch
instructions from memory, decode and execute them, and give results.
Block Diagram of a Microprocessor
A Microprocessor takes a bunch of instructions in machine language and executes them,
telling the processor what it has to do. The microprocessor performs three basic things
while executing the instruction:
It performs some basic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,
and some logical operations using its Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU). New
Microprocessors also perform operations on floating-point numbers.
Data in microprocessors can move from one location to another.
It has a Program Counter (PC) register that stores the address of the next instruction
based on the value of the PC, Microprocessor jumps from one location to another and
makes decisions.
Clock Speed of different Microprocessor:
16-bit Microprocessor
8086: 4.7MHz, 8MHz, 10MHz
8088: more than 5MHz
MICROPROCESSOR AND INTERFACES BY KAPIL RAJ POKHRA
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80186/80188: 6MHz
80286: 8MHz
32-bit Microprocessor
INTEL 80386: 16MHz to 33MHz
INTEL 80486: 16MHz to 100MHz
PENTIUM: 66MHz
64-bit Microprocessor
INTEL CORE-2: 1.2GHz to 3GHz
INTEL i7: 66GHz to 3.33GHz
INTEL i5: 2.4GHz to 3.6GHz
INTEL i3: 2.93GHz to 3.33GHz
Types of Processor
Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)
CISC or Complex Instruction Set Computer is a computer architecture where instructions
are such that a single instruction can execute multiple low-level operations like loading
from memory, storing into memory, or an arithmetic operation, etc.
Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
RISC or Reduced Instruction Set Computer is a computer architecture where instruction is
simple and designed to get executed quickly. Instructions get completed in one clock cycle
this is because of the optimization of instructions and pipelining (a technique that allows
for simultaneous execution of parts, or stages, of instructions more efficiently process
instructions). RISC makes use of multiple registers to avoid large interactions with
memory.
Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC)
EPIC or Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing permits computers to execute
instructions parallel using compilers. It allows complex instructions execution without
using higher clock frequencies. EPIC encodes its instruction into 128-bit bundles.
Basic Terms used in Microprocessor
Given below are the some basic term used in the microprocessors
Instruction Set: Instruction set is a group of instructions in the microprocess which can
be executed. It is the Interface between hardware and software.
Bus: Buses are used to carry data, address and control information within a
microprocessor. There are three types of Bus which are data buses, address buses, and
control buses.
IPC (Instructions Per Cycle): It is Measured as the number of instructions that
a CPU can execute in a Single clock cycle.
Clock Speed: It refers to the number of operations a processor can perform per second.
It is measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz).
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Bandwidth: It is measured as is the number of bits processed during a single
instruction.
Word Length:-It Shows the number of bits a processor can handle at a time.
Data Types: It supports various formats such as binary, ASCII, Signed and Unsigned
Bits.
Applications of Microprocessor
Given below are the Applications of the Microprocessors
Computer: The Microprocessors are the CPU’s in computers.
Embedded Systems: It is utilized as the main processing block in the embedded
systems such as Washing machines, microwaves and other equipment’s.
Industrial Automation: It can be used to control Industrial machinery and
equipment’s.
Automotive: The Modern day Vehicles uses Microprocessors in there ECUs.
Telecommunications: The Microprocessors are utilized in the Telecommunications
systems such as routers, modems, and switches.
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Unit 1st
The 8085 microprocessor is an 8-bit microprocessor developed by Intel in the 1970s. It is
still widely studied today because of its simple and straightforward architecture. Let me give
you a brief overview of its architecture:
Key Components of the 8085 Microprocessor:
1. Accumulator: An 8-bit register used to perform arithmetic and logic operations.
2. Registers: Six 8-bit general-purpose registers (B, C, D, E, H, L) that can be combined
into three 16-bit register pairs (BC, DE, HL).
3. Program Counter (PC): A 16-bit register that holds the address of the next
instruction to be executed.
4. Stack Pointer (SP): A 16-bit register that points to the top of the stack.
5. Instruction Register and Decoder: Used to fetch and decode instructions.
6. Temporary Register: An 8-bit register used during various operations.
7. Flag Register: An 8-bit register that holds status flags such as Zero (Z), Sign (S),
Parity (P), Carry (CY), and Auxiliary Carry (AC).
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8. Address Bus: A 16-bit bus that carries the address of memory locations.
9. Data Bus: An 8-bit bus that carries data between the microprocessor and memory or
I/O devices.
10.Control and Status Signals: Signals like RD (read), WR (write), ALE (address latch
enable), and others that control the operation of the microprocessor.
8085 Microprocessor operations
The 8085 microprocessor performs a variety of operations, categorized into five main types:
data transfer operations, arithmetic operations, logical operations, branch operations, and
control operations. Here's a brief overview of each type:
1. Data Transfer Operations:
These operations move data between registers, memory, and I/O devices. Examples include:
MOV: Moves data from one register to another.
MVI: Moves immediate data to a register or memory.
LDA: Loads data from a specific memory location to the accumulator.
STA: Stores the accumulator's data into a specific memory location.
2. Arithmetic Operations:
These operations perform arithmetic calculations such as addition, subtraction, increment,
and decrement. Examples include:
ADD: Adds the content of a register or memory location to the accumulator.
SUB: Subtracts the content of a register or memory location from the accumulator.
INR: Increments the content of a register or memory location by one.
DCR: Decrements the content of a register or memory location by one.
3. Logical Operations:
These operations perform logical operations such as AND, OR, XOR, and compare.
Examples include:
ANA: Performs bitwise AND between the accumulator and a register or memory
location.
XRA: Performs bitwise XOR between the accumulator and a register or memory
location.
CPI: Compares immediate data with the accumulator.
RLC: Rotates the accumulator's content left through the carry bit.
4. Branch Operations:
These operations change the sequence of program execution based on conditions. Examples
include:
JMP: Unconditionally jumps to a specified memory address.
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JC: Jumps to a specified memory address if the carry flag is set.
JNZ: Jumps to a specified memory address if the zero flag is not set.
CALL: Calls a subroutine at a specified memory address.
5. Control Operations:
These operations control the microprocessor's functioning. Examples include:
NOP: No operation; the microprocessor does nothing for one clock cycle.
HLT: Halts the microprocessor.
DI: Disables interrupts.
EI: Enables interrupts.
The 8085 microprocessor uses these operations to execute programs and perform various
tasks.
8085 microporcessor memory
The 8085 microprocessor has a 16-bit address bus, which means it can address up to 2^16
(65,536) memory locations, ranging from 0000H to FFFFH (in hexadecimal notation).
Here's how the memory is organized and used by the 8085 microprocessor:
Memory Organization in 8085 Microprocessor
1. Program Memory:
This is the memory area where the program code is stored.
It typically starts at address 0000H.
The size of the program memory depends on the application, and it can occupy any
part of the 64K address space.
2. Data Memory:
This is the memory area where data is stored.
It can overlap with the program memory or be placed in a different part of the address
space.
Data memory is used to store variables, data arrays, and other information required
during program execution.
3. Stack Memory:
The stack is a special area of memory used for temporary storage of data, return
addresses, and other information during subroutine calls and interrupt handling.
The stack memory can be located anywhere in the address space, but it is typically
placed at the higher end of the memory.
The stack pointer (SP) register is used to manage the stack memory.
Memory Operations
The 8085 microprocessor performs various memory operations to read and write data. Here
are some key operations:
MICROPROCESSOR AND INTERFACES BY KAPIL RAJ POKHRA
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1. Memory Read Operation:
During a memory read operation, the microprocessor places the address of the
memory location on the address bus.
The RD (read) control signal is activated to indicate a memory read operation.
The data from the addressed memory location is placed on the data bus and read by
the microprocessor.
2. Memory Write Operation:
During a memory write operation, the microprocessor places the address of the
memory location on the address bus.
The data to be written is placed on the data bus.
The WR (write) control signal is activated to indicate a memory write operation.
The data is then written to the addressed memory location.
Example Memory Map
Here's an example of how memory can be organized in the 8085 microprocessor:
Address Range Memory Type
0000H - 1FFFH Program Memory
2000H - 2FFFH Data Memory
3000H - 3FFFH Stack Memory
4000H - FFFFH Additional Memory
This is a flexible organization and can be adjusted based on the specific requirements of the
application.
8085 microprocessor I/O devices
The 8085 microprocessor interfaces with a variety of I/O devices to perform input and
output operations. Here are some common types of I/O devices that can be used with the
8085 microprocessor:
Common I/O Devices
1. Keyboards:
Keyboards are input devices used to provide data to the microprocessor.
Each key press generates a unique code that is read by the microprocessor.
2. Displays (LEDs, 7-Segment Displays, LCDs):
LEDs: Light Emitting Diodes can be used for simple on/off status indicators.
7-Segment Displays: Used to display numerical data. Each segment can be
individually controlled to display numbers.
LCDs: Liquid Crystal Displays can show alphanumeric data and simple graphics.
They are commonly used in various applications.
3. Switches and Buttons:
Simple input devices like switches and buttons can provide binary input (on/off) to the
microprocessor.
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4. Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC):
ADCs convert analog signals (e.g., voltage) into digital data that the microprocessor
can process.
Useful for applications involving sensors and measurement systems.
5. Digital-to-Analog Converters (DAC):
DACs convert digital data from the microprocessor into analog signals.
Used in applications like audio output, signal generation, etc.
6. Sensors:
Various sensors (e.g., temperature sensors, pressure sensors, proximity sensors)
provide data to the microprocessor in analog or digital form.
Sensors can be interfaced with the microprocessor through ADCs or directly if they
provide digital output.
7. Printers:
Printers are output devices used to print data. They can be connected to the
microprocessor to receive data for printing.
8. Memory Devices:
Additional memory devices like RAM, ROM, and EEPROM can be interfaced with
the microprocessor to extend its memory capacity.
9. Communication Interfaces:
Devices like UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) and USART
(Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) are used for serial
communication.
Parallel communication devices like parallel ports are also used for interfacing with
the microprocessor.
Interfacing I/O Devices
To interface I/O devices with the 8085 microprocessor, specific circuits and protocols are
used to ensure proper communication. Each device has its own set of control and data
signals that must be managed by the microprocessor.
For example:
Interfacing a 7-Segment Display: The microprocessor sends data to the display
driver, which controls the individual segments of the display.
Interfacing a Keyboard: The microprocessor reads data from the keyboard
controller, which scans the keys and generates codes for key presses.
By using appropriate interfacing techniques, the 8085 microprocessor can effectively
communicate with various I/O devices, enabling it to perform a wide range of tasks and
applications.
Memory and I/O Operations
In a 8085 microprocessor system with memory mapped I/O then Arithmetic and logic
operations can be directly performed with the I/O data.
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Microprocessor: - A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable, clock-driven,
register-based electronic device that reads binary instructions from a storage device called
memory, accepts binary data as input and processes data according to those instructions and
provide results as output.
Microprocessor is a controlling unit of a micro-computer, fabricated on a small
chip capable of performing ALU (Arithmetic Logical Unit) operations and communicating
with the other devices connected to it.
Memory Operations
Memory Addressing: The 8085 microprocessor can address up to 64 KB of memory,
using a 16-bit address bus.
Memory Read Operation: To read data from memory, the microprocessor places the
address on the address bus, activates the Memory Read (RD) control signal, and then
reads the data from the data bus.
Memory Write Operation: To write data to memory, the microprocessor places the
address on the address bus, places the data on the data bus, and activates the Memory
Write (WR) control signal.
I/O Operations
I/O Addressing: The 8085 microprocessor can address up to 256 I/O ports using an
8-bit address.
I/O Read Operation: To read data from an I/O device, the microprocessor places the
I/O port address on the lower 8-bits of the address bus, activates the I/O Read (RD)
control signal, and then reads the data from the data bus.
I/O Write Operation: To write data to an I/O device, the microprocessor places the
I/O port address on the lower 8-bits of the address bus, places the data on the data bus,
and activates the I/O Write (WR) control signal.
Here's a simple summary:
Memory Operations
Memory Read: Address -> RD -> Data
Memory Write: Address -> Data -> WR
I/O Operations
I/O Read: Port Address -> RD -> Data
I/O Write: Port Address -> Data -> WR
Clock Signal: The time required to execute an instruction is called a clock cycle.
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Machine Cycle: The time required to access memory or input/output devices is called a
machine cycle. The 8085 has 5 basic machine cycles i.e., load opcode, read from memory,
write to memory, read I/O, and write I/O.
T-State: A machine cycle and an instruction cycle take several clock periods. The portion
of an operation performed in one system clock period is called a T-state.
Control Signals: The control signal controls the operations. Common signals
are ALE (address block enable), RD (read), WR (write), and IO/M (input/output) memory.
MICROPROCESSOR AND INTERFACES BY KAPIL RAJ POKHRA
