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D-Block & F-Block Elements Notes

The document provides notes on D-Block and F-Block elements, detailing their properties, trends, and important compounds. D-Block elements are characterized by variable oxidation states, metallic nature, and the formation of colored ions, while F-Block elements include lanthanides and actinides with distinct properties and uses. Key differences between lanthanides and actinides are highlighted, including oxidation states, complex formation, and radioactivity.

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34 views2 pages

D-Block & F-Block Elements Notes

The document provides notes on D-Block and F-Block elements, detailing their properties, trends, and important compounds. D-Block elements are characterized by variable oxidation states, metallic nature, and the formation of colored ions, while F-Block elements include lanthanides and actinides with distinct properties and uses. Key differences between lanthanides and actinides are highlighted, including oxidation states, complex formation, and radioactivity.

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D-Block and F-Block Elements - Class 12 Notes

D-Block Elements (Transition Elements)


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- Elements in groups 3 to 12; last electron enters (n-1)d orbital.
- Electronic Configuration: (n-1)d(1-10) ns(1-2).

Properties:
1. Variable Oxidation States - Example: Fe (+2, +3), Mn (+2, +4, +7).
2. Metallic Nature - Hard, high melting and boiling points.
3. Formation of Colored Ions - Due to d-d transitions.
4. Paramagnetism - Due to unpaired electrons.
5. Catalytic Properties - Fe in Haber's process, V2O5 in Contact process.
6. Formation of Complexes - Due to small, highly charged ions.
7. Alloy Formation - Example: Brass (Cu + Zn).
8. Interstitial Compounds - H, B, N occupy voids in metal lattices.

Important Trends:
- Atomic and Ionic Size: Slight contraction due to poor d-orbital shielding.
- Ionization Enthalpy: Gradually increases across period.
- Electronegativity: Slightly increases.
- Standard Electrode Potentials (E degrees values): Predict redox behavior.

Important Compounds:
- Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7): Strong oxidizing agent.
- Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4): Powerful oxidizer, made from MnO2.

F-Block Elements (Inner Transition Elements)


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- Last electron enters (n-2)f orbital.
- Two series: Lanthanides (4f) and Actinides (5f).

Lanthanides:
- Electronic Configuration: [Xe] 4f(1-14) 5d(0-1) 6s2.
- Properties:
1. Lanthanide Contraction - Size decreases across series.
2. Oxidation State - Mostly +3.
3. Color and Magnetism - Due to f-f transitions.
4. Uses - Alloys, catalysts, glass polishing.

Actinides:
- Electronic Configuration: [Rn] 5f(1-14) 6d(0-1) 7s2.
- Properties:
1. Variable Oxidation States - +3 to +6.
2. Radioactivity - All actinides are radioactive.
3. Actinide Contraction - Similar to lanthanides.
4. Uses - Nuclear reactors (U, Pu), medicine.

Differences Between Lanthanides and Actinides:


- Oxidation States: Lanthanides mostly +3, Actinides variable +3 to +6.
- Complex Formation: Limited in Lanthanides, Strong in Actinides.
- Radioactivity: Only Promethium (Pm) is radioactive in Lanthanides, All are radioactive in Actinides.
- Reactivity: Actinides are more reactive.

These are concise, NCERT-based notes for revision.

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