Introduction
Math 151: Systems of Linear Equations
Dr. B. O. Bainson
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
March 30, 2021
Introduction
Outline
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
In scientific investigations, some relationship between
quantities tends out to be linear. Linearity in this case in
symbolism implies the variables appear in powers not more
than one nor the variables multiply each other. For example
a 1 x1 + a 2 x2 + a 3 x3 + · · · a n xn = b
is a linear equation in n variables. For example, the voltage V
across a resistor R is given by
V = IR
Introduction
Introduction
We note that physical situations are complex and is are
described by coupled equations. For example, consider the
circuit
Figure: Figure A
Introduction
Introduction
By Kirchoff
1. (Conservation of charge) The total current or charge
entering a junction or node is exactly equal to the charge
leaving the node.
2. ( Conservation of Energy)The sum of the IR terms in
any direction around a closed path is equal to the total
voltage in the path in that direction
Introduction
Introduction
Remark from Figure A
At junction A, I1 + I2 = I3 and at junction C , I2 + I1 = I3 .
Therefore,
I1 + I2 − I3 = 0
Write equations for the conservation of energy.
Introduction
We will thus consider in this section coupled linear equations.
These are called systems of linear equations. A typical
system of k equations in n unknowns is
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + a13 x3 + · · · + a1n xn = b1
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + a23 x3 + · · · + a2n xn = b2
.. .
. = ..
ak1 x1 + ak2 x2 + ak3 x3 + · · · + akn xn = bk
If bi = 0 for all i, then the system is said to be homogeneous.
Introduction
We will investigate such systems by addressing questions such
as.
Introduction
We will investigate such systems by addressing questions such
as.
1. Does the system have a solution?
Introduction
We will investigate such systems by addressing questions such
as.
1. Does the system have a solution?
2. How many solutions are there to the system?
Introduction
We will investigate such systems by addressing questions such
as.
1. Does the system have a solution?
2. How many solutions are there to the system?
3. What are the necessary conditions on aij ’s and bj ’s so
that the system will have a solution?
Introduction
We will investigate such systems by addressing questions such
as.
1. Does the system have a solution?
2. How many solutions are there to the system?
3. What are the necessary conditions on aij ’s and bj ’s so
that the system will have a solution?
4. How do we find the solutions?
Introduction
Describe the solution of the problem
ax = b .
Introduction
Describe the solution of the problem
ax = b .
We obtain the following situation
1. If a 6= 0,
Introduction
Describe the solution of the problem
ax = b .
We obtain the following situation
1. If a 6= 0,then the equation has a unique solution x = b/a
Introduction
Describe the solution of the problem
ax = b .
We obtain the following situation
1. If a 6= 0,then the equation has a unique solution x = b/a
2. If a = 0 and b 6= 0,
Introduction
Describe the solution of the problem
ax = b .
We obtain the following situation
1. If a 6= 0,then the equation has a unique solution x = b/a
2. If a = 0 and b 6= 0,then we have 0 · x = b and so since
b 6= 0, no value of x will make the equation true. Thus
there is no solution.
Introduction
Describe the solution of the problem
ax = b .
We obtain the following situation
1. If a 6= 0,then the equation has a unique solution x = b/a
2. If a = 0 and b 6= 0,then we have 0 · x = b and so since
b 6= 0, no value of x will make the equation true. Thus
there is no solution.
3. If a = 0 and b = 0,
Introduction
Describe the solution of the problem
ax = b .
We obtain the following situation
1. If a 6= 0,then the equation has a unique solution x = b/a
2. If a = 0 and b 6= 0,then we have 0 · x = b and so since
b 6= 0, no value of x will make the equation true. Thus
there is no solution.
3. If a = 0 and b = 0, then we obtain 0 · x = 0 which is true
for all values of x. Thus the equation has infinitely many
solutions.
Introduction
We seek to address systems of higher dimensions in a similar
fashion.
Augmented matrix
Given the system
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + a13 x3 + · · · + a1n xn = b1
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + a23 x3 + · · · + a2n xn = b2
.. .
. = ..
ak1 x1 + ak2 x2 + ak3 x3 + · · · + akn xn = bk
Introduction
We seek to address systems of higher dimensions in a similar
fashion.
Augmented matrix
Given the system
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + a13 x3 + · · · + a1n xn = b1
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + a23 x3 + · · · + a2n xn = b2
.. .
. = ..
ak1 x1 + ak2 x2 + ak3 x3 + · · · + akn xn = bk
a11 a12 · · · a1n
then ... ..
.
ak1 ak2 · · · akn
Introduction
We seek to address systems of higher dimensions in a similar
fashion.
Augmented matrix
Given the system
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + a13 x3 + · · · + a1n xn = b1
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + a23 x3 + · · · + a2n xn = b2
.. .
. = ..
ak1 x1 + ak2 x2 + ak3 x3 + · · · + akn xn = bk
a11 a12 · · · a1n b1
.. .
.. and ...
then .
ak1 ak2 · · · akn bk
Introduction
We seek to address systems of higher dimensions in a similar
fashion.
Augmented matrix
Given the system
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + a13 x3 + · · · + a1n xn = b1
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + a23 x3 + · · · + a2n xn = b2
.. .
. = ..
ak1 x1 + ak2 x2 + ak3 x3 + · · · + akn xn = bk
a11 a12 · · · a1n b1
.. .
.. and ...
then . are the coefficient
ak1 ak2 · · · akn bk
matrix and matrix of the constant terms respectively.
Introduction
Augmented matrix
The augmented matrix is
a11 a12 · · · a1n b1
.. ..
. .
ak1 ak2 · · · akn bk
Introduction
Augmented matrix
The augmented matrix is
a11 a12 · · · a1n b1
.. ..
. .
ak1 ak2 · · · akn bk
To solve the system of equations, we apply the Gaussian
elimination to the augmented matrix to obtain a matrix of the
form
1 0 0 · · · 0 τ1
0 1 0 · · · 0 τ2
.. ..
. .
0 0 0 · · · 1 τk
Introduction
Augmented matrix
The augmented matrix is
a11 a12 · · · a1n b1
.. ..
. .
ak1 ak2 · · · akn bk
To solve the system of equations, we apply the Gaussian
elimination to the augmented matrix to obtain a matrix of the
form
1 0 0 · · · 0 τ1
0 1 0 · · · 0 τ2
.. ..
. .
0 0 0 · · · 1 τk
and read off the solution as xi = τi .
Introduction
Example
Solve
x + 2y + z = 3
2x + 5y − z = −4
3x − 2y − z = 5
Example
Solve
3x + 4y − z = 2
−2x + y − z = 8
x +y +z =1
Introduction
Solve
1.
x + y − 2z + 3w = 4
2x + 3y + 3z − w = 3
5x + 7y + 4z + w = 5
2.
x + 2y − 3z = 6
2x − y + 4z = 2
4x + 3y − z = 14
Introduction
Definition
A matrix is said to be in echelon form if
1. Any all-zero rows are below all other rows; and
2. The first non-zero entry of any row (called the pivot
entry) is strictly further right than the first non-zero entry
of any row above it
Definition
A matrix is said to be in reduced echelon form if all the
following are true
1. It is in echelon form.
2. The first non-zero entry of any row is 1. This is called a
pivotal 1.
3. All entries above a pivotal 1 are 0.
Introduction
Example
Solve
1.
x + y − 2z + 4w = 5
2x + 2y − 3z + w = 3
3x + 3y − 4z − 2w = 1
2.
x + 2y − 3z = 1
2x + 5y − 8z = 4
3x + 8y − 13z = 7
Introduction
The number of non-zero rows in the echelon form of matrix A
is called the rank of A, and is denoted by rank(A).
Suppose the coefficient matrix of a system of m equations of n
unknowns is A and [A|b] is the augmented matrix. Then
1. if rank(A) < rank([A|b]), then there is no solution to the
system (the system is inconsistent).
2. if rank(A) = rank([A|b]) = n, then there is a unique
solution to the system.
3. if rank(A) = rank([A|b]) < n, then there is infinitely
many solution to the system.
Introduction
Solve
1.
2x − 3y − 6z − 5w + 2u = 7
z + 3w − 7u = 6
w − 2u = 1
2.
2x + 2y − 3z = −1
−3x + y − 2z = −7
5x + 3y − 4z = 2
3.
x + y + 3z = 1
2x + 3y − z = 3
5x + 7y + z = 7
Introduction
Geometric Interpretation
Introduction
1. In some statistics technique called principal component
analysis for image processing, a researcher needed to
discard the eigenvector corresponding to the lowest
1 0 0
eigenvalue of the covariance matrix A = 0 2 0.
0 0 3
Determine the significant eigenvectors.
Introduction
Solve the system of differential equation
dx1
= x2
dt
dx2
= 5x2 − 6x1
dt
x
given that the solution is of the form x = 1 = vλ e λt
x2
Introduction
Questions
1 0 0
1. Diagonalise the matrix 0 α 0
0 2 ε
Introduction
Questions
1 0 0
1. Diagonalise the matrix 0 α 0
0 2 ε
2. Write 1 + i in exponential form.
Introduction
Questions
1 0 0
1. Diagonalise the matrix 0 α 0
0 2 ε
2. Write 1 + i in exponential form.
3. The system corresponding to the augmented matrix
" 1 2 3 a #
2 5 4 b will have a solution provided.
1 3 1 c
Introduction
Questions
1 0 0
1. Diagonalise the matrix 0 α 0
0 2 ε
2. Write 1 + i in exponential form.
3. The system corresponding to the augmented matrix
" 1 2 3 a #
2 5 4 b will have a solution provided.
1 3 1 c
0 1
4. Find a matrix P which diagonalises the A = .
1 0
Introduction
Questions
1 0 0
1. Diagonalise the matrix 0 α 0
0 2 ε
2. Write 1 + i in exponential form.
3. The system corresponding to the augmented matrix
" 1 2 3 a #
2 5 4 b will have a solution provided.
1 3 1 c
0 1
4. Find a matrix P which diagonalises the A = .
1 0
8 0 1
5. Evaluate A if A =
1 0
