• Temporal aspects of illumination:
• A discrete sequence of individual pictures can be
perceived as a continuous sequence if the slightly
different individual pictures or frames can be rapidly
shown in succession & light is cut off between the
frames.
• For perception of continuity, two things are needed:
– Rate of image repetition must be high for smooth motion from frame
to frame.
– Rate must be high enough so that persistence of vision extends
between flashes. This property of human vision is called boundary of
motion resolution.
• ● Continuity of motion: Perception of continuous motion is with
frame rate>15 frames /sec.
• Smooth video motion is at 30 frames/sec. For motion picture it is 24
frames/sec but appears smooth as it is shown in big screen at dark,
away from the viewer.
FLICKER
• Flicker: Through slow motion, a periodic fluctuation of
brightness perception occurs called Flicker. To avoid it, min
frame rate should be > 50 refresh cycles/sec.
– A movie at 16 frames/sec has flicker for which light wave is
interrupted twice additionally to reduce flicker. So, picture
flicker rate = 3X16 = 48 Hz.
– In TV, flicker is reduced through use of display refresh buffer. A
full TV picture is divided to two half pictures consisting of
interleaved scanning lines. Each half picture is transmitted in an
interleaved manner. If picture transmission occurs at 25 Hz, the
half pictures must be scanned at 2X25 = 50 Hz. This technique is
called Interlacing where each image is divided to two frames
having alternate line. The even horizontal line are scanned once
& then the odd horizontal lines. This reduces flicker without
increasing bandwidth.
RASTER SYSTEM IN COMPUTER/TELEVISION SETS
•
Raster scan maintains a particular
sequence of arrangement
BLANKING IN RASTER SYSTEMS
Horizontal Blanking
• As the beam scans from left to right, the
electron beam of the picture tube of TV is
turned on & intensity is modulated.
• When it flies back from right to left side of
next line, electron beam is blanked/ turned
off. This is called horizontal blanking & the
period for which it is blanked off is called
horizontal blanking period.
VERTICAL BLANKING
When beam reaches the right hand side of the
bottom most horizontal line of an image to be
scanned of a frame, it moves back quickly to
the left topmost corner of ext frame. This
diagonal movement is blanked off & called
Vertical blanking.
STILL IMAGE CODING
• Still image coding: Line drawings,
photographs, text page etc. can be coded
using
• Vector graphics: Every image is represented as a
collection of line vectors. It is no more I dominant use
except for drafting.
• Raster Scan: Image is scanned from the top left cornet
to bottom right corner in sequential order. Image is
divided to a collection of horizontal lines.
Perception of depth
• Perception of depth: Third spatial dimension
depth depends upon angular separation of
images received by two eyes of viewer.
• In flat image TV, degree of depth is perceived
from perspective appearance of subject
matter.
• Also, focal length of lenses influences depth
perception.
LUMINANCE AND CHROMINANCE
• Luminance & chrominance: Color vision is achieved
thru 3 signals – R,G,B that light each portion of scene.
• These 3 signals are conveyed separately to the input
terminals of the picture tube so that the tube
reproduces at each point the relative intensities of
R,G,B Discerned by the camera.
• During transmission of the signals from camera to
receiver (display), a different division of signals in
comparison to RGB is used. The color encoding during
transmission uses luminance & two chrominance
signals.
• COLOR MODELS
• Color perception: We see an object when light falling on it within
visible range of spectrum is reflected & detected by the eye. Each
color radiation has three properties: luminance, hue & saturation –
the corresponding human perception being brightness, color &
purity.
• Luminance: Property by virtue of which a radiation appears to have
more or less intensity.
• Different hues of same color are produced by radiation of different
wavelength.
• Saturation: The colorfulness of a color. When a color has more
white mixed with it, it is less saturated.
• The human eye’s response is not same for all colors. It responds
maximum to yellow. It also responds more to variations in
brightness than to color. These two factors are used in image
compression by discarding color components not visually
significant.
• CHROMATIC MODELS: One parameter defines
luminance or brightness, the other two defines
color of pixels called chrominance. Two chromatic
components are required which are added to get
the final color. These are additive models.
• RGB MODEL:
• Additive model
• Originally for image capture & display
• R+G+B = 1
• CMYK Model
– Cyan, magenta, yellow & black represent the image
– Subtractive model.
COLOUR MODELS
YUV Model
• Y stands for luminance , U,V for two color components.
• Y = 0.299R + 0.587G + 0.114B
• U = 0.596R - 0.247G - 0.322B
• V = 0.211R – 0.532G + 0.312B
• There are several YUV models another of which is:
• Y = 0.3R + 0.6G + 0.1B
• U = B-Y
• V = R-Y
• If R=G=B=0; Y=U=V=0; it is a monochrome grayscale
image.
