Objectives

MODULE 2-Occupational Safety

This Module focus on various elements such physical or environmental and the
conduct of preventive and control measures to achieve a safe workplace. At the end
of this Module the participants will;
 identify and control hazards associated with the use of machinery.
 Know the principles of handling materials;
 Know the basic concepts of electricity and how to avoid its hazards;
 Know the hazards of fire and the principles of fire prevention and control, and
emergency preparedness; and
 Be able to conduct workplace inspection and accident investigation.

HOUSEKEEPING
COURSE OBJECTIVES
 To recognize the importance of good housekeeping.
 To understand housekeeping responsibilities;
 To develop good housekeeping habits;
 To identify and eliminate housekeeping hazards;
 To help prevent workplace fires and accidents;
 To improve efficiency and productivity:
 To maintain safety and cleanliness;
 To maintain good control over the processes; and
 To maintain the good product quality
BENEFITS OF GOOD HOUSEKEEPING
 Eliminates accident and fire hazards
 Maintains safe, healthy work conditions
 Saves time, money, materials, space, and effort Improves productivity and
quality
 Boosts morale
 Reflects a well-run organization
INDUSTRIAL HOUSE KEEPING
 Sections & processes should be located in good relation to each other.
 Layout of machines & equipment's should be suited to the work being done.
 Emergency exits must be well marked, unlocked and kept cleared without
obstacles.
 Access to machineries should be secured and clearly marked.
 There should be a suitable spacing between machines.

COSTS OF POOR HOUSEKEEPING

  Slips, trips, and falls Fires
 Chemical and machine accidents Injuries from electrical problems
 Collisions and falling objects
 Health problems
GOOD HOUSEKEEPING HABITS
 Make time for housekeeping
 Evaluate your workspace
 Remove hazards before starting work
 Turn equipment off after using it
 Clean up as you go
 Never ignore a safety hazard

THE 5-S SYSTEM

One system that has been used by many industries to improve their Housekeeping
and Efficiency is the 5-S system.
 SEIRI- Sort (Sorting/Segregating)
 SEITON-Straighten (Self Arrangement/Arranging)
 SEISO-Shine (Neat and Clean)
 SEIKETSU-Standardization (Method)
 SHITSUKE- Sustain and Maintain (Self Discipline)

1. SEIRI- Sort: Remove all items from the workplace that are not needed for current
production. If it has been sitting and not used for a year it probably needs to be put
in
storage.
2. SEITON-Straighten: Arrange needed items so that they are easy to find and put
away. Some factories and shops go as far as painting a spot for the trash can. May
seem silly, but if the trash can is in the right place no one trips over it. Items used
often are placed closer to the employee. Whether it is a stapler or hammer, keep
the tools you use often within easy reach.
3. SEISO-Shine: Make sure everything is clean, functioning and ready to go. Nothing
is more frustrating and time consuming than working with a piece of equipment that
is not properly maintained.
4. SEIKETSU-Standardization: This is the method you use to maintain the first three
S's. Just like your silverware at home is always in the same drawer, decide a place
to store routinely used items and keep them there. This saves time when looking for
the tape measure or scissors.
5. SHITSUKE- Sustain and Maintain: Make a habit of properly maintaining correct
procedures. The hardest step for most people, now that everything is organized, is
maintaining it every day. Put things back when you are done. If you can't do that at
least put things back in place before you leave each day.
DAILY HOUSEKEEPING CHECKLIST
 Floors
 Aisles
 Workstation
 Equipment
 Storage
 Waste disposal

INJURIES FROM SLIPS, TRIPS, AND FALLS

 Strains and sprains
 Torn ligaments
 Broken bones
 Back or spine injury
 Death

PREVENT SLIPS
 Clean up spills
 Repair leaks
 Pick up objects
 Sweep up debris
 Wear slip-resistant shoes
 Clean up straps and bands
 Put away electrical cords and air hoses
 Don't stack items in walkways
 Keep drawers closed
 Be careful when you carry objects
 Put away tools
PREVENT FALLS
 Be careful on stairs
 Use ladders safely
 Replace fall protection chains or barriers
 Use fall arrest equipment when required

FIRE PREVENTION
 Store flammable and combustible liquids in proper containers
 Keep reactive chemicals separated
 Prevent the accumulation of combustibles
  Keep combustibles away from electrical equipment and hot machinery
EXITS AND FIRE EQUIPMENT
 Keep evacuation routes clear
 Don't block emergency exits
 Make sure fire extinguishers are accessible
 Ensure that electrical panels can be opened
CHEMICAL SAFETY
 Make sure containers are properly labeled
 Inspect containers for signs of damage
 Wear required PPE
 Follow safe storage and handling procedures
 Clean up spills
MACHINE SAFETY
 Keep the area around machines clear
 Inspect machines before use
 Make sure all guards are operating
 Follow lockout/tagout procedures
 Clean machines and put away tools
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
 Keep heaters and furnaces clear
 Inspect electrical cords before use
 Don't overload outlets or circuits
 Keep combustibles away from electrical equipment
 Keep electrical equipment clean
PREVENT CUTS, BUMPS, AND SCRAPES
 Don't leave objects sticking out
 Pad head hazards
 Clean up broken glass immediately
 Properly store blades and sharp tools Properly discard old blades
 Keep utility knives sheathed or retracted

PPE HOUSEKEEPING
 Inspect PPE before each use
 Clean PPE regularly
 Store PPE properly
 Replace PPE when necessary
USE THE RIGHT EQUIPMENT FOR HOUSEKEEPING TASKS PPE
  Brooms, vacuums, mops, and sponges
 Cleaning rags
 Cleaning compounds
LIFT AND CARRY SAFELY
 Check your route of travel
 Get a good grip
 Lift with your legs, not your back
 Make sure you can see over the object you're carrying
 Watch where you're going
GOOD PERSONAL HOUSEKEEPING
 Eat well and exercise regularly
 Get enough sleep
 Take time to relax
 Never work or drive under the influence of alcohol or drugs
HOUSEKEEPING PROCEDURES
• Noncombustible scrap metal and debris shall be removed from work areas,
passageways, stairs and from around buildings.
• Combustible materials must be removed at regular intervals without hazard
to those removing hazardous material.
• Protruding nails shall be removed from lumber before stacking
 Waste shall be collected in containers before disposal. Separate containers
with lids shall be used for hazardous waste.
 Store tools and materials neatly and out of the way in storage bins or lockers.
• Ensure that materials stored at overhead levels are secured.
• Never throw waste or materials from a building or structure.
• Where falling debris can potentially occur, guard the area and use signage
requiring workers to wear hard hats.
• Control muddy areas by placing fill to decrease the risk of slipping accidents.
EXAMPLE PLAN FOR GOOD HOUSEKEEPING
• Set aside time for housekeeping daily.
• Evaluate your workspace and remove potential hazards before starting work
• Clean up as you go.
• Inspect and clean PPE before each use.
• Use the right equipment for housekeeping tasks:
• Brooms, vacuums, mops, cleaning compounds
• Eye protection, gloves, proper shoes, dust masks
SAFE HOUSEKEEPING TIPS
• Ensure appropriate safe, clear access.
• Organize storage of materials.
• Collect and dispose of rubbish & unused items
• Keep maintenance and repair records.
 • Secure the shed or chemicals/equipment
• Display safety signage/information.
• Regularly inspect your work areas.
KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER
• Good housekeeping helps prevent workplace fires and accidents
• Keeping the workplace neat, clean, and safe is everyone's responsibility
• Keep alert to housekeeping hazards
• Eliminate or report hazards you identify anywhere in the facility

MATERIAL HANDLING AND STORAGE

OBJECTIVE
• To learn the basic requirements in Material Handling and Warehousing.
• To provide and maintain a safe and proper warehousing.
• To learn the proper use of manual/mechanical equipment used in Material
Handling and Storage of Materials.
INTRODUCTION
• Almost every Supervisor, at one time or another, has had to handle materials
on the job. Materials handling may be done manually or w/ mechanical
equipment, but either way. material handling can be a source of occupational
injury!
• Handling of materials accounts for 20-25% of all occupational injuries. These
injuries occur in every part of an operation, not just the stockroom or
warehouse!
• Strains, sprains, fractures & contusions are the common injuries
MATERIAL HANDLING CONSIDERATIONS
• Can the job be engineered to eliminate or reduce manual handling?
• . Can the material be conveyed or moved mechanically?
• In what ways do the materials being handled (such as chemicals, dusts,
rough & sharp objects) cause injury?
• Can employees be given handling aids, such as properly sized boxes,
adequate trucks, or hooks that will make their job safer?
• Would Protective clothing, or other personal equipment, help prevent injuries?
• .Would training & more effective management help reduce injuries?
MATERIAL HANDLING PROBLEMS
• Common injuries are strains, sprains, fractures & bruises. These are primarily
caused by unsafe practices - improper lifting, carrying too heavy load,
incorrect gripping, failing to observe proper foot or hand clearance, & failing
to use or wear proper equipment &/or personal protective equipment &
clothing.
• Properly damage & serious injury/ fatality caused by mechanical equipment.
TYPES OF MATERIAL HANDLING
• MANUAL
o Individual Capacity
 Female-25 kg
 male- 50 kg
• Accessories
 2 wheeled hand trucks
 4 wheeled hand trucks
 Crowbars
 Shovel
MECHANICAL
 Powered Hand Truck, Crane, Hoist, Forklift, Boom Truck, Heavy-Duty
Truck ✓ Tractors, Railroad Cars, Conveyors, Pipelines, Pallets, Carton
Clamps, Wire Ropes
 Lifting Bars
GUIDELINES FOR MANUAL LIFTING
• Inspect materials for slivers. jagged edges, burrs, rough or slippery surfaces
• Get a firm grip on the object
• Keep fingers away from pinch points, especially when putting materials down.
• When handling lumber, pipe or other long objects, keep hands away from the
ends to prevent them from being pinched.
• Wipe off greasy, wet sippery, or dirty object before trying to handle them.
• Keep hands free of oil & grease.
LIFTING AND CARRYING
• Never let workers overexert themselves when lifting. If the load is thought to
be more than one person can handle, assign another person or more to the
job.
• Lift gradually, wo jerking, to minimize the effects of acceleration.
• Keep the load close to the body.
• Lift w/o twisting the body.
• Follow the six-step lifting procedure:
o Keep feet parted-one behind the object. Keep back straight, nearly
vertical.
o Tuck your chin in.
o Grip the object w/ the whole hand.
o Tuck elbows & arms in.
o Keep body weight directly over feet.

PERSONNEL SELECTION FOR MATERIAL HANDLING

• Screening Before Employment.
• Capabilities.
• Medical Examination.
HAND TRUCKS HAZARDS
• Running wheels over feet.
• Jamming hands between the truck and other objects.
• Colliding w/ other trucks or obstructions.
• Running wheels off bridge plates or platforms.
MECHANICAL LIFTING
• Equipment and accessories inspection.
• Maintenance.
• Licensed operators.
• Experienced rigger / spotter.
STORAGE OF SPECIFIC MATERIALS
• Temporary and permanent storage should be secure, neat and orderly.
• Allow adequate ceiling clearance under the sprinklers (18-36").
• Keep all the exits & aisle clear always.
• Use bins and racks to facilitate storage & reduce hazards.
• Segregation and isolation.
6 M. Safe Distance:
• Cartons/Lumbers / Bagged Materials/Barrels / Pipes
• Liquid Containers / Paints & thinners / Gasoline/ diesel
• Oxygen & Acetylene Cylinders.
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Flammable
• Combustible
• Acid
• Gases
• Oxidizer

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

• Safety shoes
• Gloves
• Aprons
• Leggings
• Back belt

FIRE SAFETY
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
 • At the end of the course, the participants will have increased awareness and
understanding of the fire causes, hazards, fire prevention measures and fire
safety program.
• Members of the Emergency Response Team will have the tools and
techniques necessary to provide an effective initial response to fire
emergency in the plant.
INTRODUCTION
• Most of the fires occurred in the Philippines had incurred catastrophic
(property lost & fatality...ex." Ozone Disco" at Quezon Ave...).
FIRE DEFINITION
• Fire-is a chemical reaction known as combustion. It is frequently defined as
the rapid oxidation of combustible material accompanied by a released of
energy in the form of heat & light.
• Flash Point- is the lowest temperature at which a substance will give off
enough vapor to form a flammable mixture with air or near the surface of the
substance, and will burn when a flame or spark is applied.
• Fire Point- is the temperature at which a fuel will continue to burn after it has
been ignited. This is usually a few degrees higher than the flash point.
• Ignition Temperature is the lowest temperature of a substance required to
cause self- ignition to automatic ignition without the use of flame or spark.
• Explosive (Flammable Range) is the range between the smallest and largest
amounts of vapor that will burn or explode in each quantity of air when
ignited.
CHARACTERISTICS AND BEHAVIOR OF FIRE
Chemistry of Fire (see definition)
 Fire Triangle as shown attached illustrates that oxygen, heat & fuel in proper
proportion create a fire & that if any one of the three elements are removed a
fire cannot exists.
 Fire Tetrahedron Theory does not do away with the fire triangle; it simply adds
a fourth component of fire termed as the chain reaction. The tetrahedron is a
transition from the plane geometric triangle to a four-sided figure of a
pyramid. The 3 standing sides-side represents now the chain reaction aspects
of the fire tetrahedron.

4 CLASSES OF FIRE
• Class A - fires involving ordinary combustible materials, such as wood, cloth
paper,
• plastic, rubber, etc.
• Class B-fires involving flammable or petroleum products such as gasoline, oil,
paints, thinners, solvent, lubricating oils/greases,
• the crude oil itself & LPG
 • Class C-fires involving electrical equipment
• Class D fires involving combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium,
zirconium, sodium & potassium
FIRE CAUSES
• ELECTRICAL (23%) - the leading cause of industrial fires. Most start in wiring
& motors. Most prevented by proper maintenance. Special attention needed
for equipment at hazardous processes and in storage areas.
• SMOKING (18%) - a potential cause of fire almost everywhere.
• A matter of control (self-discipline) & education. Smoking strictly prohibited in
dangerous areas, such as these involving flammable liquids... Provide
designated smoking area(s).
• FRICTION (10%)- hot bearing, misalign or broken machine parts, jamming of
materials, and adjustment of power drives and conveyors. Prevented by a
regular schedule of inspections, maintenance & lubrications.
• OVERHEAT MATERIALS (8%) - abnormal process temperatures, especially
those involving heated flammable liquids/ materials. Prevented by
supervision and competent operators, supplemented by well-maintained
temperature controls.
• HOT SURFACE (7%) heat from furnaces, hot ducts, lamps, welding machines,
generators, exhaust manifolds, etc. Prevented by ample clearances,
insulation and ventilation (air circulation between hot surface & combustible /
flammables).
• BURNER FLAMES (7%) - improper use of potable torches, boilers, dryers,
ovens, furnaces, portable heating units. Prevented by adequate ventilation,
combustion safeguards & ample clearance.
• COMBUSTIBLE SPARKS (5%) - sparks & ambers released from incinerators,
furnaces, fireboxes, various process equipment and industrial trucks/ heavy
equipment. Prevented by proper enclosing of working area and provision of
spark arrestor.
TRANSMISSION OF FIRE
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
4. Direct Burning
METHODS OF EXTINGUISHMENT

• REMOVE HEAT - cooling a fire calls for the application of something that
absorbs heat. Although there are others, water is the most common
agent.
• REMOVE FUEL - often removing the fuel from a fire is difficult and
dangerous. Shutting or closing off the valves.
• REMOVE OXYGEN-oxygen can be removed from a fire by displacing it
with a heavier than air gas like CO2. 02 flowing into the fire can be also
be stopped by covering the fire with a wet blanket or cover the burning
surfaces with foam or sand.
• STOP THE CHAIN REACTION -recent studies indicate that the use of dry
chemical on fire tends to inactivate the combustion rate and in the
extinguishment of fire.

FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

• WATER EXTINGUISHERS- are effective for Class A fires. Water services

as cooling. quenching and displacing agent.
• FOAM EXTINGUISHERS are effective for Class B fires where the foam
forms a cohesive floating blanket on the surface of the burning liquid.
• CO2 EXTINGUISHERS are effective for Class B & C fires. CO2 reduces
the 02 content.
 • DRY CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHERS - are effective for Class A, B & C fires.
It breaks the chain reaction inhibiting the oxidation process within the
flame itself.
• DRY POWDER EXTINGUISHERS-are effective for Class D. It absorbs the
remaining fuel and prevent re-ignition.

CAUSES OF DEATHS AND CASUALTIES FROM FIRE

• Inadequate planning for emergency.

• Inadequate fire exits
• Occupants of building on fire are unaware of fire (lack of detection &
alarm devices).
• Lack of facilities or measures for resisting the spread of fire (no
enclosure for stairways, elevator shoals & other vertical opening
through floors).

FIRE PREVENTION
• Prime purposes of Fire Prevention
o Locate the hazard.
o Determine the cause.
o Predict the probable effect & correct the fault.

3 E's.
• Engineering Practice-design.
• Education
• Enforcement

Elements of Fire Safety:

• Fire Prevention
 Fire Safety Engineering
 Good Housekeeping
 Electrical Safety Proper Storage
 Safe Practices
• Fire Protection
 Detection
 Alarm
 Fire Locator
 Extinguishment
 Evacuation
 First Aid
 Salvage
HAZARD RECOGNITION & ANALYSIS
• List down fuel supply, form, shape & characteristics.
 • List down heat supply and heat travel form, i.e., condition, radiation
and convection.

Working Area Fuel Heat Sources

Carpentry Shop Lumber Cigarette
Shavings Electrical
Saw dusts Electrical Equipment
Waste Grounding & Other Spark
Wrappers Producing-Equipment
Cartons, etc. Static Electricity

FIRE EXTINGUISHERS INSPECTION

• Accessibility and proper location. Inspection Tag (last recharge & inspection)
• Nozzle.
• Corrosion & Damage.
• Lock pin & seal
• Content (water level/pressure gauge /weight)
• Hose & Hose coupling.
• Hydrostatic Test Validation.
• Procedure to Use.
INSTALLATION:
• To prevent fire extinguishers from being moved or damaged, they should be
mounted on brackets or in wall cabinets with the carrying handle placed 3-1/2
to 5 feet above the floor. Larger fire extinguishers need to be mounted at
lower heights with the carrying handle about 3 feet from the floor.
4 FUNDAMENTAL RULES OF FIRE FIGHTING
• Save Life
• Locate Fire
• Confine Fire! Enclose
• Extinguish Fire
Fire Fighting Drill
• Lecture/Theory
• Preparation
 Fire Extinguishers
 Fire Hoses
 Materials for Creation of small Fire
• Observer
 Local Fire Representative
 Other Qualified Personnel
 • Actual use of Fire Fighting Equipment
 Use of Portable Fire Extinguishers
 Use of Fire Hoses

FIRE EVACUATION DRILL
• Minimum twice (2x) a year
• Evacuation Plan
 Route
 Exit
 Muster Point
 Fire Extinguisher Location
 First Aid Location
• Evacuation Procedure
• Permits
• Announced/Unannounced
• Paraphernalia
FIRE LOSSES
• Loss of customer/client.
• Loss of return on Capital Investment.
• Loss of profits on finished products or completed works.
• Loss of confidence of stockholders.
• Loss of Credit Standing.
• Loss of goodwill of customer/client, employees & the community.
• Loss of trained personnel who transferred to other job.
• Cost of retaining personnel during shutdown.
• Seizure of fire insurance payments by uneasy creditors.
• Excessive replacement cost due to overtime, inability to cope the target
timing of delivery or completion of project.
• Cost of demolition.
• Cost of replacing depreciated buildings & equipment w/ new facilities.
• Cost of hiring temporary quarters.
• Loss of patterns valuable records.
• Loss of value of past advertising.
• Inability to defend against unjust claims due to loss of records.
• Loss of rent from tenant.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
 (LOCKOUT TAGOUT-TRYOUT)
OBJECTIVES
• To understand the basic principle of electricity.
• To know the danger of electric shock.
• To learn the practical corrective measures in preventing electrical shock.

INTRODUCTION
• Electricity provides us light and power.
• How electricity works? When you turn on a switch, electric power moves from
a generating station through wires to the light, equipment & machine you just
turned on. Electrical shocks due to the use of electrical facilities and
equipment (ie., power transmission line, portable electric machines
equipment, switches, wiring, transformers, capacitors, and other power
facilities) occur without warning and are usually serious and fatal. An average
individual think of the hazards of electrical shock in terms of high voltage
does not always realize that it is primarily the current that kills and not the
voltage consequently, persons who work around low voltage equipment do
not always have the same respect for it than they do in high voltage one
• Thousands of people are killed or injured each year due to electrocutions.
Many fatalities go undetected as electrocutions since low alternating current
levels going through the chest area can trigger ventricular fibrillation,
stimulating a heart attack.
• It has been estimated that 31% of the known electrocution fatalities occur in
the home, 24% in general industry and 55% are due to contact with so-called
low voltage circuits, 600 volts and under.
• The no.1 source of fire!
GENERATING STATIONS
• Hydro Electric Power Plant (conventional & pump-storage)
• Geothermal Power Plant
• Fossil Fuel Fired Power Plant (oil, coal, gas)
• Gas Turbine Power Plant
• Internal Combustion Engine Power Plant
• Nuclear Power Plant
• Solar Power Plant
• Deuterium Power Plant
• Etc.

RULE 1210: ELECTRICAL SAFETY

• What standards on electrical safety must be adapted to safeguard any person
employed in any workplace?
o The Philippine Electrical Code is hereby adopted, and the standards
contained therein shall be considered safety standards!
• What are some of the general provisions of this rule?
o No electrical installation shall be undertaken without the plans
having been approved by the Secretary or his authorized
representative!
o No service or power supply, shall be connected to any electrical
installation by any utility company supplying electricity!