IC STRUCT
M
ATO
UR
E
S.MORRIS 2006
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
460 BC Democritus develops the idea of atoms
-pounded up materials into smaller particles
which he called
ATOMA
(Greek for indivisible)
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
1808 John Dalton
suggested that all matter was made up of
tiny spheres that bounce around and called
them
ATOMS
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
1898 Joseph John Thomson
found that atoms could sometimes eject a far
smaller negative particle which he called an
ELECTRON
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
1904
Thompson developed the idea that an atom was made up of
electrons scattered unevenly like raisin in bread.
PLUM PUDDING
MODEL
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
1910 Ernest Rutherford
Carried out an experiment where
they fired Helium nuclei at a piece of gold foil
they found that although most of them
passed through about 1 in 10,000 hit
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
gold foil
helium nuclei
helium nuclei
They found that while most of the helium nuclei passed
through the foil, a small number were deflected and, to their
surprise, some helium nuclei bounced straight back.
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
Rutherford’s new evidence allowed him to propose a more
detailed model with a central nucleus.
He suggested that the positive charge was all in a central
nucleus holding the electrons in place by electrical attraction.
However, this was not the end of the story.
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
1913 Niels Bohr
-student of Rutherford
Bohr refined Rutherford's idea by adding
that the electrons were in orbits with
each orbit to contain only a set number of
electrons.
Bohr’s Atom
electrons in orbits
nucleus
HELIUM ATOM
Shell
proton
+
N
-
+
- N
electron neutron
What do these particles consist of?
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Particle Charge Mass
proton + 1
neutron No charge 1
electron - nil
In the Modern Periodic Table
He
Atomic number
the number of protons in an atom
4 -equals
Atomic mass
the number of protons
and neutrons in an atom
number of electrons = number of protons
HOW ARE THE ELECTRONS ARRANGED
Electrons are arranged in Energy Levels or
Shells around the nucleus of an atom.
• first shell(K) a maximum of 2 electrons
• second shell(L) a maximum of 8 electrons
• third shell(M) a maximum of 18 electrons
Sample REPRESENTATION OF AN ATOM
6
C 12
Carbon, with an atomic number of 6 and an
atomic mass of 12 shall be shown as follows:
6N 4
2
6P
Keep in mind that an energy level need
not be completely filled before electrons
begin to fill the next level. You should
always use the Periodic Table of
Elements to check an element's
electron configuration table if you need
to know exactly how many electrons
are in each level.
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
- Electrons are represented numerically in their shells.
For example;
Nitrogen configuration = 2 , 5
N
2 in 1st shell
2 + 5 = 7
5 in 2nd shell
14
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
Write the electronic configuration for the following
elements;
20 11 8
a) Ca b) Na c) O
23 16
40
2,8,8,2 2,8,1 2,6
17 14 5
d) Cl e) Si f) B 11
35 28
2,8,7 2,8,4 2,3
DOT & CROSS DIAGRAMS
With Dot & Cross diagrams elements and compounds
are represented by Dots or Crosses to show electrons,
and circles to show the shells. For example;
X
N
Nitrogen X X N X X 7
14
XX
DOT & CROSS DIAGRAMS
Draw the Dot & Cross diagrams for the following
elements;
8 17
X
a) O b) Cl 35 X X
16 X
X X X
X
X X X X Cl X X X
X O X
X X
X X X
X X X
X
SUMMARY
1. The Atomic Number of an atom = number of
protons in the nucleus.
2. The Atomic Mass of an atom = number of
Protons + Neutrons in the nucleus.
3. The number of Protons = Number of Electrons.
4. Electrons orbit the nucleus in shells.
5. Each shell can only carry a set number of electrons.
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