Seeley’s

ESSENTIALS OF
Anatomy &
Physiology
Tenth Edition

Cinnamon Vanputte
Jennifer Regan
Andrew Russo

See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables

pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 CHAPTER 16
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LECTURE OUTLINE

Prepared by:
Gemma V. Panal, RN, MN, LPT
 OBJECTIVES:
1. Identify the organs of the alimentary canal from proximal
to distal, and briefly state their function
2. Identify the accessory digestive organs and briefly state
their function
3. Describe the four fundamental tissue layers of the
alimentary canal
4. Describe the structures of the mouth, including its three
accessory digestive organs
5. Group the 32 adult teeth according to name, location, and
function
 OBJECTIVES:
6. Describe the process of swallowing, including the roles of the
tongue, upper esophageal sphincter, and epiglottis
7. Trace the pathway food follows from ingestion into the mouth
through release into the stomach
8. State the main digestive roles of the liver, pancreas, and
gallbladder
9. Identify three main features of liver histology that are critical to
its function
10. Discuss the composition and function of bile
11. Identify the major types of enzymes and buffers present in
pancreatic juice
 Digestion and the Digestive System
Digestion is the breakdown of large organic
molecules into smaller molecules that can be
absorbed.
The digestive system performs the task of
digestion.
Food is taken into the digestive system, where it
is enzymatically broken down into smaller and
smaller particles for absorption.
 Digestive System Functions

1. Ingestion of solids and liquids

2. Digestion of organic molecules
3. Absorption of nutrients
4. Elimination of waste
Digestive
System 1
Digestive
System 1
Contribution of Other Body System to the Digestive Tract
Body System Benefits received by the Digestive System
Cardiovascular Blood supplies digestive organs with O2 & processed
nutrients
Endocrine Endocrine help regulate secretion in digestive glands &
accessory organs
Integumentary Skin helps digestive organs & synthesizes Vit. D for calcium
absorption
Lymphatic Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue & other lymphatic tissue
defend against entry of pathogens, lacteals absorb lipids
and lymphatic vessels transport lipids to blood stream
Muscular Skeletal muscle support & protect abdominal organs
Nervous Sensory & motor neurons help regulate secretions & muscle
contractions in the digestive tract
Respiratory Respiratory organs provide O2 & remove CO2
Skeletal Bones help protect & support digestive organs
Urinary Kidneys convert Vit D into its active form, allowing calcium
absorption in the small intestine.
 Digestive System 2

The digestive system consists of the

digestive tract, plus specific
associated organs.
The digestive tract is also referred to
as the GI (gastrointestinal tract)
The tract is one long tube from the
mouth to the anus.
Digestive Tract Components

The digestive tract consists of the:

1. oral cavity (mouth)
2. pharynx
3. esophagus
4. stomach
5. small intestines
6. large intestines
7. rectum
8. anus
 ASSOCIATED ORGANS
The digestive system includes some associated
organs not directly in the digestive tract, but
have ducts that lead into the tract.
These associated organs are the:
• salivary glands
• liver
• gallbladder
• pancreas
 Layers of Digestive Tract Wall 1

The layers of the tract wall are also termed

tunics.
1. Mucosa:
• innermost layer
• secretes mucus

2. Submucosa:
• above mucosa
• contains blood vessels, nerves, small glands
 Layers of Digestive Tract Wall 2

3. Muscularis:
• above submucosa
• longitudinal, circular,
and oblique muscles

3. Serosa/adventitia:
• outermost layer
• peritoneum is present called serosa
• no peritoneum then called adventitia
Digestive Tract Histology
 Peritoneum
Layer of smooth epithelial tissue
Mesenteries:
• connective tissue of organs in abdominal cavity
Lesser omentum:
• mesentery connecting lesser curvature of stomach
to liver and diaphragm
Greater omentum:
• mesentery connecting greater curvature of
stomach to transverse colon and posterior body
wall
Peritoneum and Mesenteries
 Oral Cavity 1

First part of digestive system

Contains stratified squamous epithelia
Salivary glands:
• produce saliva which contains enzymes to
breakdown carbohydrates into glucose
• cleanse mouth
• dissolve and moisten food
 Oral Cavity 2

Amylase:
• salivary enzyme that breaks down
carbohydrates
Lysozyme:
• salivary enzymes that are active against
bacteria
Tongue:
• house taste buds and mucus
Oral Cavity 3
 Teeth
32 teeth in normal adult
Incisors, canine, premolars, molars, wisdom
20 primary teeth (baby teeth)
Each tooth has crown, cusp, neck, root
Center of tooth is pulp cavity
Enamel is hard covering protects against abrasions
Cavities are breakdown of enamel by acids from
bacteria
Teeth 1
Molar Tooth in Place in the Alveolar Bone
1
 PALATE
Palate:
• roof of oral cavity
Hard palate:
• anterior part
Soft palate:
• posterior part
 Salivary Glands 1

Salivary Glands:
• includes submandibular, sublingual, parotid
• produce saliva contains enzymes to
breakdown food
• mumps is inflammation of parotid gland
Salivary Glands 2
Throat Pharynx
Connects the mouth to the esophagus
It has three parts:
• nasopharynx
• oropharynx
• laryngopharynx
 Esophagus
Tube that connects the
pharynx to the stomach
Transports food to the
stomach
Joins stomach at cardiac
opening
Heartburn:
• occurs when gastric juices
regurgitate into esophagus
• caused by caffeine, smoking,
or eating or drinking in excess
 Swallowing
Voluntary phase:
• bolus (mass of food) formed in mouth and
pushed into oropharynx
Pharyngeal phase:
• swallowing reflex initiated when bolus stimulates
receptors in oropharynx
Esophageal phase:
• moves food from pharynx to stomach
Peristalsis:
• wave-like contractions moves food through
digestive tract
Peristalsis
Located in abdomen
Stomach 1

Storage tank for food

Can hold up to 2 liters of
food
Produces mucus,
hydrochloric acid, protein
digesting enzymes
Contains a thick mucus
layer that lubricates and
protects epithelial cells on
stomach wall form acidic
pH (3)
 Stomach 2

3 muscular layers:
• outer longitudinal, middle circular, and inner
oblique to produce churning action
Rugae:
• large folds that allow stomach to stretch
Chyme:
• paste-like substance that forms when food
begins to be broken down
 Stomach 3

Pyloric opening:
• opening between stomach and small
intestine
Pyloric sphincter:
• thick, ring of smooth muscle around pyloric
opening
Hunger pangs:
• stomach is stimulated to contract by low
blood glucose levels usually 12-24 hours
after a meal
Anatomy and Histology of the Stomach
Regulation of Stomach Secretions 1

Parasympathetic stimulation, gastrin,

histamine increase stomach secretions
Cephalic phase:
• 1st phase
• stomach secretions are initiated by sight,
smell, taste, or food thought
Regulation of Stomach Secretions 2

Gastric phase:
• 2nd phase
• partially digested proteins and distention of
stomach promote secretion
Regulation of Stomach Secretions 3

Intestinal phase:
• 3rd phase
• acidic chyme stimulates neuronal reflexes
and secretions of hormones that inhibit
gastric secretions by negative feedback
loops
Cephalic Phase of Stomach Control
Gastric Phase of Stomach Control
Intestinal Phase of Stomach Control
 Movement in Stomach 1

Mixing waves:
• weak contraction
• thoroughly mix food to form chyme
Peristaltic waves:
• stronger contraction
• force chyme toward and through pyloric sphincter
Hormonal and neural mechanisms stimulate
stomach secretions
Stomach empties every 4 hours after regular
meal, and 6 to 8 hours after high fatty meal
Movement in the Stomach 2
 Small Intestine 1

Measures 6 meters in length

Major absorptive organ
Chyme takes 3 to 5 hours to pass
through
Contains enzymes to further breakdown
food
Contains secretions for protection
against the acidity of chyme
 Parts of Small Intestine 1

Duodenum:
• first part
• 25 cm long
• contains absorptive cells, goblet cells, granular
cells, endocrine cells
• contains microvilli and many folds
• contains bile and pancreatic ducts
 Parts of Small Intestine 2

Jejunum:
• second part
• 2.5 meters long and absorbs nutrients
Ileum:
• third part
• 3.5 meters long
Small Intestine 2
 Mucosa of the Small Intestine 1

The mucosa of the small intestine is simple columnar

epithelium with four major cell types.
1. Absorptive cells, which have microvilli, produce
digestive enzymes, and absorb digested food
2. Goblet cells, which produce a protective mucus
3. Granular cells, which may help protect the
intestinal epithelium from bacteria; and
4. Endocrine cells, which produce regulatory
hormones.
 Mucosa of the Small Intestine 2

The epithelial cells are located within

tubular glands of the mucosa, called
intestinal glands or crypts of Lieberkühn,
at the base of the villi.
Granular and endocrine cells are
located in the bottom of the glands.
The submucosa of the duodenum
contains mucous glands, called
duodenal glands, which open into the
base of the intestinal glands.
Secretions of the Small Intestine
The epithelial cells in the walls of the small
intestine have enzymes bound to their free
surfaces.
Peptidases enzymatically breakdown proteins
into amino acids for absorption.
Disaccharidases enzymatically breakdown
disaccharides into monosaccharides for
absorption.
Thank you
&
God bless!