DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

ANAPHY - LECTURE
DIGESTION AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DIGESTIVE TRACT COMPONENTS
- DIGESTION is the breakdown of large The digestive tract consists of the:
organic molecules into smaller
molecules that can be absorbed. (Food – 1. Oral Cavity (mouth)
macronutrients – micronutrients) 2. Pharynx
3. Esophagus
- The digestive system performs the task
4. Stomach
of digestion.
5. Small Intestines
- Food is taken into the digestive system,
6. Large Intestines
where it is enzymatically broken down
7. Rectum
into smaller and smaller particles for
absorption. ASSOCIATED ORGANS
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS - Accessory Organs
- It includes some associated organs not
1. Ingestion of solids and liquids
directly in the digestive tract but have
2. Digestion of organic molecules
3. Absorption of nutrients ducts that lead into the tract.
4. Elimination of waste o Salivary Glands
o Liver
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM o Gallbladder
o Pancreas

LAYERS OF DIGESTIVE TRACT WALL

The layers of the tract wall are also termed
tunics.
- MUCOSA:
o Innermost layer
o Secretes mucus
- SUBMUCOSA:
o Above mucosa
o Contains blood vessels, nerves,
small glands
- MUSCULARIS:
o Above submucosa
o Longitudinal, circular, and
oblique muscles
- SEROSA/ADVENTITIA:
o Outermost layer
- It consists of the digestive tract, plus o Peritoneum is present called
specific associated organs. serosa.
- It is also referred to as the GI o No peritoneum then called
(Gastrointestinal Tract). adventitia.
- The tract is one long tube from the
mouth to the anus.
 PERITONEUM
Layer of smooth epithelial tissue

MESSENTERIES:
- Connective tissue of organs in
abdominal cavity
LESSER OMENTUM:
- Mesentery connecting lesser curvature
of stomach to liver and diaphragm
GREATER OMENTUM:
- Mesentery connecting greater curvature
of stomach to transverse colon and
posterior body wall.
L ORAL CAVITY ENAMEL:
- First part of digestion - Is hard covering protects against
- Contained stratifies squamous epithelia abrasions.
SALIVARY GLANDS: CAVITIES:
- Produce saliva which contains enzymes - Are breakdown of enamel by acids from
to breakdown carbohydrates into bacteria.
glucose.
PALATE
- Cleanse mouth.
- Dissolve and moisten food. - Roof of oral cavity
o AMYLASE:
 Salivary enzyme that HARD PALATE – anterior part
breaks down SOFT PALATE – superior part
carbohydrates
o LYSOZYME: SALIVARY GLANDS
 Salivary enzymes that
- Includes submandibular, sublingual,
are active against
parotid.
bacteria
- Produce saliva contains enzymes to
TOUNGE: breakdown food.

- House taste buds and mucus MUMPS is inflammation of parotid gland.

TEETH
PHARYNX
- 32 teeth in normal adult
- Incisors, canine, premolars, molars, - Throat
wisdom - Connects the mouth to esophagus
- 20 primary teeth (baby teeth) - 3 parts:
- Each tooth has crown, cusp, neck, root. o NASOPHARYNX
- Center of tooth is pulp cavity. o OROPHARYNX
o LARYNGOPHARYX
 ESOPHAGUS 3 MUSCULAR LAYERS:
- Tube that connects the pharynx to the - Outer longitudinal, middle circular, and
stomach inner oblique to produce churning
- Transports food to the stomach. action.
- Joins stomach at cardiac opening.
RUGAE:
HEARTBURN:
- Large fold that allows stomach to stretch
- It occurs when gastric juices regurgitate
into esophagus. CHYME:
- It is caused by caffeine, smoking, or - Paste-like substance that forms when
eating or drinking in excess food begins to be broken down.
f SWALLOWING PYLORIC OPENING:
VOLUNTARY PHASE: - Opening between stomach and small
intestine.
- Bolus (mass of food) formed in mouth
and pushed into oropharynx. PYLORIC SPHINCTER:
ESOPHAGEAL PHASE: - Thick, ring of smooth muscle around
pyloric opening.
- Moves food from pharynx to stomach.
HUNGER PANGS:
PERISTALSIS:
- Wave-like contractions moves food - Stomach is stimulated to contract by low
blood glucose levels usually 12-24 hours
through digestive tract
after a meal.

STOMACH
- Located in abdomen.
- Storage tank for food.
- It can hold up to 2 liters of food.
- It produces mucus, hydrochloric acid,
protein digesting
- enzymes.
- It contains a thick mucus layer that
lubricates and protects epithelial cells on
stomach wall from acidic pH (3)
 REGULATION OF STOMACH - 2.5 meters long and absorbs nutrients.
SECRETION ILEUM:
- Parasympathetic stimulation, gastrin, - Third part
histamine increase stomach secretions. - 3.5 meters long

CEPHALIC PHASE:
- 1st phase
- Stomach secretions are initiated by
sight, smell, taste, or food through.

GASTRIC PHASE:
- 2nd phase
- Partially digested proteins and distention
of stomach promote secretion.
INTESTINAL PHASE:
- 3rd phase
- Acidic chyme stimulates neuronal
reflexes and secretions of hormones that
inhibit gastric secretions by negative MUCOSA OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
feedback loops. - The mucosa of the small intestine is
simple columnar epithelium with four
SMALL INTESTINE major cell types.
- Measures 6 meters in length.
- Major absorptive organ 1. ABSOPTIVE cells, which have
- Chyme takes 3 to 5 hours to pass microvilli, produce digestive enzymes,
through. and absorb digested food.
- Contains enzymes to further breakdown 2. GOBLET cells, which produce a
food. protective mucus.
- Contains secretions for protection 3. GRANULAR cells, which may help
against the acidity of protect the intestinal epithelium from
- chyme bacteria.
4. ENDOCRINE cells, which produce
PARTS OF SMALL INTESTINE regulatory hormones
DUODENUM:
- The epithelial cells are located within
- First part tubular glands of the mucosa, called
- 25 cm long intestinal glands or crypts of
- It contains absorptive cells, goblet cells, Lieberkuhn, at the base of the villi.
granular cells, endocrine cells. - Granular and endocrine cells are in the
- It contains microvilli and many folds. bottom of the glands.
- It contains bile and pancreatic ducts. - The submucosa of the duodenum
contains mucous glands, called duodenal
JEJENUM: glands, which open into the base of the
- Second part intestinal glands.
 - Peptidases enzymatically breakdown PORTAL TRIAD:
proteins into amino acids for absorption.
- It contains hepatic artery, hepatic portal
- Disaccharides enzymatically breakdown
vein, hepatic duct.
disaccharides into monosaccharides for
absorption. HEPATIC CORD:
SECRETION OF THE SMALL - Between center margins of each lobule.
INTESTINE - Separated by hepatic sinusoids.
- The epithelial cells in the walls of the HEPATIC SINUSOIDS:
small intestine have enzymes bound to
their free surfaces. - It contains phagocytic cells that remove
- Peptidases enzymatically breakdown foreign particles from blood
proteins into amino acids for absorption. CENTRAL VEIN:
- Disaccharides enzymatically breakdown
disaccharides into monosaccharides for - Center of each lobule.
absorption. - It is where mixed blood flows toward.
- Forms hepatic veins
LIVER
HEPATIC DUCT:
- Weighs about 3 lbs.
- It is located in the upper right upper - Transport bile out of liver
quadrant of the abdomen under the
COMMON HEPATIC DUCT:
diaphragm.
- It consists of tight, left, caudate, and - It is formed from left and right hepatic
quadrate lobes. duct.
PORTA: CYSTIC DUCT:
- Gate where blood vessels, ducts, nerves - It joins common hepatic duct.
enter and exit. - From gallbladder
- Receives arterial blood from the hepatic
artery. COMMON BILE DUCT:

LOBULES: - It is formed from common hepatic duct

and cystic duct.
- Divisions of liver with portal triads at
corners.
 FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER LARGE INTESTINE
- Digestive and excretory functions. - The function is to absorb water from
- Stores and process nutrients. indigestible food.
- Detoxifies harmful chemicals. - It contains cecum, colon, rectum, anal
- Synthesizes new molecules. canal.
- Secretes 700 milliliters of bile each day. - Food takes 18-24 hours to pass through.
- FECES is product of water, indigestible
BILE: food, and microbes.
- Dilutes and neutralizes stomach acid - Microbes synthesize vitamin K
and breaks down fats. CECUM:
PANCREAS
- Joins small intestine at ileocecal
- Located at the posterior to stomach in junction.
inferior part of left - It has appendix attached.
- upper quadrant. APPENDIX:
- Head near midline of body.
- Tail extends to left and touches spleen. - 9 cm structure that is often removed
- ENDOCRINE TISSUES have
COLON:
pancreatic islets that produce insulin and
glucagon. - 1.5 meters long
- EXOCRINE TISSUES produce - It contains ascending, transverse,
digestive enzymes that travel through descending, sigmoid regions
ducts.
RECTUM:
PANCREATIC SECRETIONS
- Straight tube that begins at sigmoid and
The major protein-digesting enzymes are: ends at anal canal
1. TRYPSIN ANAL CANAL:
2. CHYMOTRYPSIN
3. CARBOXYPEPTIDASE - Last 2 to 3 cm of digestive tract.

- Pancreatic amylase continues the

polysaccharide digestion that began in
the oral cavity.
- The pancreatic enzyme lipase is a lipid-
digesting enzyme.
- The pancreatic nuclease enzymes
degrade DNA and RNA to their
component nucleotides
; DIGESTIVE PROCESS pass by simple diffusion into the
intestinal epithelial cells.
1. DIGESTION - Within the intestinal epithelial cell, the
- Breakdown of food occurs in stomach
fatty acids and monoglycerides are
and mouth
converted to triglycerides.
2. PROPULSION - Proteins coat the triglycerides to form
- Moves food through digestive tract chylomicrons, which move out of the
includes swallowing and peristalsis
intestinal epithelial cells by exocytosis.
3. ABSORPTION - The chylomicrons enter the lacteals of
- Primarily in duodenum and jejunum of
the intestinal villi and are carried
small intestine
through the lymphatic system to the
4. DEFACATION blood
- Elimination of waste in the form of
feces LIPOPROTEINS
- Lipids are packages into lipoproteins to
allow transport in the lymph and blood.
- Lipoproteins are molecules that are part
water soluble and part lipid soluble.
- Since lymph and blood contain water
and lipids are not water soluble,
lipoproteins are necessary for transport.
- Lipoproteins include:
o Chylomicrons
o Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
o High- Density Lipoprotein
(HDL)
CARBOHYDRATES DIGESTION PROTEIN DIGESTION
- Polysaccharide split into disaccharides
by salivary and pancreatic amylase. - PEPSIN is a protein-digesting enzyme
- Disaccharides are broken down into secreted by the stomach.
monosaccharides by disaccharides on - The pancreas secretes trypsin,
the surface of intestinal epithelium. chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase
- Glucose is absorbed by cotransport with into the small intestine in an inactive
Na+ into the intestinal epithelium. state.
- Glucose is carried by the hepatic portal - In the small intestines these enzymes are
vein to the liver and enters most cells by activated.
facilitated diffusion - In the small intestine, other enzymes
termed peptidase, bound to the
LIPID DIGESTION microvilli of the intestinal epithelium
- Lipid breaks down triglycerides into further break down small peptides into
fatty acids and monoglycerides. tripeptides.
- Bile salts surround fatty acids and mono - Absorption of tripeptides, dipeptides, or
glycerides to form micelles. individual amino acids occurs through
- Micelles attach to the plasma the intestinal epithelial cells by various
membranes of intestinal epithelial cells, cotransport mechanisms
and the fatty acids and monoglycerides
 WATER AND MINERALS
- Water can move across the intestinal
wall in either direction.
- The movement depends on osmotic
pressures.
- 99% of water entering intestine is
absorbed.
- Minerals are actively transported across
wall of small intestine

LIPOPROTEINS:

FLUID VOLUMES IN DIGESTIVE TRACT: