Class 9 Notes: Lines and Angles
1. Basic Terms
● Line: A straight path extending infinitely in both directions with no endpoints.
● Line Segment: A part of a line with two endpoints.
● Ray: A part of a line with one endpoint, extending infinitely in one direction.
● Angle: Formed when two rays meet at a common endpoint (called the vertex).
2. Types of Angles
● Acute Angle: Measures between 0∘0^\circ0∘ and 90∘90^\circ90∘.
● Right Angle: Measures exactly 90∘90^\circ90∘.
● Obtuse Angle: Measures between 90∘90^\circ90∘ and 180∘180^\circ180∘.
● Straight Angle: Measures exactly 180∘180^\circ180∘.
● Reflex Angle: Measures between 180∘180^\circ180∘ and 360∘360^\circ360∘.
● Complete Angle: Measures exactly 360∘360^\circ360∘.
3. Angle Pairs
● Complementary Angles: Two angles whose sum is 90∘90^\circ90∘.
○ Example: 30∘+60∘=90∘30^\circ + 60^\circ = 90^\circ30∘+60∘=90∘.
● Supplementary Angles: Two angles whose sum is 180∘180^\circ180∘.
○ Example: 120∘+60∘=180∘120^\circ + 60^\circ = 180^\circ120∘+60∘=180∘.
● Adjacent Angles: Two angles with a common arm and a common vertex but no overlap.
● Linear Pair: A pair of adjacent angles that form a straight line, adding up to
180∘180^\circ180∘.
● Vertically Opposite Angles: When two lines intersect, the opposite angles formed are
equal.
4. Properties of Angles
1. When two lines intersect:
○ Vertically opposite angles are equal.
2. Parallel Lines and a Transversal: When a transversal intersects two parallel lines,
several angle relationships are formed:
○ Corresponding Angles: Angles in the same position on the parallel lines and
are equal.
■ Example: ∠1=∠5\angle 1 = \angle 5∠1=∠5, ∠2=∠6\angle 2 = \angle
6∠2=∠6.
○ Alternate Interior Angles: Angles on opposite sides of the transversal, inside
the parallel lines, and are equal.
■ Example: ∠3=∠5\angle 3 = \angle 5∠3=∠5, ∠4=∠6\angle 4 = \angle
6∠4=∠6.
○ Alternate Exterior Angles: Angles on opposite sides of the transversal, outside
the parallel lines, and are equal.
■ Example: ∠1=∠7\angle 1 = \angle 7∠1=∠7, ∠2=∠8\angle 2 = \angle
8∠2=∠8.
○ Co-interior Angles (Consecutive Interior Angles): Angles on the same side of
the transversal, inside the parallel lines, and their sum is 180∘180^\circ180∘.
■ Example: ∠3+∠6=180∘\angle 3 + \angle 6 = 180^\circ∠3+∠6=180∘.
5. Important Theorems
1. If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then:
○ Corresponding angles are equal.
○ Alternate interior angles are equal.
○ Co-interior angles are supplementary.
2. If two lines are intersected by a transversal such that:
○ A pair of corresponding angles are equal, or
○ A pair of alternate interior angles are equal, or
○ A pair of co-interior angles are supplementary, then the lines are parallel.
6. Triangle Angle Sum Property
● Theorem: The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180∘180^\circ180∘.
○ Example: For △ABC\triangle ABC△ABC, if ∠A=50∘\angle A = 50^\circ∠A=50∘
and ∠B=60∘\angle B = 60^\circ∠B=60∘, then ∠C=70∘\angle C =
70^\circ∠C=70∘ (since 50∘+60∘+70∘=180∘50^\circ + 60^\circ + 70^\circ =
180^\circ50∘+60∘+70∘=180∘).
7. Exterior Angle Property of a Triangle
● Theorem: The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the
measures of its two opposite interior angles.
○ Example: If an exterior angle is 120∘120^\circ120∘ and one opposite interior
angle is 70∘70^\circ70∘, the other opposite interior angle is 50∘50^\circ50∘.
8. Parallel Lines and Transversal Applications
● In geometry problems: Identify angle relationships to solve for unknown angles in
figures involving parallel lines and transversals.
Practice Tip
● Draw diagrams and label angles when solving problems to easily identify relationships.
● Practice using properties of parallel lines and angle sum properties to become
comfortable with angle calculations.
4o
