MARDI Res.Bull.

, (1984)12,2: (216-223)

PADI POSTHARVEST LOSSESIN TANJONGKARANG, SELANGOR

ROHANTMD. YON* AND SAMSUDINAHMAD*

Keywords: Padi losses,Post harvest, Tanjong Karang, Quality, Padi

RINGKASAN

T u j u a n u t a m a k a j i a n i n i d i j a l a n k a n a d a l a h u n t u k m e n g e t a h u ij u m l a h k e h i l a n g a ny a n g b e r l a k u
dalam sistem lepas tuai padi di Tanjong Karang. Kajian tersebut telah dijalankan mulai dari bulan Mac
h i n g g aJ u n 1 9 8 1 .

Menuai di kawasan ini masih lagi memerlukan tenaga manusia yang banyak. Memandangkan
keadaan ini,,faktor-faktor seperti kekurangan tenaga buruh, kelewatan menuai dan membanting, cara
membanting dan pengendalian padi dan juga jenis padi yang ditanam memainkan peranan yang penting
dalam kehilangan padi. Sebanyak 3.18aic-7.42ct padi telah hilang semasa membanting. Kehilangan
semasa membanting adalah'lebih tinggi disebabkan oleh padi yang tertinggal di jerami. Sebanyak
2.46cic-6.02c:'c telah hilang dengan cara ini. Padi terpelanting adalah kehilangan yang lebih rendah iaitu
di antara |.02'; - 1.65', sahaja.

Kebanvakan kehilangan di peringkat kilang adalah berkaitan dengan penurunan mutu yang
disebabkan oleh beras patah dan hancur. Jumlah beras hancur yang dikeluarkan oleh kilang-kitang kecil
a d a l a hj a u h l e b i h t i n g g i j i k a d i b a n d i n g k a nd e n g a nk i l a n g - k i l a n gy a n gb e s a r .S e b a n y a k3 9 . 5 i r b e r a sp e n u h
t e l a h d i d a p a t i b e r k u r a n g a nd i k i l a n g - k i l a n gk e c i l ; s e m e n t a r a8 . 8 c 7s a h a j ay a n g d i a l a m io l e h k i l a n g - k i l a n g
b e s a r . F a k t o r u t a m a y a n g m e n y e b a b k a nb e r a sh a n c u ri a l a h s i s t e mk i s a r a ny a n g t e r d a p a td i k i l a n g - k i l a n g
k e c i l d i m a n a p r o s e s t e r s e b u t d i j a l a n k a n d e n g a n s e k a l i g u s . S e b a n y a k0 . 7 ' : t p a d i t e l a h h i l a n g s e m a s a
p r o s e sp e m b u a n g a ns e k a m .

K e h i l a n g a n s e m a s ap e n y i m p a n a n s e b a n y a k2 2 . 8 ' ' . d i a l a m i o l e h k i l a n g - k i l a n gb e s a r s e m e n t a r a
c u m a 2 ' 1 - 5 ' ' 1 s a h a j ay a n g b e r l a k u d i k i l a n g - k i l a n gk e c i l . K e h i l a n g a ni n i b e r g a n t u n gk e p a d aj u m l a h p a d i
yang disimpan, masa penyimpanan dan juga sistem penyimpananyang digunakan oleh pengilang-
pengilang.

INTRODUCTION taken to boost up its production through the

use of high vielding varieties, double crop-
The total padi production in the stateof ping, better irrigation facilities and cultiva-
S e l a n g o ri s a b o u t 1 0 11 5 2t o n n e sp e r a n n u m , . r e s e n t l yt.h i s a r e ai s a b l et o
t i o n t e c h n i q u e sP
of which 53'1 is produced from the irrigated yield about 3.9 tons/ha of padi (MTNISTRY
areas (MrNrsTRy OF AGRTCULTURE. 1979). OF AcRICULTURE, 1979) and the yield is
This amount contributesto about 6r-1of the expectedto rise even higher by the end ofthe
total padi production of the whole countrv. Fourth Malaysia Plan (1981-1985) when
improvement on the irrigation facilities is
The main irrigation scheme, the completed.
Tanjong Karang Irrigation schemewhich is
situated along the North West coasts of The amount of grain losseswithin the
Selangor has an area of about 20 000 ha of Tanjong Karang area is unknown. However,
padi land (TuNru Meuvuo. 1978). The it has been estimated that about 13.39c/cof
whole area is further sub-divided into eight the total harvested crop is lost (Pnorer
sub-areas which comprises Sawah BeRar Leur SEleNcoR, 1981). This
Sempadan, Sg. Burung, Sekincan, Sg. amounts to about 14 026 tonnes per annum
L e m a n , P a s i r P a n j a n g ,S g . N i p a h , P a n c a n g o r M $ 6 . 7 m i l l i o n p e r y e a r . A h i g h e rp e r c e n t -
B e d i n a a n d B a g a nT e r a p . age of loss occurs at farm level, which is
e s t i m a t e dt o r a n g e f r o m 3 . 5 c l - 1 3 t 2 w h i l e
As padi is one of the important crops l o s s e sa t m i l l l e v e lr a n g ef r o m 0 . 0 1 c ' -e0 . 3 9 %
grown in this area, great efforts have been (Pnolrr BARAT LAUr SELANGoR,1981).
* F o o d T e c h n o l o g yD i v i s i o n , M A R D I ,
S e r d a n g ,S e l a n g o r .

216
Most of these lossesare mainly quantitative frame. The sampleswere carefully harvested
and they occur during the post production by hand and wrapped in plastic bags to
operation which includes harvesting, prevent any lossesdue to shattering.It was
threshing, milling, storage and trans- assumedthat the potential yield had 100% of
portation. the grains harvested.

This study was carried out due to lack c) Lossesat Farm Level
of reliable data on post harvestlossesin the
area. The main objectivesof the study were 1) Harvesting loss
to determine the seriousnessof the problem
and to pin-point the critical stageof the post Harvesting losswas measured using the
harvestlosses.With theseobjectivesin view, same sampling frame mentioned above. The
effective control measures will be frame was thrown at random into the field
recommendedto reducethe losses. and all fallen grains that remained on the
ground within the sampling frame were
collected and weighed. This process was
MATERIAL AND N{ETHODS replicated severaltimes. The harvestingloss
was calculatedas follows:-
The methodology usedto evaluatepost
harvest lossesin this study was by HARRIS 1-6.,= weightof fallengrains too
.i Harvesting
"
and LINnSI-AD (1978). Losses at farm level potential yield
Weight of
were measured manually in accordanceto
the method of harvesting and threshing The calculation was made after all
carried out by the farmers. weight measurementswere correctedto l4c:c
m o i s t u r ec o n t e n t .
a) Sampling Area
2) Threshing loss
Stratified random samplingwas carried
out in Tanjong Karang during the main Losses incurred during threshingwere
harvesting season beginning from March determined by weighing the padi recovered
until June 198L The area was divided into around the threshingtub due to spillageand
eight sub-areas which include Sawah by stripping all grains that were left on the
Sempadan, Sg. Burung, Sekincan, Sg. straws after the threshing operations. The
L e m a n , P a s i r P a n j a n g ,S g . N i p a h , P a n c a n g spilled grains were collected by placing a
Bedina and Bagan Terap. However, only large plastic sheet about five feet in radius
five sub-areas were selected for sampling. from the threshing tub. All grains found on
n a m e l yB a g a nT e r a p , S g .N i p a h . S g .L e m a n . the plastic sheet including those that were
S g . B u r u n g a n d S a w a hS e m p a d a n . thrown backwards by the threshing opera-
tion were considered as spilled grains.
Fifty three farmers were selected at Bundles of padi were taken at random anc
random based on their availability at the threshed manually. The percentage of
farm site during the samplingperiod. threshing loss was determined based on the
amount of matured grains recovered from
To determine the lossesduring each both the strawsand spillage.
operation the farmers were allowed to carry
o n t h e i r w o r k a su s u a l . All samples obtained were weighed
and cleaned in the laboratory and the
b) Potential Yield percentage of moisture content and
impurities measured.
The potential yield at field level was
determined by taking replicated crop-cut In addition to the field sampling,inter-
samples using a one-meter square sampling views were also conducted with the farmers

217
to obtain background information regarding sold for cash. This was observed when visits
t h e i r p o s t p r o d u c t i o np r a c t i c e s . were made at the end of the third month
period for sampling purposes. As a result no
d) Lossesat Mill Level data was available for assessing storage
lossesat farm level.
Lossesat mill level include both losses
due to milling operation and storage. Lossesat Farm Level

Twenty-two mills were selected at From the samplescollected,lossesdue

random for sampling which included only to harvesting and threshing were deter-
1 0 f Z o f t h e s m a l l m i l l s ( < 2 t o n n e sc a p a c i t y ) mined. Grain lossesincurred from the time
and all of the large mills (2-5 tonnes the padi was cut until it was bundled were
capacity). called h4rvesting loss. Threshing losses
ir:luded both spillage and unthreshed padi
To determine the milling loss, samples left on the straws.All losseswere calculated
were taken before and after milling and basedon 14cZmoisture content.
analysed for milling recovery. Samples of
husk discardedby the huller were also taken Table 3 shows the average percentages
and any rice and padi recovered were of lossesthat occurred in eachsamplingarea.
weighed. Generally, it was observedthat lossesdue to
threshing was significantly higher than
Storage losseswere based on millers' harvestinglosses.
observations and data were gathered
throush interviews. Losses during harvesting ranged from
0 . 1 3 - . t o 1 . 5 . 1p e r c e n t .M o s t o f i t o c c u r r e d
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS due to shattering which resulted from
delayed harvestingand threshingoperations.
Post Production Practicesat Farm Level These delays usually happened when there
was not enough labour to carry out the job.
The post production activitieswere The system of using two groups of people to
defined as those activitiesthat the grainshad do the harvestingand threshing also played
to undergo beginning from the process of an important role in incurring grain losses.
harvesting until they were ready to be con- Usually the first group will do only the
s u m e d( B o u R N E , 1 9 7 7 ) . cutting operation, leavingthe threshingto be
done later, which could last more than 24
From interviews that were conducted hours before the grains were finally
with the farmers. it was observed that the threshed. Shattering of the grains occurred
main post production operationscarried out when they were tied into bundles for
at farm level were harvesting,threshingand threshing.
baggingof the grains.Only a small portion of
t h e g r a i n s ( 1 0 . 1 f 7 ) w e r e d r i e d a n d s t o r e da t Threshing losses vary greatly from
farm level, mainly for home consumption 3.42c'c in Bagan Terap to 7.42% in Sg.
(Table 1). The rest of the grains were sold Nipah. These losseswere due to both spillage
immediately after harvest. and unthreshed padi being thrown away
together with the straws. A substantial
The storage period was short ranging amorint of padi ranging from 2.46% to
from three to six months and a majority of 6.02-i was left unthreshed. There were
the farmers stored about 3- l0 bags of padi several factors which accounted for these
(Table 2). However, most of the padi was not losses. Firstly, the threshing process was
availableby the end of the third month; they usually done by contract labour. They
had either been consumedby the family or usually threshedthe padi in a hurried manner

218
 Table 1. Percentageof padi dried and stored at farm level in Tanjong Karang area

Total padi Total amount cL dried

No. of farmers harvested dried and stored and stored
(bags) (bags)

53 2 367 10.1

Table2. Number of farmers who stored padi at farm level in Tanjong Karang area

Number of farmers Percent

Storagecapacity(bags)
No storage 21 50.9
< - J 2 3.8
3- 6 7 l 1 ?

7-10 10 18.9
> 1 0 l 13.2
Total 53 100.0

Storage time (months)

No storage 2l 50.9
I 5 9.1
3 8 l).1

6 t --t) 24.6
Total 53 100.0

Table 3. Percentageof lossesincurred during harvestingand threshingin Tanjong Karang area

Harvesting Threshing Spillage Left on

Location
loss (cZ) l o s s( c Z) ('i) straw (-ca)

BaganTerap 0.0 a* 3.48 1.02 l.+o

Sg.Nipah 0.,18a 14) 1.39 6.02

Sg.Leman 0 . 5 9a 6.84 1.35 5.49
Sg.Burung 1 . 5 4b 6.36 1.65 4.tr
SawahSempadan 0 . 1 3a 6.26 1.38 4.88
NS* * NS NS
* M e a n s h a v i n g a n y l e t t e r i n c o m m o n a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l yd i f f e r e n t a t 5 % l e v e l
' 'NS -
Not significant.

2r9
so as to finish their work as soon as possible reduction in head rice yield was significantly
so that they could move on to other areas. higher in samples obtained from the small
mills. An average reduction of 39.5Vc and
The variety of padi planted also 8.89t were observedin small and laree mills
influenced the threshing losses.Inadequate respectively (Table 4).
threshing of padi with low or moderate
shattering ability resulted in higher percent- One of the main factors which is
ages of lossesdue to unthreshed padi. This responsible for higher amount of breakage
was observed in Sg. Nipah and Sg. Leman was the compact, single passmilling system,
areaswhere 50cZof the farmersplantedpadi found in most small mills. In the singlepass
variety Setanjung (MR 1) which has a milling system the hulling and whitening
moderate shattering ability. The amount of processwas carried out simultaneouslythus
unthreshedpadi left on the straw was 6.02c,t creating a high frictional force on the grains
in Sg. Nipah and Sg. Leman areas
and 5.49c,'c resulting in breakage (SavsuotN et al.,
respectively. 1982).

Improper handling of the grainsduring In the conventionalmills. the frictional

threshing also resulted in lossesdue to spill- force was reduced through a multipass
age. But the amount of losswas significantly milling system whereby the whitening
lower when compared with the grains that process was carried out through a series ol
was thrown away with the straws. This was whitening cones. This systemof milling was
becausemost of the farmers used threshing found in most of the large and medium mills
tubs which were provided with cloth or resulting in higher amount of head rice in the
gunnv sacks to prevent the grains from final product.
spilling and scattering.The averagepercent-
age of losses due to spillage ranged from The reduction in head rice yield
1 . 0 2 % t o 1 . 6 5p e r c e n t . reflected a reduction in grade and loss in
revenue to the mill operators. This loss was
Lossesat Mill Level much higher in the small mills. With an
averageof 12.4c1head rice yield the quality
It was not possible to get accurate of the rice is graded as sample grade which
figures on losses during milling especially could be sold at only half of the original price
those incurred by the small mills. This was of the grains. For example, if the mill could
becausea large number of the mills were not produce milled rice with minimum quality of
in operation during the sampling period. grade Br, the price per 100 kg of rice is
These mills were usually under-utilisedand M$77.10 but with sample grade the price is
they were operated for about two to three only M$49.40 (Wnnre KERAJAAN, 1974).
hours per day mainly for domesticconsump- This results in a loss in revenue of M$27.70.
tion. It was reported that thesemills usedless Based on the total production of rice in this
than 20ci of their total milling potential area the lost in revenue could amount to
(SAMSUDDIN,IBNr HAJAR and HasurpRH, M$20.9 million per year.
1982\.
Losses due to the hulling process was
Two types of losses were incurred comparatively small. It was observed that
during the milling process:the overall break- only 0.7% of rice was lost together with the
age occurring during milling, and the total husk (Table 4,). These losses were mainly
amount of rice thrown awav after the milline attributed to improper setting of the hullers.
process. With proper adjustment the loss could be
reduced to zero. However, this figure only
It was observed that reduction in the represented lossesat the big mills. Data on
percentage of head rice occurred in all the small mills were not available since the
samplestaken from the mills (Table 1). The mills were not in operation during the

220
 Table 4. Lossesduring milling and storage in Tanjung Karang

Head rice (%) Reduction Loss Storage

Type of mills Ivlllllng At At . in head with husk loss
system mill lab. rice (Vo) (%) ( %)

A. Smallmills
(<2 tonnescapacity)
1. SyarikatKerjasamaPt. 4 Singlepass 49.8 82.2 39.4 NA* 2-5
Pt. 13
2. SyarikatBekerjasama Japanese 55.7 87.6 3r.9 NA 0
3. KilangBerasHj. Mokhtar
Sastaja Singlepass 54.1 84.6 30.5 NA 0
4. SyarikatKerjasamaSerba-
gunaKunci Air BerangBhd. Singlepass 25.7 8r.2 55.5 NA 5
5. SyarikatKerjasamaSerba-
gunaJayadiriBhd. Singlepass 40.6 67.8 2',7.2 NA 2-5
6. KilangBerasThongShokFok Singlepass 28.2 81.2 53.0 NA 0
Average 42.4 81.9 39.5 2-5

B. Largemills
1. KilangPadiSg.BesarBhd. Multipass 73.1 81.9 14.8 0 38.0
2. LPN Perkongsian Multipass 79.6 84.9 5.3 3.2 1.0
3. LPN Sekincan Multipass 66.9 79.1 12.8 0 20.0
4. LPN Ulu Tiram Buruk Multipass 64.6 12.0 7.4 0 30.0
5. LPN Sg.Besar Multipass 47.9 57.7 9.8 t.2 34.0
6. Paramount Multipass 12.0 74.7 2.7 0.1 14.0
Average 67.4 76.2 8.8 t t I 22.8
*NA = Not available.

sampling period. SRusuoIN et al., (1982) However, SAMSUDINet al., (1982) reported
reportedthat about0.96Vcof padi and rice that about 25% of the small mills in the
were being lost togetherwith the huskin the country were involved in storage practices in
commercialsmallmills. one way or the other. The storage capacity
was usually small (about 500 bags) and the
duration of storage was very short usually
Table 4 also indicates lossesduring lessthan three months.
storage. There was a vast difference in
storagelossesincurredby both the smalland
largemills. In the smallmills storagelosses Higher percentage of lossesoccurred in
rangedfrom2%-57a whilein the largemills the large mills due to large quantities of padi
an averageof 22.8% was observed.The ranging from 2 142 tonnes to l0 000 tonnes
differencesin the storage lossesfound in being stored and the inefficiency of the
both mills dependon the amountandlength storage facilities. Each of the LPN complex
of time the grainswerestored.A majority of has an average storage capacity of about
the smallmillsdid not storeanv srainsat all. 6 000 metric tonnes of padi (SueusutolN,

221
MoHD. ARABEE and LIM, 1979).The grains played important roles in affecting these
were mainly stored in bulk either in rectan- losses.The variety planted may also contri-
gular flat bottom storage godowns or in bute towards the losses.
concrete tower silos.Losseswere mainly due
Sincelossesdue to unthreshedpadi was
to the occurrence of hot spots in the grain
greater, it is recommendedthat the number
resulting in quality deterioration. Yellowing
of times the bundle is beaten should be
of the grain was a common phenomena
increasedespeciallyfor grains that have low
especially in grains stored in concrete tower
or moderate shattering ability. The lack of
silos. Other factors such as mouldiness,
labour in certain areas could also be com-
insect and rodent infestation also prevailed
pensated with the use of mechanical
but the amount of loss was relatively low
harvesters.
since control measures were adequately
available. The use of insecticides and fumi- Losses during milling could be
gants to control insects was a common m i n i m i s e db y p r o p e r a d j u s t m e n to f t h e m i l l s
practice together with other control to achieve maximum efficiency. Mills with
measures such as cleanlinessof warehouses o u t - d a t e da n d i n e f f i c i e n te q u i p m e n t ss h o u l d
and other possible means of physical and l-rereplacedwith a more modern and efficient
mechanical measures (SgavsuoorN et al., m i l l i n g c o m p o n e n t ss o t h a t b r e a k a g e sc o u l d
r97e). be reduced. In addition. a training pro-
gramme for millers should be initiated to
The storage time was also relatively
make them understand the importance ol
longer than that of small mills. Most of the
grain qualitv and maintaining the efficiency
grain were stored between three and six
of their milling equipments.
months period but some were stored for as
long as nine months. Storage losseswere relatrvely high at
large mills especiallyin the LPN complexes.
CONCLUSION Depending on the amount, storagetime and
methods of storage an average of 22.8c''c
The results of this study indicate that
storagelosswas observed.At the large mills,
about 0.13%-1.54% and 3.48'i -1.42% of
the storagecapacitycould amount to asmuch
the padi grown in the Tanjong Karang area
as 10 000 tonnes of grainsstored for a period
was lost during harvesting and threshing res-
ranging from three to nine months. Most of
pectively. Further losses were incurrec
the grains were stored in bulk in concrete
during handling, milling and storage.
tower silos where aeration facilitieswere not
Although losses during handling were not
available resulting in quality deteriorationof
determined during this investigation, losses
the grains. However, the introduction of
due to milling and storage were relatively
aeration facilities into the silos, was able to
high. An averageof 8.8% and 39.5% reduc-
prevent further deterioration. DHIAUDDIN
tion in head rice yield was observed in the
(pers. comm ., 1982)reported that yellowing
large and small rnills respectively;while the
of the grains was greatly reduced to about
storagelossesranged from l%-38 percent.
15% by aerating the grains using an airflow
Substantial losses occurred during rate of 0.3mi/t/min enabling the grainsto be
threshing when the grains were discarded sold as & grade. Thus, it is encouragingto
together with the straws. As much as 6.027c note that aeration plays an important role in
of grains was lost in this manner. Several maintaining grain quality. Therefore, it is
factors such as attitude of operators, recommended that aeration should be made
inadequate threshing and improper handling available, especiallyin bulk storagesystems.

SUMMARY
This study was conducted to determine the magnitude of lossesin the padi post-harvestsystem in
Tanjong Karang. A survey was carried out in the area during the main harvesting season beginning from
March until June, 1981.

222
 Since harvesting operation was manually done, several factors such as lack of labour. delay in
harvesting and threshing, improper threshing and handling, and the variety of padi planted. played
important roles in contributing to both harvesting and thresbing losses.The amount ofpadi losswas about
3 . 4 8 V c - 7 . 4 2 V c a n d 0 . 1 2 V c - 7 . 5 4 7 r f o r t h r e s h i n g a n d h a r v e s t i n g r e s p e c t i v e l yH. i g h e r a m o u n t o f p a d i w a s
lost due to improper threshing as substantial amount was thrown awav with the straws.The percentageof
u n t h r e s h e d p a d i l o s t r a n g e d b e t w e e n 2 . 1 6 c c- 6 . 0 2 p e r c e n t . L o s s e sd u e t o s p i l l a g ew e r e m u c h l o w e r
ranging from l.02fc-7.65 percent.

Lossesduring milling was mainly related to grain breakage.The total amount of breakageobserved
w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r i n s m a l l m i l l s . A t o t a l o f 3 9 . 5 r ' 1a n d l J . 8 ' i r e d u c t i o n o f h e a d r i c e y i e l d w a s
o b s e r v e d i n t h e s m a l l a n d l a r g e m i l l s r e s p e c t i v e l yT
. h e m a r n f a c t o r r e s p o n s i b l ef o r t h e h i g h e r a m o u n t o f
b r e a k a g ew a s t h e c o m p a c ts i n g l ep a s sm i l l i n g s y s t e mf o u n d i n m o s ts m a l l m i l l s . D u r i n g t h e h u l l i n g p r o c e s s
only 0.7c.1c of the grains were lost.

Storage losseswere significantly higher in the large mills where an averageof 22.8( r of the grains
were lost. Only 2-t - 5't lossesduring storage were found in the small mills. The diffe re nceswe re due to
the amount. storase time and storase methods used bv the millers.

REFERENCES Snusuoru, A., IeNr HAJAR, R. and

Hesurpns, M.A. (1982).The Statusof
BouRNE, M.C. (7977).Post harvestfood Small Rice Mills in Malaysia.
losses- The neglecteddimensionin (Unpublished).
increasing the world food supply.
Cornell International Agriculture SuavsuorN, I., MoHo. AresEE, H. and
Mimeograph53,49pp. Ltu, G.S. (1919). Perspective and
p r o b l e m s o f g r a i n s s t o r a g ep r a c t i c ei n
FL{RRrs,K.L. and LINDBLAD,C.J. (1978).
Malaysia. Grain StorageResearchand
Post Harvest Grain Loss Assessment
Its Application in Australia. Edited by
Methods. American Associationof
B . R . D i c h a n t a n d E . H i g h l l e y .A u s t r a -
CerealChemists,193pp.
l i a n D e v e l o p m e n tA s s i s t a n c eB u r e a u .
MINISTRvOF AcRrcuLruRE, (1979).Agri- pp.28-36.
cultureStatistics.
TUNKU MAHMUD, T.Y. (1978).Cost and
PRoJEKBeRer [-a.ur Ser-eNGoR,(1981). returns to padi production in Tanjong
Kertas kerja mengenai Kehilangan Karang, Selangor. MARDI Agricul-
Bijirin SelepasMenuai di Kawasan tural Economic Bulletin No.8,27 pp.
Projek Barat Laut Selangor.
KehilanganBijirin (Padi dan Beras) WeRra KERAJAAN (1974). Peraturan-
selepas Tuai di Malaysia. (Unpub- peraturan perlu (Kawalan Bekalan
lished). B e r a s )1 8 . 5 9 9 .

Acceptedfor publication on 27th April, 1984

223