J. Qual. Assur. in Agri. Sci. Vol. 1(1), 22-29, 2021 https://doi.org/10.52862/jqaas.2021.1.1.

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HARVEST LOSSES OF WHEAT CROP
*Ashique Ali Chohan1, Mahmood Laghari2, Hafeez-ur-Rehman Mangio2, Nadir Ali Rajput1
1
Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam, Pakistan
2
Department of Energy and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Sindh Agriculture
University Tando Jam, Pakistan
*Corresponding author: [email protected],
Article Received: 22-06-2021, Revised 06-08-2021, Accepted 10-08-2021
ABSTRACT
Harvest losses (10-30%) in wheat represents one of the major factors affecting grain yield. these losses may be
during harvesting and/or threshing operations. Although combined harvester is gaining popularity however, In most
parts of Pakistan, wheat crop is still manually harvested and then mechanically threshed. Therefore, the current
study was conducted on Latif farm of Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam to evaluate the harvest losses during
the manual harvesting and threshing operations in wheat. Three popular wheat varieties (SKD-1, TJ-83 & KIRAN-
95) were selected for this study. Wheat crop was manually harvested and then harvest losses were estimated by
harvest losses were estimated on the basis of collection and analysis of leftover / spilled earth head in the freshly
harvested field. Threshing losses were estimated by calculating the proportions of broken, unbroken grains and
unthreshed ear heads. The study focused on harvesting and threshing operations and their impacts on crop
production. The study depicted that harvesting operation was performed manually and threshing by tractor threshing
charges were 05 and 10 percent of the crop production respectively while harvesting losses were high at the time of
16 percent due to over drying and unskilled labors used in the field. Technological advancements in agriculture
machinery led to reduce the harvesting and threshing losses and therefore, the study suggested that necessary steps
of mechanized operation may be taken for minimizing the losses.
Keywords: Post harvest, wheat crop, harvesting, threshing,
INTRODUCTION winnowing (Khan, 1979; Pirzado et al., 2021b). One of
Pakistan is the eighth largest producer of wheat in the greatest challenges of the 21st century will be to
the world and wheat is one of the most important food feed world’s population, because food resources are
crops in Pakistan. If we look into Pakistan’s conditions, limited, and the world population is increasing at an
agriculture is the mainstay of its economy. It alarming rate. About 10 to 30% of total world grain
contributes about 32% to the gross nation product and production is lost after harvest (Gangwar et al., 2014).
accounts for 57% of its live hood. In Pakistan, it Because of inefficient handling, inadequately
achieved the largest share of total farm area under implemented post-harvest technologies. If these losses
cultivation and accounts 1.7% of Pakistan's GDP. As a are eliminated by applying an integrated system
staple food crop of Pakistan, wheat crop meets major approach, which combines engineering, economics and
proportion of calories and protein (82%) intake in its biological principles, the world food supply can be
various forms (GOP, 2018). In spite of important cereal increased by 10 to 30 % using very few additional
crop wheat suffers 10 to 18% loss every year during basic resources (land, water, and capital) and energy
harvesting, threshing and storage. Out of which 2 to consumption. To protect resources and ensure
6% losses are due to improper threshing techniques sufficient food supplies for the world population,
(Sheikh et al., 1980). Threshing is a major post-harvest development in post-harvest technologies provide
operation. It is the process of detaching or removing considerable opportunities for scientists and engineers.
grains from the plants by treading, striking or rubbing. Harvest losses (i.e harvesting and threshing) represent
Separating and cleaning of grain from straw and chaff the most important harvest attribute. These losses not
is also a part of threshing operation (Choudhry et al., only reduced the farmer’s profit by reducing the
1983; Kumar et al., 2021). Previously threshing of average yield and quality of wheat grains but also
wheat was done manually by dragging a “mahlah” reduces the level of nitrogen from soil system (Ibanez
behind animals as there was no mechanical thresher et al., 2014; Jones and Dalal, 2017; Sarfraz et al.,
available. This was a time consuming and difficult 2020). Few studies reported the losses of wheat crop
operation. Usually, the threshing season was late for during harvesting operations (Prabhakar, 2000; Gadge,
about 1 ½ month and unpredictable weather conditions 2004). Therefore, keeping in mind the importance and
at that time necessitates threshing in a short time. In necessity of harvesting and threshing of wheat crop, the
that method of threshing losses usually occur during present study was focused for assessment of post-
harvest losses of wheat crop.

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all these samples were transported safely from field to

MATERIALS AND METHOD Laboratory of Farm Structure Department, Faculty of
Agriculture Engineering. In the laboratory, each
Description of Experimental Site sample was analyzed by separating grain from boosa
The study was conducted during wheat threshing and foreign materials as per design. The harvest losses
season of 2013 at Latif farm of Sindh Agriculture were estimated on the basis of collection and analysis
University Tandojam. Three popular wheat varieties of leftover / spilled earth head in the freshly harvested
(SKD-1, TJ-83 & KIRAN-95) were selected on field. It was recorded that the number of leftover
experimental land of Latif farm for observation. The panicles per sq-meter of harvested field.
wheat crop grows on 260 acres on Latif farm of Sindh Threshing
Agriculture University, Tandojam. These varieties The threshing operation involves the detachment of
were harvested manually starting from 1 st week of kummels or grain from the panicle and can be achieved
April. After sun drying, harvested crop was collected by impact method which is most popular method of
and transported to the thrash yard and threshing was threshing wheat grain. The most mechanical threshers
started with mechanical thresher from 25th April. The primarily utilized the impact principle for threshing.
thresher and its adjustment were kept constant. The During threshing operation in the field, six samples
threshing was done from 12 noon to 8 pm. were taken from two sources, one from pure grain and
Sample collection other form boosa respectively, of 400 grams. The 3
The samples of freshly harvested wheat were randomly samples from each source after the interval of 20
selected by encircling 1 meter square in the field minutes, each sample was taken in triplicate. After the
(Kumar et al., 2017; Pirzado et al., 2021a). The harvest collection, grain samples were transported to the
losses were estimated on the basis of collection and laboratory of farm structure department, faculty of
analysis of leftover / spilled earth head in the freshly agriculture engineering. The moisture percentage of
harvested field. The collected samples were put in the grain was determined by wet method in electric oven at
plastic bags of suitable size and labeled. After the 104 °C for 20 h (Kumar et al., 2017).
collection of grain samples of different wheat varieties,

Fig. A site map of experimental field at Latif farm of Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam

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The moisture percentage: 100% by tractor thresher (mechanical method). The

=[Ww-Wd×100/Ww] harvesting results showed that harvesting operation
Ww = Wight of wet sample (g) was performed by skilled and unskilled labors. The rate
Wd = Wight of dry sample (g) of harvesting operation 80kg / acre and threshing
To estimate threshing losses, broken, unbroken grains operation was 04kg / 40kg from privet sector on
unthreshed ear heads were separated, and un- threshed charges basis.
ear heads were threshed and the percentage of all these The moisture percentage of grain at harvesting and
components was determined. threshing time is shown in table 2. The data indicated
Data analysis: that maximum moisture percentage 12.5% was
The collected data were analyzed using descriptive as observed in SKD-1 followed by KIRAN-95 (12.4%)
well as inferential statistics by using Statistical Package while minimum (11%) was recorded in TJ-83 variety.
for Social Sciences (SPSS Inc). At threshing time, maximum moisture content (11.7 %)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION was recorded in SKD-1 variety followed by KIRAN-95
The mode of harvesting and threshing operation is (11.5%). The overall moisture percent at both
shown in table 1. The data indicates that harvesting operations was observed as low due to over drying of
operation in the study area was 100% manually the crop in the field.
performed, while threshing operations was performed
Table 1. Mode and rate of harvesting and threshing operation on the farm

Activities Mode Rate

80kg grains / acre
Harvesting Manual
harvesting
Tractor 04kg grains / 40kg
Threshing
threshing threshing
Table 2. Moisture percentage of grain at harvesting and threshing time
Name of variety Moisture % at harvesting Moisture % at threshing time
SKD-1 12.5 11.7
TJ-83 11.0 10.8
KIRAN-95 12.4 11.5
MEAN 11.96 11.33
Table 3. Description of varieties of wheat crop grown in the study area
Varieties Yield per acre (kg/ac)
SKD-1 1726.3
TJ-83 1449.5
KIRAN-95 1695.5
Mean 1623.7
Sources: office of farm manager Latif farm
Table 3. represented the yield data on three popular KIRAN -95) were taken random from the field. The
wheat varieties (SKD-1, TJ- 83 and KRIAN-95) grown wheat grain was founded in 2 sources one from ear
on Latif farm. The maximum yield of 1726.3kg / ac head and other was fallen directly on the ground/ earth.
was produced by SKD-1 followed by KIRAN-95 The maximum mean value of 0.076 (kg / ) was
(1695.5 kg / ac). The lowest yield 1449.5kg / ac was recorded by TJ- 83, followed by KIRAN-95 (0.064
obtained by TJ-83 variety. The yield data were reported kg/ ). The lowest mean value of 0.055kg/ was
by farm manager of latif farm. The mean yield obtained by SKD-1 variety. The overall data showed
productivity of wheat crop was 1623.7667 kg per acre. that due to unskilled labor used in harvesting, the loss
The preliminary data of harvesting losses in different in ear head was found greater than shuttering losses in
wheat varieties are shown in table 4. The data indicated all three varieties. The results further showed that
that nine samples of each variety (SKD-1, TJ -83 and

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SKD-1 variety proved better in harvesting losses as showed that the total harvesting losses of wheat grain
compared to TJ-83 and KIRAN-95 varieties. was 16% of the total cultivated area. The results of
The harvesting losses in experimental study area under harvesting losses are in line with Ahmed and Afzal
three varieties (SKD- 1, TJ-83, and KIRAN-95) are (1984). They reported that in Pakistan harvesting and
shown in table 5. The maximum total harvesting losses threshing losses are at the time 13.2%. The preliminary
were produced by TJ- 83 (0.076 kg / ), followed by data of threshing losses in different wheat variety are
KIRAN – 95 (0.062 kg / ). The minimum total shown in table 7. Six samples were collected randomly
harvesting losses were obtained by SKD- 1 variety during thrashing the approximate sample weight wheat
(0.055kg / ). The maximum loss per acres was was 400g after the interval of 20 minutes and also from
straw which was approximately 300g. The maximum
produced in TJ- 83 (307.572 kg), followed by KIRAN -
percentage of broken grain, unthreshed grain and grain
95 (250.914 kg) and the minimum loss per acre was
in straw was recorded 0.64%, 0.11% and 0.88%
obtained by SKD- 1 variety (222.585 kg), the mean
followed by KIRAN-95 (0.76). The minimum total loss
loss value of three varieties were 260.357 kg/ acre.
0.75% was obtained by SKD- 1 variety. Overall results
Overall harvesting charges and losses on university
of threshing wheat crop on Latif farm showed that
farm are shown in table 6. The data indicated that
machines and operators’ performance was found
harvesting charges of 80 kg per acre provided to
satisfactory. The mean percentage value of broken
private sector, the total crop production was 10554 md
grain was recorded 0.06% and the mean percentage
and the cost of the production at the rate of R.s 1200
value of un-threshed grain was 0.086% from the
become 12665 million total harvesting charges on 260
sample of 400g. The mean percentage value of grain in
acres at the rate of 80 kg per acre was R.s 0.624
straw was 0.11% from the sample of 400g.
million, the percentage of harvesting charges on total
cultivated area (260acre) was 05%. The data further

Table 4. Preliminary data of harvesting losses in different wheat varieties

V1: SKD-1, V2: TJ-83, V3: KIRAN-95, HL: Harvesting loss, EHL: Ear head loss, SL: Shuttering
HL HL HL
Sample

(kg/m2) (kg/m2) Sample (kg/m2)

Sample

THL THL THL

(kg/m2) (kg/m2) (kg/m2)
EHL SL EHL SL EHL SL
V1 V2 V3
S1 0.024 0.027 0.051 S1 0.049 0.035 0.084 S1 0.042 0.022 0.064
S2 0.016 0.018 0.034 S2 0.055 0.026 0.081 S2 0.045 0.019 0.064
S3 0.022 0.017 0.039 S3 0.039 0.030 0.069 S3 0.055 0.025 0.080
S4 0.036 0.030 0.066 S4 0.036 0.043 0.079 S4 0.031 0.035 0.066
S5 0.031 0.035 0.066 S5 0.035 0.040 0.075 S5 0.028 0.036 0.064
S6 0.029 0.022 0.051 S6 0.032 0.038 0.070 S6 0.030 0.038 0.068
S7 0.042 0.031 0.073 S7 0.045 0.021 0.066 S7 0.048 0.016 0.064
S8 0.040 0.030 0.070 S8 0.065 0.025 0.090 S8 0.039 0.010 0.049
S9 0.030 0.015 0.045 S9 0.058 0.012 0.070 S9 0.024 0.015 0.039
mean 0.030 0.025 0.055 mean 0.046 0.030 0.076 mean 0.038 0.024 0.062
loss, THL: Total harvesting loss
Table 5. Harvesting losses of experimental study area.

HL (kg/m2) Loss per acre

Variety THL (kg/m2)
(Kg)
EHL SL
V1 0.030 0.025 0.055 222.5
V2 0.046 0.030 0.076 307.5
V3 0.038 0.024 0.062 250.9
V1: SKD-1, V2: TJ-83, V3: KIRAN-95, HL: Harvesting loss, EHL: Ear head loss, SL: Shuttering loss,
THL: Total harvesting loss.

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Table 6. Overall harvesting charges and losses on university farm.

Total cost of
loss per acre

losses in Rs.

Total loss in
under wheat

Rs.1200/md

charges Rs.
charges per
Harvesting

Harvesting
crop (acre)

production

production

260 ac (kg
harvesting

harvesting

harvesting
Total crop
Total area

at the rate

charge in

losses on
acre (kg)

Cost of

Total

Total

Total
(md)

(kg)
(%)

%
Rs.12665380/= 624000/=
80 260 10554 (12. 665 0.624 05 260.35 67692.82 20,30,784.6 16
million) million

Table 7. Preliminary data of threshing losses in different wheat variety

Grain loss
Sample

Variet

Grain in straw
Broken grain Un threshing Total loss (%)
y
s

Wt. in gram % Wt. in gram % Wt. in gram %

1 2.32 0.58 0.68 0.17 0.39 0.13 0.88
2 2.53 0.63 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.11 0.74
3 1.96 0.49 0.00 0.00 0.36 0.12 0.61
SKD-1

4 2.08 0.52 0.84 0.21 0.27 0.09 0.82

5 2.60 0.65 0.36 0.09 0.33 0.11 0.85
6 2.20 0.55 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.04 0.59
Mean 2.28 0.57 1.88 0.08 0.30 0.10 0.75
1 3.00 0.75 0.68 0.17 0.33 0.11 1.03
2 2.56 0.64 0.52 0.13 0.39 0.13 0.9
3 2.32 0.58 0.00 0.00 0.42 0.14 0.72
TJ-83

4 3.24 0.81 0.60 0.15 0.57 0.19 1.15

5 2.53 0.63 0.85 0.21 0.36 0.12 0.96
6 1.72 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.09 0.52
Mean 2.56 0.64 0.44 0.11 0.39 0.13 0.88
1 2.60 0.65 0.64 0.16 0.27 0.09 0.90
2 2.56 0.64 0.64 0.16 0.21 0.07 0.87
KIRAN-83

3 2.34 0.58 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.13 0.71

4 2.36 0.59 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.11 0.70
5 2.53 0.63 0.40 0.10 0.18 0.06 0.79
6 1.80 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.42 0.14 0.59
Mean 2.36 0.59 0.28 0.07 0.30 0.10 0.76
Table 8. Threshing losses of wheat varieties
Grain loss Grain in straw
Total loss
Variety Broken grain Un threshed grain
%
Wt. (g) % Wt. (g) % Wt. (g) %
SKD-1 2.28 0.57 0.32 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.75
TJ-83 2.56 0.64 0.44 0.11 0.13 0.13 0.88
KIRAN-95 2.36 0.59 0.28 0.07 0.10 0.10 0.79
MEAN 2.3 0.6 0.35 0.086 0.33 0.11 0.79

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Table 9. Summary of harvesting and threshing charges and losses of wheat crop

Total Area Charges Total charges Total

Charges Loss in
production Operations under per acre Rs. loss in
in % %
(md) crop (ac) 4 5=(3x4) (md)
80
Harvesting 260 0.624 million 05 1662 16
kg/ac
10554
(Rs.665 4 kg
Threshing 260 1.266 million 10 -- --
million) /40kg
Total --- --- 2.184 million 15 1692 16
Figure in brackets shown total cost of the production at the rate of Rs. 1200/= (according to Govt: rate)

The mean percentage of total threshing losses was that harvesting losses produced by skilled and unskilled
0.79%. the threshing results revealed that TJ- 83 labors was recorded as 16% while threshing losses was
variety gave maximum broken grain loss of 0.64% in acceptable range (below one percent). The present
followed by KIRAN-95 (0.59%) while in un-threshed study suggests that necessary steps be taken by
grain loss TJ – 83 gave maximum 0.11% loss followed minimizing the harvesting and threshing charges
by SKD-1 (0.08%). While considering the loss in through mechanization as to save production losses of
straw, TJ- 83 gave maximum 0.13% loss followed by wheat crop.
SKD-1 and KIRAN-95 (0.10%). The overall results The results are in line with Ali and Khalid, (2015) and
also showed that TJ -83 gave maximum 0.88 % loss Kumar et al. (2017) they reported that grain losses
followed by KIRAN-95 (0.76%). The threshing results during conventional harvesting was above 7% and 19
revealed that mean loss of 0.79% is within the % respectively. The result further confirmed the
acceptable range due to proper functioning of threshing statement of Ali and Khalid, (2015) they reported that
machine. if machine is properly set for operation during
The table 8 shows the threshing losses of wheat threshing of wheat crop the threshing losses would
varieties (SKD-1, TJ-83 and KIRAN-95). The mean come below one present. The results are also in line
percentage value of broken grain was recorded 0.06% withManzoor et al. 2020) they reported that post-
and the mean percentage value of un-threshed grain harvest losses of wheat in Pakistan is 5- 16% which
was 0.086% from the sample of 400g. The mean greatly depends on the experience of skilled and
percentage value of grain in straw was 0.11% from the unskilled labor involve in harvesting and threshing
sample of 400g. The mean percentage of total threshing operations. They also mention that among total post-
losses was 0.79%. the threshing results revealed that harvest losses, 9.5% occurred during storage period
TJ- 83 variety gave maximum broken grain loss of and remaining 13.2% during harvesting and threshing.
0.64% followed by KIRAN-95 (0.59%) while in un- CONCLUSION
threshed grain loss TJ – 83 gave maximum 0.11% loss It is concluded from the above results that average
followed by SKD-1 (0.08%). While considering the harvesting losses in manual harvesting of three wheat
loss in straw, TJ- 83 gave maximum 0.13% loss varieties was 16% which could be reduced by
followed by SKD-1 and KIRAN-95 (0.10%). The mechanized harvesting. Furthermore, the harvesting
overall results also showed that TJ -83 gave maximum charges and time consumption in manual harvesting is
0.88 % loss followed by KIRAN-95 (0.76%). The also higher as compared with mechanized harvesting or
threshing results revealed that mean loss of 0.79% is combined harvesting and threshing. Therefore, it is
within the acceptable range due to proper functioning suggested that mechanized harvesting should be
of threshing machine. promoted for wheat harvesting operations in order to
minimize harvest losses and also time saving.
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