RESEARCH ANSWERS
1. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of interconnected physical
devices embedded with sensors, software, and communication
technologies that enable them to collect, transmit, and analyse data
over the internet or private networks. These devices operate
autonomously, enabling automation, real-time decision-making, and
seamless connectivity across industries.
2. A network of interconnected devices that collect, exchange, and act
on data via sensors, software, and connectivity. Traditional internet
focuses on human 2 human or human to computer interaction, while
IoT enables machine to machine communication without human
interaction.
3. Sensors, for data collection
Data transmission, through Wi-Fi, Bluetooth or Zigbee
Data analysing , data analysis on edge devices or cloud servers
Data visualization, for presenting processed data
Action, devices are triggered based on insights of data provided
4. Edge computing improves IoT efficiency by processing data closer to
the source, reducing latency and bandwidth usage while enabling
faster decision-making for time-sensitive applications.
5. An Example is, Autonomous vehicles process sensor data locally to
make split-second driving decisions.
6. Layers of IoT architecture include the perception layer (sensors
collecting data), network layer (data transmission via protocols),
application layer (user-facing apps), and business layer (data-driven
insights).
7. Example: In smart agriculture, soil sensors send data through a
gateway to an app that farmers use for irrigation scheduling.
8. Sensors detect environmental changes, and actuators perform
actions based on sensor data.
9. An example of this is; In smart farming, moisture sensors trigger
irrigation systems when soil is too dry.
10. MQTT is lightweight and ideal for low-bandwidth networks;
CoAP is RESTful and designed for constrained devices using UDP;
Zigbee supports low-power mesh networking for home automation.
11. A good example of this is; MQTT is used in remote monitoring,
CoAP in smart meters, and Zigbee in smart lighting.
12. 5G enhances IoT with high speed, low latency, and massive
device connectivity but faces challenges like high infrastructure
costs and limited initial coverage.
13. Example is 5G enables real-time drone surveillance in smart
cities.
14. Advantages of IoT in smart homes include energy savings like
smart thermostats and convenience such as, voice assistants,
limitations involve security risks hacking and high initial costs.
15. IoT transforms healthcare with remote patient monitoring and
predictive diagnostics but raises risks like data breaches and over-
reliance on technology.
16. Example: Wearable devices track heart rates and alert doctors
during anomalies.
17. An IoT-based smart city solution could use smart waste bins
equipped with sensors to notify collection trucks when full,
optimizing routes and reducing operational costs.
18. Design an IoT-enabled agricultural system using soil moisture
sensors connected via LoRaWAN to automate drip irrigation,
ensuring precise water delivery and improving efficiency.
19. Major security threats in IoT networks include data breaches,
DDoS attacks, and unauthorized access due to weak passwords,
unencrypted data, and outdated firmware.
20. Best practices for securing IoT devices include using strong
encryption such as AES, regularly updating firmware, and
implementing multi-factor authentication to prevent cyberattacks.
21. Data privacy regulations like GDPR impact IoT by requiring
user consent, restricting excessive data collection, and imposing
penalties for non-compliance, increasing trust but raising
operational costs.
22. MQTT works on a publish/subscribe model, making it
lightweight and suitable for unreliable networks and resource-
constrained devices commonly used in IoT communication.
23. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is advantageous in IoT due to its
low power consumption, short-range connectivity, and cost-
effectiveness for small devices like fitness trackers.
24. AI and machine learning enhance IoT functionality by enabling
predictive maintenance such as detecting equipment failures and
personalized experiences such as smart assistants understanding
voice commands.
25. Ethical concerns of IoT include unauthorized data collection,
mass surveillance, and lack of transparency, necessitating stronger
regulations and user consent mechanisms.
26. Develop an IoT-based solution using smart grids to optimize
energy distribution, reducing waste and lowering carbon emissions
for sustainable development
