1126 _ Electrical Technology theory. When an actual transformer is put on load, there is iron loss in the core and rh windings (both primary and secondary) and these losses are not entirely negligible. 8s i by Even when the transformer is on no-load, the; primary inputcurrentis not wholly reactive, They input current under no-load conditions has to supply (ron losses in thecOTe Le. hystresisiog amy Current loss and. {iia very small amount of copper loss in primary (there being no Cu loss in Secon itis open). Hence, the no-load primary input current /y is not at 90° behind V, but lags it by an angy® 90°. No-load input power 4, Wy = Vil, cos $5 where cos dyis primary power factor under no-load conditions. No-load condition of an actual transformer is shown vectorially in Fig. 32.16. Asscen from Fig, 32.16, primary current /, has two components : (© One in phase with V,. This is known as active or working or tron loss component J, because it mainly supplies the iron loss plus ~ small quantity of primary Cu loss. I, = 1,008 45 (i) The other component is in quadrature with V, and is known as netisin: nent J, because its function is to sustain the alternating flux in the core. It is wattless. Fig. 32.16 1 =. sin by Obviously, isthe vectorsum of J, and J,, hence I= (I,?+ 1). ‘The following points should be noted carefully : 1. The no-load primary current ys very small as compared to the full-load primary current, It a about I per cent of the full-load current. 4 — ~~ 2. Owing to the fact that the permeability of the core varies with the instantaneous value of the exciting current, the wave of the exciting or magnetising current is not truly sinusoidal. As such it should not be represented by a vector because only sinusoidally varying quantities are represented by rotating vectors. But, in practice, it makes no appreciable difference. 3 3. As Iyis very small, the no-load primary Cu loss is negligibly small which means that no-load primary input is practically equal to the iron loss in the transformer, 4, As tis principally the core-loss which is responsible for shift in the current vector, angle dis. knoyfh as hysteresis angle of aclvance. mple 32.9. (a) A.2,2007200-V transformer draws a no-load primary current of 0.6 A and -absorbs 400 watts. Find the magnetising and iron loss currents. (6) A 2,200250-V transformer takes 0.5.A at a pf, and working components of no-load primary current. of 0.3 on open circuit, Find magnetising Solution. (a) Iron-loss current load input in watts __400 imary voltage 2,200 2,72 = heed, 0.182 A Now fie Magnetising component J, = (0.6? ~ 0.182)? = 0.572A The two components are stiown in Fig. 29.15. 4Transformer 1127 —— Ty = 0.5 A, cos $= 0.3 « 1, cos $= 0.5 0.3 = 0.15. A o . 4, = 0s? —0.15? =0.476 A ssample 32,10. A single-phase transformer has 500 turns on the primary and 40 turns on the ze winding. The mean length of the magnetic path in the iron core is 150 cm and the joints ivalent to an air-gap of 0.1 mm, When a p.d. of 3,000 V is applied to the primary, maximum peat is 1.2 Whim’. Calculate (a) the cross-sectional area of the core (b) no-load secondary in me) the no-load current drawn by the primary (d) power factor on no-load. Given that aflux density of 1.2 W/m? in iron to be 5, the corresponding iron loss to be 2 wati/kg at inne ihe density of iron as 7.8 gram/em’, a solution. (2) 3000 = 4.44% 50x 500% 1.2% A +. A=0,0225 m? = 225 em” ‘ris isthe net cross-sectional area. However, the gross area would be about 10% more to allow insulation between laminations. forthe , fy K = N,JN,=40/500=4/50 NL. secondary voltage = KE, = (4/50)x3000= 240 V @ ATpercm = 5 <. AT for eee ATforair-gap = Hl =x 1 =—12_ x 0,001 =95.5 Hy 4m eg Total AT forgiven Bg, = 750+95.5=845.5 Max. value of magnetising current drawn by primary = 845.5/500= 1.691 A ‘Assuming this current to be sinusoidal, its r.m.s. value is J, = 1, e1V2= =1196A Volume ofiron = length x area = 150% 225 = 33,150 cm? Density = 78 gram/cm? ©. Mass of iron = 33,750 x 7.8/1000 = 263.25 kg © Total iron loss = 263.25x2=5265W Iron loss ne of no-load primary current Jpis I, = 526.5/3000 = 0.176. A = Zeer = yfl.196? + 0.176? = 0.208 A , en = [yffy=0.17611.208 = 0.1457 ple 3211. A single-phase transformer has 1000 turns on the primary and 200 turns on the secondary. The no load current is 3 amp. ata p,f. of 0.2 lagging. Calculate the primary current and power-factor when the me current is 280 Amp at a pf. of 0.80 lagging. (Nagpur University, November 1997) Solution. V, is taken as reference. cos”' 0.80=36.87° 1, = %02-368Pamp (2805) 2-3687°amp cos~!0.20=78.5°, sin =0.98 [n+ 1',=3(0.20~j 0.98) + 56 (0.80-j 0.60) 0.6-j2.94+ 44.8-j33.6 = 45.4-j2.94+44.8-j33.6 45.4 —7 36.54 =58.3 238.86 ie ‘Thus /lags behind the supply voltage by an angle of 38.86". ~, =. 25x 0.707 - 20x 0.8 Jee. 3 7 : = 16795A / ec a ren iqsin Go 208in 369° = 25sinds° yet th he Ipsing = 25x 0.707 - 20x06 dnb > i 5.675 A a pf oy ieaae : | tangy = 5.675/1.675 = 3.388 ny * 2 a $= 733° , fia Wy, fpsing, = 5615 LS = (I. 4, +14) +I Iy = 5.675/sin73.3°=5.93A pte 32.14, A single phase transformer takes 10 A on no load at pf. of 0.2 lagging. The rd (step down). Ifthe load on the secondary is 200A at a pf of 0.85 lagging. Find ral windy current and power factor. Neglect the voltage-drop in the winding. (Nagpur University November 1999) Solution. Secondary load of 200 A, 0.85 lag is reflected as 50 A, 0.85 lag in terms of the primary valent current. cae, = 10-2-Gy where dy=c0s""0:20=78.5° lagging = 2-j9.8amp V (Ref) 50 2-4, where d, =cos ‘0.85 =31.8", lagging Ly = 425-j2635 , Hence primary current f, lon = +l ~ w = 2-j9.8+425—j26.35 oe\+ Tog = 445-]36.15 te th) = 57.333amp,6=0.776 Lag. {r+ T, YH) >S = cost “ = 39.10° lagging 1 ‘The phasor diagram is shown in Fig. 32.21. Faz) Tutorial Problems 32.2 UC Te primary of a certain transformer takes 1 A ata power factor of 0.4 when it is connected across | 4200-V, 50-Hz supply and the secondary is on open circuit, ‘The number of turns on the primary is twice that on the secondary. A load taking 50 A at a lagging power factor of 0.8 is now connected i ‘across the secondary. What is now the value of primary current ? (25.9.4) | 2//The number of turns on the primary and secondary windings of a single-phase transformer are 350 and 38 respectively. If the primary winding is connected to a 2.2 kV, 50-Hz'supply, determine (a) the secondary voltage on no-load, (6) the primary current when the secondary current is 200 A at 0.8 pf. lagging, if the no-load current is5 A at 02 pf. lagging, power factor of the primary current. [239 Vs 25-65 A; 0.715 lag] | ‘A 400/200-V, 1-phase transformer is supplying a load of 25 A at a pf. of 0.866 lagging. On no-load | the current and power factor are 2 A and 0.208 respectively. Calculate the current taken from the | supply. [13.9 A lagging V1 by 36.1°] | 4, Awansformer takes 10 A on no-load at a power factor of 0.1. The turn ratio is 4 : 1 (step down). If a1132 Electrical Technology «load is supplied by the sccondaty at 200 A and pf of 0.8, find the primary current and power fy. _Ainicral voltage drops in transformer are to be ignored). (87.2 05 0.717 tappig| LX A L-phase transformer is supplied at 1,600 V on the h.v. side and has a turn ratio of g ; L a transformer supplies a lond of 20 kW at a power factor of 0.8 lag and takes a magnetising curren | 2.0, ata power factor of 0.2. Calculate the magnitude arid phase ofthe current taken from they anpply. (17.18 Aj 0.753 Ing] (Elect Engg. Calctuta Unis, yop | ‘A.2,200/200-V, transformer takes I A at the H.T. side on no-load at a p.f. of 0.385 lagging. Cal, the iron losses. Ifaload of 50.A at power of 08 lagging is taken from the secondary ofthe transformer, calculgte hy | I primary current and its power factor. [847 W; 5.44 A; 0.74 hag] a/men I-phase transformer is supplying a load of 50 A at a power factor of 0.866 lagging, The no-load current is 2 A at 0.208 p¥. lagging. Calculate the primary current and primary power factor (26.4 A; 0.838 lag] (Elect. Machines-1, Indore Univ. 1949) | a a a ae dj | leulate | 1 32.11. Transformer with Winding Resistance but No Magnetic Leakage j An ideal transformer was supposed to possess no resistance, but in an actual transformer, there : is always present some resistance of the primary and secondary windings. Due to this resistance, | there is some voltage drop in the two windings. The result is that : (The secondary terminal voltage V, is vectorially less than the secondary induced em. £ by an amount /, R, where Rj is the resistance of:the secondary winding, Hence, V, is equal to the vector difference of E, and resistive voltage drop 7 “¢ dp Vy.= Ey-l,Ry ~ «vector difference Gi) Similarly, primary induced ¢.m.f. Eis equal tothe vector difference of V, and I, R, where R, is the resistance of the primary winding. —— ane --Vector difference Fig. 32.22 The vector diagrams for non-inductive, inductive and capacitive loads are shown in Fig, 32.22 (a (6) and (c) respectively, 32.12. Equivalent Resistance In Fig. 32.23 a transformer is shown whose primary and secondary windings have resistances R, and R, respectively. The resistances have been shown extemal to the windings.y- Transtormer 1141 act Voltage Drop rence to Fig. 32.35, itis to be noted that exact voltage drop is AM and not AN. If we add the ‘AN, we will get the exact value of the voltage drop. ight-angled triangle OCN, we get . OC? - ON? = (OC + ON) (OC ON) = (OC + ON) (OM- ON) =2. OC x NM wat = NCIR.OC Now, NC = LC- IN = LC - BD aX 808 = Fa, i Vy | un © refer on Mito ing ther consi NC = 1,Xq2.6089-LRy sing +. NM _. Poralagging power factor, exact voltage drop is “ A a =. AN NM = (IgRyg 008 64 1X sin gy + L2%aa S08 0= Fa 58.9 Va Foraleading power’ factor, the expression becomes Cyl o08 Ign) + akan £08 4+ Tag St 9 2V2 Ingeneral, the voltage drop is . sin 6)" = UpRyp608 #1, Roy sing) + Ua%ea 208 8 Te 22 Percentage drop is = (oy £05 4 Tay tn 100 (Xp 08 65 1 sin o? x 100 oY . 2Vz MW = (v,cos 6+ y, sin 4) + (1/200) (v, cos ¢ = v, sin 9)” : ‘The upper signs are to be used fora lagging power factor and the lower ones for aleading power Example 32.21. A 230/460-V transformer has a primary resistance of 0.2 O and reactance of 05 Gand the corresponding values for the secondary are 0.75 and 1.8 Q respectively. Find the secondary terminal voltage when supplying 10.A at 0.8 pf. lagging. (Electric. Machines-I, Bangalore Univ. 1991) Solution. K' = 460230 =2;Ry=Ry+K7R,=0.75+ 2 x0.2= 1552 Xqp = Xp KX) =18+2°x05=380 . Voltage drop = 1, (Ryp60s $+ Xo, sin) = 10 (1.5508 + 3.80.6) =35.2V «+. SeGondary terminal voltage = 460—35.2=424.8 V ample 32.22, Calculate the regulation of a transformer in which the percentage resisiance dns is 10% and percentage reactance drop is 5.0% when the power factor is (a) 0.8 lagging (b) unity and (¢) 0.8 leading. (Electrical Engineering, Banaras Hindu Univ. 1988) a” Soluion, We will use the approximate expression of Art 30.16. @ phzcosd=08lag p= v,coso+v,sing=1x08 +5 x06 = 3.8% (0) p&.=cosp=1 p= 1x14+5x0=1% Reese p= 1x0.8-5x0.6=-2.2% frample 32.23: A transformer has a reactance drop of 5% and a resistance drop of 2.5%. Find the lagging power factor at which the voltage regulation is maximum and the value of this regulation, Elect. Engg. Punjab Univ. 1991) Solution. The percentage voltage regulation (1) is given by___1142 _ Etectrical Technology : H = v,coso+y, sing where 4, is the percentage resistive drop and v, is the percentage reactive drop. Differentiating the above equation, we get # =—y,sing + v,cosd For regulation to be maximum, dui/do=0 —y, sing + v, cos =0 or tan $= v/v, = 5/2.5=2 :. d= tan’ (2) = 63.5° Now, cos $ = 0.45 and sin § = 0.9 Maximum percentage regulation = (2.5 x0.45) + (50.892) =5.585 we percentage regulation is 5.585 and occurs ta power factor of (0.45 (lag), ample 32.24. Calculate the percentage voltage drop for a transformer with a par resistance of 2.5% and a percentage reactance of 5% of rating 500 kVA when it is Ginn 400 KVA at 0.8 pf. lagging. . (Elect. Machinery-f, Indore Unig ee pe (%R) 1 cos , (%X) Esin Ur 7 where J, isthe full-load current and I the actual current. (%RIW__, (%X) RVAR = WArating kVA rating kW = 400x0.8=320 and kVAR =400x0.6=240 2.5 x 320 5 % drop = gp \ tee rset se ) vy. x0 4% oy 500 5 / 8. Equivalent Circuit The transformer shown diagrammatically in Fig. 32.37 (a) can be resolved into an equivalen circuit in which the resistance and leakage reactance of the transformer are imagined to be external o the winding whose only function then is to transform the voltage (Fig. 32.37 (b)). ‘The no-load % Zh RX L E, 2 = wT Tdeal A : Transformer (a) @) - Fig. 92.97 “current /pis simulated by pure inductance X, taking the magnetising component J, and a.non-indvct® resistance X, taking the working component /, connected ii parallel across the primary cit The value of Ets obtained by subtracting vectorially 1, Z, from¥,. The value of Xp = Ey%o a | hy = Elly Weis clear that &, and f arc related to each other by expression | Efli, = NIN, =K. ‘To make ransformer calculations simpler, itis preferable to transfer voltage, current andimpess™™ —_1, = Ipc08 dy =0.5 x 0.273 = 0,1365 A ‘i primary Culoss = Jp’ R, =0.5°x 0.6 = 0.15 W fo) Tronloss = 30-0.15 = 29.85 W ; 28. A.5 RVA 200/100 V, 50 Hz, single-phase transformer gave the following test Zample 32+ Is y Side) : 2000 V, 1.2 A, 90 W . 00 Side): 50,54, LOW C. calculate the parameters of the equivalent circuit referred to the L.V. side. 0 late the output secondary voltage when delivering 3 kW at 08 pf lagging, the input @ votage being 200 V. Find the percentage regulation also. 7 (Nagpur University, November 1998) tion. (i) Shunt branch parameters from O.C. test (L.V. side): a = VIP, = 2007/90 = 444 ohms, I,, = 200/444 = 0.45 amp 200/1.11 = 180.2 ohms 2 (12-0457) = L.Hamp, X, ¢ | llthese are referred to L.V. side, (ij Series-branch Parameters from S.C test (H.V side) : since the SC. testhas been conducted from H.Y. side, the parameters will refer to H.V. side. ‘They should be converted to the parameters referred to L.V. side by transforming them suitably. FomS.C.Testreadings, Z = 50/5 =10ohms R = 110/25 =4.40 ohms, X=(10"—4.47)°°=8.9 ohms ‘These are referred to H.V. side. Forreferring these to L.V. side, transform these using the ratio of turns, as follows = rr, = 4.40x(200/1000)" =0.176 ohm x, = 898% (200/1000)" =0.36 ohm Equivalent circuit can be drawn with Ry and X,, caltulated above and r, and x, as above. LY. Current at rated load= 5000/200 = 25. LY. Current at 3 kW at 0.8 lagging p.f. = (3000/0.80)/200 = 18.75 A Regulation at this load = 18.75 (r,cos$+x, sin$) 8.75 (0.176 0.80 + 0.36 0.6) . 6.69 Volts = + (6.69/200) x 100% = + 3.345% This is referred to L.V. side, and positive sign means voltage drop. - Regulation in volts ref. to H.V. side = 6.69 x 1000/200=33.45 V With 200 V across primary (i.e. L.V. side), the secondary (i.e. H.V. side) : terminal voltage = 1000-33.45 = 966.55 V Note: Since approximate formula for voltage regulation has been used, the procedure is simpler, and faster. 221. Separation of Core Losses Ze , The core loss of a transformer depel and the maxi it 1 depends upon the frequency and the maximum flux density when . (jum and the i the core laminations are given. The core loss is made up of two parts | Ufitesisloss W, = PAG, fas given by Steinmet’s empirical relation and (i) eddy curent los W, fax J” where Q is a constant. ‘The total core-loss is given by 7 W, = Wy4W, = PBS, P+ BrP density © CHTY OU two experiments using two different frequencies but the same maximum flux " m carer} Me should be able to find the constants P and Q and hence calculate hysteresis.and eddy losses separately, )_ 1152 __ Electrical Technology Jia xa, = (205% +347 =40.0 30,000/6000= 5A Vec= 4 Zn = 5% 40= 200 v Shorteircuitp.f..= Roy/Z = 20.9/40 = 0.52 , se 32.36. Obtain the equivalent circuit of a 200/400-V, 50-He, I-phase transformer following test data : O.C test : 200,0.7A, 70W -on LV. side S.C.test: ISV, 10A, 85 W -onH.V. side Deere Calculate th ondary voltage when delivering 5 kW at 1.8 pf ageing, the primary yo) being 200V. ee secondo wom (Electrical Machinery-1, Madras Uniy, = i FY .C, Test Solution. From 0. se ee oR Poet 2 © 2H X0.7xXcos% = 0 02190318 08 $y = 0.2 and sindy = 0.866 = [ye08 4p = 0.705 = 035A = [ysin gy = 0.7 x0.866 = 0.606 A 9 = Vill, = 200/035 = 571.42 Xq = Vil, = 20010.606 = 3300 | ‘As shown in Fig. 32.48, these value: refer to primary ie, low-voltage side. Fo. s2.48 FromS.C. Test It may be noted that in this test, instruments have been placed in the secondary i.e. high-voltage winding whereas the low-voltage winding i.e. primary has been short-circuited. Now, as shown in Art, 32.32 x " 3309 SS 200V Ga + = 5 Poe f 4 Zeq = Voth, = 1SNO = 1.5.9; K = 400/200 = 2 Zo, = ZilK = 1.5/4 = 03752 Also eek 85/100 =-0.85 2 rr 85/4 = 0.212 “Xo = (2 Ry = 10375" -021" =0310 Output KVA = 5/0.8; Output current /, = 5000/0.8 x 400 = 15.64 This value off; is approximate because V, (Which is to be calculated as yet) has been takenegal to 400 V (which, in fact, is equal to E, or oV;)- | . Now, Zp = 15Q, Ry =085Q 2. X= yfhs?—0.85* =109 Total transformer drop as referred to secondary = [y(Ryp008 b,+Xoq sind,) = 15.6 (0.85%08 + 1.24x0.6) = 2229 2 V, = 400-22.2 = 3778 . | Example 32.37. Starting from the ideal transformer, obtain the approximate equivalen! La | of a commercial transformer in which all the constants are lumped and represented on O”¢ ™ A I-phase transformer has a turn ratio of 6. The resistance and reactance of primary * , § are 0.9 Qand 5.9 respecitvely and those of the secondary are 0.03 © and 0.13 9 respec 330 -V at 50-Hz be applied to the-high voltage winding with the low-voltage windi® iy circuited, find the current in the low-voltage winding and its power factor. Neglect current,Here K = 1/6; Ry, = R, +R, = 09 + (0.0336) = 1982 Xo = % + X= 5 + (0.13 x36) = 9.682 ; . Zy = (068? +198") = 99.2: Yop = 330V ., FullHoad primary current, = V,/Z, = 330/0.9 = 100/3 A . igible,hence , = I’, = 1003 A. Now, /', = KI, “secondary current * = 7K = (1003)x6 = 200A om, Power inp on short-circuit = Vsclc08 yc = Culoss = 1? Ro : (10/3)? x 1.98 = 330.x (100/3) x cos $53 C08 Osc = 0.2 example 32.38. A I-phase, 10-VA, 500/250-Y, 50-Hz transformer has the following constants: peactance : primary 0.2.9; secondary 0.5. pesistance: primary 0.49; secondary 0.1 Q Resistance of equivalent exciting circuit referred to printary, Rg = 15002 ‘ reactance of equivalent exciting circuit referred to primary, Xy = 7509 what would be the reading of the instruments when the transformer is connected for the open- circuit and short-circuit tests ? Solution. While solving this question, reference may please be made to Art. 30.20 and 30.22. OC. Test J, = VX = 500/750=23 A; V,/Ry = 500/1500 = 1/3 A h = \f173" +0737] = 07454 No-load primary input = V,J, = 500x 1/3 = 167W Instruments used in primary circuit are : voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter, their readings being Sp0V,0.745 A and 167 W respectively. = S.C. Test Suppose $.C. testis performed by short-circuiting the /.v. winding i.e. the secondary so that all instraments are in primary. Ryo +R,=R)+ RIK ;HereK= 1/2 +. Ry =0.2+(4x05)=2.20 Similarly, Xp, =X, +X7,=0.4+(4x0.1)=08Q ~ < Zy = (2.2? +087) =2.341Q Full-load primary current 1,=10,000/500=20A ~. Vee = Zp, =20x2.341 =46.8V Power absorbed =, Ry, =20° x 2.2 = 880 W ents will read : 46.8 V, 20 A, 880 W. ‘xample 32.39. The efficiency of a 1000-kVA, 110/220 V, 50-He, single-phase transformer, is 985 % at half full-load at 0.8 pf. leading and 98.8 % at full-load unity p.f. Determine (i) iron loss (if) full-load copper loss and (iii) maximum efficiency at unity pf. (Elect. Engg. AMIETE Sec. A Dec. 1991) Solution. Output at FL. unity p-f.= 1000x 1 = 1000kW FL. input = 1000/0.988 = 1012.146 kW EL. lossses = 1012.146 — 1000= 12.146 kW IFFL, Cu and iron losses are x and y respectively then x+y = 12.146kW wld) & Transformer 1153 ee