Section A

Q1. (a) Discuss how expert system technique helps in building an efficient system.

Expert systems utilize artificial intelligence to mimic the decision-making capabilities of human

experts. They help build efficient systems by:

- Storing Expert Knowledge: Codifying domain-specific expertise in a knowledge base.

- Consistency: Providing consistent and error-free decision-making, unlike humans who may falter

due to fatigue.

- Scalability: Easily adapting to new domains with minimal adjustments.

- Speed and Efficiency: Solving problems rapidly, saving both time and resources.

- 24/7 Operation: Unlike humans, they function continuously without downtime.

(b) How predicate logic is helpful in knowledge representation.

Predicate logic represents knowledge formally using constants, variables, predicates, and logical

operators. Its usefulness includes:

- Expressiveness: Captures relationships and properties between entities effectively.

- Formal Reasoning: Allows inference and deduction through well-defined rules.

- Modularity: Facilitates structured representation of complex information.

- Automation: Enables machines to perform reasoning tasks like proving theorems or querying facts.

OR

(b) Analyze clausal form and its usefulness.

The clausal form is a standardized representation in propositional or predicate logic, primarily used

in resolution-based reasoning. Its usefulness includes:

- Simplification: Converts complex logical formulas into simpler conjunctive normal form (CNF).
- Automated Reasoning: Used in logic programming languages like Prolog.

- Conflict Detection: Helps in identifying contradictions for logical consistency.

- Efficiency: Supports systematic and efficient theorem proving.

(c) List the characteristic features of an expert system.

- Knowledge Base: Contains domain-specific facts and rules.

- Inference Engine: Draws logical conclusions from the knowledge base.

- User Interface: Interacts with users for inputs and outputs.

- Explanation Facility: Justifies decisions and recommendations.

- Learning Ability: Adapts to new knowledge through updates.

Section B

Q2. Explain stages in the development of an expert system.

The development of an expert system includes:

1. Problem Identification: Define the domain and scope of the problem to solve.

2. Knowledge Acquisition: Gather domain-specific knowledge from experts.

3. Knowledge Representation: Encode the knowledge into structured forms like rules or frames.

4. System Design: Develop the system architecture, including the knowledge base and inference

engine.

5. Implementation: Code the system using languages like Prolog or LISP.

6. Testing and Validation: Ensure accuracy and reliability by comparing results with expert

judgments.

7. Deployment and Maintenance: Implement the system and update it as new knowledge becomes

available.
Q3. Illustrate in detail about forward and backward chaining with suitable example.

- Forward Chaining: Starts from known facts and applies inference rules to derive conclusions.

Example:

Rules:

1. If A and B, then C.

2. If C, then D.

Facts: A, B.

Inference: A and B imply C, which implies D.

- Backward Chaining: Starts with the goal and works backward to verify if facts support it.

Example:

Goal: Prove D.

Rules:

1. If A and B, then C.

2. If C, then D.

Facts: A, B.

Inference: To prove D, check C, then verify A and B.

OR

Q3. Discuss the characteristics of artificial neural systems.

- Learning: Mimics human brain's ability to learn from data.

- Adaptability: Adjusts weights to optimize performance.

- Parallel Processing: Processes multiple operations simultaneously.

- Robustness: Handles noisy and incomplete data effectively.

- Generalization: Learns patterns and applies them to unseen data.