1) Boost Convertor

A boost converter (step-up converter) is a power converter with an output DC voltage greater than its
input DC voltage. It is a class of Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) containing at least two
semiconductor switches (a diode and a transistor) and at least one energy storage element.

Figure 3.1: Boost Converter

2) Boost Mode of Operation

Fig: 3.2 (a), 3.2 (b) shows the sequence 1 and 2 of Boost mode. In Sequence1 switch Q1 is ON and in
Sequence 2 switch Q1 is OFF.

Figure 3.2: (a) Sequence 1, Switch Q1 is ON

Figure 3.2: (b) Sequence 2, Switch Q2 is OFF

3) Proposed Block Diagram The proposed Block Diagram of Power Factor Correction by Boost Convertor
is shown as follows

Figure 3.3: Proposed Block Diagram of Boost Convertor

The power factor of a boost converter is with power factor correction technique which is average
current control technique. In this technique a PWM generator, current error amplifier & voltage error
amplifier are used in a feedback circuit to improve the power factor at input side and voltage regulation
in output side. DC load used in this is resistive. The proposed power factor correction circuit with PWM
Generator is having input, output and feedback path as shown in fig.3.3.

4) Switching Agent (MOSFET)

Modern Power Electronics makes generous use of MOSFETS and IGBTS in most applications and, if the
present trend is any indication, the future will see more and more applications making use of MOSFETS
and IGBTS. Although sufficient literature is available on characteristics of MOSFETS and IGBTS, practical
aspects of driving them in specific circuit configurations at different power levels and at different
frequencies require that design engineers pay attention to a number of aspects. An attempt is made
here to review this subject with some illustrative examples with a view to assist both experienced
Design Engineers. Due to the absence of minority carrier transport, MOSFETS can be switched at much
higher frequencies, the limit on this is imposed by two factors: transit time of electrons across the drift
region and the time required to charge and discharge the input Gate and 'Miller' capacitances.

5) PWM Techniques

Because of advances in solid state power devices and microprocessors, switching power converters are
used in more and more modern motor drives to convert and deliver the required energy to the motor.
The energy that a switching power converter delivers to a load is controlled by Pulse Width Modulated
(PWM) signals applied to the gates of the power transistors. PWM signals are pulse trains with fixed
frequency and magnitude and variable pulse width. There is one pulse of fixed magnitude in every PWM
period. However, the width of the pulses changes from pulse to pulse according to a modulating signal.
When a PWM signal is applied to the Base of a power transistor, it causes the turn on and turns off
intervals of the transistor lo change from one PWM period to another PWM period according to the
same modulating signal. The frequency of a PWM signal must be much higher than that of the
modulating signal, the fundamental frequency, such that the energy delivered to the motor and its load
depends mostly on the modulation.

Advantages of PWM

The advantage of PWM based switching power converter over linear power amplifier is:

 Easy to implement and control

 No temperature variation-and ageing-caused drifting

 Degradation in linearity.

 Compatible with today's digital micro processors.

 Lower power dissipation.

 It allows linear amplitude control of the output Voltage/Current from previously.

Disadvantages of PWM

 Attenuation of the wanted fundamental component of the PWM wave form, in this case from 1.1-
0.866 PU.

 Generation of high-frequency harmonic components.

4. Power Factor Correction Techniques

The attention devoted to the quality of the currents absorbed from the utility by electronic equipment
is increasing due to several reasons. In fact, a low power factor reduces the power available from the
utility grid; while a high harmonic distortion of the line current causes EMI problems and cross-
interferences, through the line impedance, between different systems connected to the same grid. From
this point of view, the standard rectifier employing a diode bridge followed by a filter capacitor gives
unacceptable performances. Thus, many efforts are being done to develop interface systems which
improve the power factor of standard electronic loads. An ideal power factor corrector (PFC) should
emulate a resistor on the supply side while maintaining a fairly regulated output voltage. In the case of
sinusoidal line voltage, this means that the converter must draw a sinusoidal current from the utility; in
order to do that, a suitable sinusoidal reference is generally needed and the control objective is to force
the input current to follow, as close as possible, this current reference. The most popular topology in
PFC applications is certainly the boost topology, together with a generic controller.
In the proposed technique, the converter works in continuous inductor current mode (CICM) which will
reduce the input filter requirements. Average current control technique offers certain advantages such
as, constant switching frequency; control is less sensitive to commutation noises due to current filtering.
Above all the overall circuit is simple and cost effective.

PFC Control Techniques

1) Average Current Control

2) Peak Current Control

3) Hysteresis Control

4) Borderline Control

5) Discontinuous Current PWM Control