Linear text A flowchart (or flow chart) is a diagram that

refers to traditional text that needs to be read shows the steps in a process. This is often
from beginning to the end. The reader makes used for visualizing the sequence of actions
sense of the text according to the grammatical or information.
and syntactic arrangement of the words.

An organizational chart shows the internal

Generally, texts printed on paper are considered
structure of an organization or company.
as linear texts. Novels, poems, short stories,
The employees and positions are
letters, educational texts, all those texts we read
represented by boxes or other shapes
from the beginning to the end, are linear texts.

Non-Linear Text
it is nonlinear and non-sequential. In other An infographic is a visual representation of
words, the readers do not have to go through information or data to give the reader quick
the text in a sequential manner to make sense overview of the subject. It usually contains
of the text. images, graphs, and symbols to complement
minimally-written texts.
Some examples include flowcharts, charts, and
graphs (ex: pie chart, bar graphs), graphical
organizers such as knowledge maps and story
maps.
Graphical organizers are visual tools that organize
information to simplify learning, improve
Kinda of Non - Linear Text
comprehension, and enhance critical thinking. They
help represent relationships among concepts, ideas,
GRAPH or facts. Examples include Venn diagrams, concept
Graphs are visual representations of maps, and storyboards.
numerical data designed to display
relationships, trends, and patterns. They are
typically used in statistics, mathematics, and A diagram that shows all possible logical
research to simplify complex data and make relationships between a set of items.
comparisons or predictions. Common types Comprises of two overlapping circles
include line graphs, bar graphs, and pie graphs

concept maps depict ideas as boxes or circles

Line Graph (also called nodes), which are structured
A line graph, also known as a line chart or hierarchically and connected with lines or
a line plot, is commonly drawn to show arrows (also called arcs). These lines are labeled
information that changes over time. with linking words and phrases to help explain
the connections between concepts.
Bar Graph
A bar graph can be defined as a
graphical representation of data, A storyboard is a graphic representation of
quantities, or numbers using bars or how your video will unfold, shot by shot.
strips. They are used to compare and It's made up of a number of squares with
contrast different types of data, illustrations or pictures representing each
frequencies, or other measures of shot, with notes about what's going on in
distinct categories of the scene and what's being said in the
data. script during that shot

Pie Graph
A pie chart is a type of visualization in which
the entire circle is divided into pieces of pie
according to the percentages of each data
point. It is used when the message appeals to the
audience’s ability to think rationally using facts and
statistics. Mentioning survey results and research
findings is an example of this.
CHARTS Example:
Charts are graphical representations of data, According to the World Food Programme (WFP), an
often in tabular, diagrammatic, or symbolic form, estimated 783 million people---1 in 10 of the
used to organize information for quick world’s population--- experience hunger and go to
understanding. sleep without eating food. More than 345 million
people are also at risk of food insecurity, which
means that they do not have
sufficient access to quality and nutritious food.
 It is used when the message appeals to the
audience’s ability to think rationally using facts
and statistics. Mentioning survey results and
research findings is an example of this.
Example:
According to the World Food Programme (WFP), an
estimated 783 million people---1 in 10 of the
world’s population--- experience hunger and go to
sleep without eating food. More than 345 million
people are also at risk of food insecurity, which
means that they do not have
sufficient access to quality and nutritious food.

It is employed when the content mentions or

features credible people (industry experts and
professionals) showing support for the product
of candidate.
Example:
The World Food Programme (WFP) received
the Nobel Peace Prize award in October 2020 for
its strong advocacy and its critical role in
ensuring that each community has access to
nutritious foo. WFP operates with donations, and
it has raised 14.1 billion US dollars in 2022.

General Statement

A broad statement and does not provide

details

Specific statement

Clarifies a general statement. It gives

descriptions and evidence to make a
general statement clearer.

RESEARCHING TECHNIQUES
 FACT
INTRODUCTION
A statement that can be proven or This serves as a preview of the essay; it is
verified in various ways, including supposed to motivate the readers to read
statistics, reports, eyewitness accounts, a the entire text.
reliable print or online source, a scientific The writer can ask questions, state and
experiment, or an interview with an expert. argument, or tell an anecdote.
This must contain the main points or
OPINION arguments of the essay.

Expresses a person’s judgment or

BODY
interpretation of events, occurrences, and
It develops the introduction by discussing the
facts.
arguments presented in it. Composed at least
Usually begins with “I think” or “I believe”
three paragraphs, writers normally devote one
Can not be proved with credible research
paragraph to an argument.
Each paragraph revolves only on one topic.
Fact - Based Opinion
Ensure that all the questions or arguments you
raised in the introduction will be answered in
is an opinion that is supported by facts the body.
or evidence but still involves personal
interpretation, judgment, or
preference. Unlike pure facts, which are Conclusion
universally verifiable, fact-based This summarizes the points raised in the
opinions blend factual information with essay. This doesn’t last for more than
subjective conclusions or beliefs. one paragraph.
To be effective, it can repeat the main
ESSAY point of the essay, raise a question for
readers to think about, or end with a
An essay is a short piece of writing challenge for the readers.
that describes, narrates, discusses,
explains, or defends a certain topic or
opinion. It can be solely based on a
person’s ideas, or it may be a
combination of a person’s and other
people’s ideas.

Formal Informal
Uses academic and Follows no specific
technical language. structure and is based
Author objectively solely on the author's
present the material. ideas and reflections.

FORMS OF ESSAY