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ultrastructure of eukaryotes & prokaryotes

Question 0 Non-Calculator Markscheme

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What type of cell is shown in the image?
Easy (20)

Video

[Source: Adapted from Itayba, Hebrew Wikipedia. (2016, March 1). Category: Electron Microscope Images. Wikimedia Commons.
Retrieved May 19, 2022, from https<nolink>://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright under CC BY 3.0]

A. A eukaryotic cell because it contains mitochondria

B. A prokaryotic cell because it has a plasma membrane

C. A eukaryotic cell because it does not have a nucleus

D. A prokaryotic cell because it contains ribosomes

Question 1 Non-Calculator Markscheme

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How do prokaryotic cells divide?
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A. Mitosis
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B. Meiosis

C. Binary fission

D. Budding

Question 2 Non-Calculator Markscheme

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Which row in the table correctly identifies structures which are present (✓) or absent (×) in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Easy (25)
Structure Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells
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A. 80S ribosomes ✓ ×
B. Plasma membrane × ✓
C. Nucleus ✓ ×
D. Mitochondria × ✓

Question 3 Non-Calculator Markscheme

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These photographs show the same section of a human retina. What is the reason for the difference between the two diagrams?
Easy (25)

Video

[Source: Nestl, A. (2012, January 17). File

A. The photograph on the right was taken using an electron microscope.

B. The photograph on the right is at a higher resolution.

C. The photograph on the right is at a higher magnification.

D. The photograph on the right shows the ultrastructure of the cells.

Question 4 Non-Calculator Markscheme

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Which statement(s) about cell structure is/are not true?
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I. Prokaryotic cells have a compartmentalised structure.
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II. Only eukaryotic cells have a Golgi apparatus.

III. Only eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles.

A. II only

B. I only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

Question 5 Non-Calculator Markscheme

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Which part of the cell is labelled with the letter P?
Easy (25)

Video

[Source: Adapted from Itayba, Hebrew Wikipedia. (2016, March 1). Category: Electron Microscope Images. Wikimedia Commons.
Retrieved May 19, 2022, from https<nolink>://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg. Copyright under CC BY 3.0]

A. Vacuole

B. Lysosome

C. Nucleoid

D. Nucleus

Question 6 Non-Calculator Markscheme

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Which of the following is not a function of the Golgi apparatus?
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A. Protein synthesis
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B. Protein packaging into vesicles

C. Protein modification

D. Lipid packaging into vesicles

Question 7 Non-Calculator Markscheme

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What do the two labelled organelles have in common?
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Video

[Source: Adapted from Itayba, Hebrew Wikipedia. (2016, March 1). Category: Electron Microscope Images. Wikimedia Commons.
Retrieved May 19, 2022, from https<nolink>://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category
Copyright under CC BY 3.0]

A. They are surrounded by a single membrane

B. They contain cristae

C. They are surrounded by a double membrane

D. They contain starch grains

Question 8 Non-Calculator Markscheme

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Which organelle has a double membrane?
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A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
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B. Golgi apparatus

C. Nucleus

D. Vacuole

Question 9 Non-Calculator Markscheme

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Which structure found in a eukaryote has a double membrane?
Easy (25)
A. Golgi apparatus

B. Mitochondrion

C. Lysosome

D. Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 10 Non-Calculator Markscheme

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Which structure is found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Easy (30)
A. Lysosome

B. Ribosome

C. Golgi apparatus

D. Nucleoid

Question 11 Non-Calculator Markscheme

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Mesophyll cells are found in plants. Plant cells have unique characteristics that distinguish them from any other cell type.
Easy (30)

Video

[Source: Adapted from Zhang, N., Zhang, L., Zhao, L., Ren, Y., Cui, D., Chen, J., ... & Chen, F. (2017). iTRAQ and virus-induced
gene silencing revealed three proteins involved in the cold response in bread wheat. Scientific reports, 7(1), 1-16.Retrieved March 27,
2022. From https<NO LINK>://www<NO LINK>.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5548720/. Copyright under CC by 4.0]

In the micrograph above, one of the cell parts is labelled X. What is the name of this structure?

A. Chloroplast

B. Central vacuole

C. Cell wall

D. Starch granule

Question 12 Calculator Allowed Markscheme

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[Maximum mark: 6]
Easy (30)
The micrograph shows a transverse section through a leaf.

[Source
from Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library,2018. Angiosperm Morphology Mesophyll Arrangement in Ligustrum
(36198182664).jpg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 29th January 2023 from https<NO
LINK>://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Angiosperm_Morphology_Mesophyll_Arrangement_in_Ligustrum_(36198182664).jpg.Copyright
under Creative Commons CC0 1.0]

1. 1. Identify an adaptation of this leaf for its function. [1]

This micrograph shows a transverse section through a pancreatic acinar cell. Acinar cells are found in the exocrine tissue of the
pancreas.

[Source: Adapted from Howard, L., 2006. Pancreatic acinar cells.jpg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 29th January 2023 from
https<NO LINK>://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=pancreatic+cells&title=Special
&go=Go&type=image&haslicense=unrestricted. Copyright under Public Domain]

1. 2. Explain how the structure of this cell is related to the function of the synthesis of proteins for release from the
cell. [2]
2. State why an electron microscope is needed to view the ultrastructure of the acinar cells. [2]

Question 13 Non-Calculator Markscheme

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Which organelle is the site of protein synthesis?
Easy (40)
A. B.
Video

C. D.

[Source A: Adapted from Itayba, Hebrew Wikipedia. (2016, March 1). Category: Electron Microscope Images. Wikimedia Commons.
Retrieved May 19, 2022, from https<nolink>://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright under CC BY 3.0.
Source B: Adapted from: Openstax. (2016, May 18). File:0313 endoplasmic reticulum B en.png - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia
commons. Retrieved June 19, 2022, from
https<nolink>://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:0313_Endoplasmic_Reticulum_b_en.png Copyright under CC BY 3.0.
Source C: and3k, & caper437. (2009, June 25). File
in leaf of anemone sp Tem 85000x.png - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia commons. Retrieved June 19, 2022, from
https<nolink>://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.png Copyright under CC BY 3.0
Source D: Murphy, F. (2016, August 10). Free picture: Thin, section, ebola, virus. PIXNIO. Retrieved June 19, 2022, from
https<nolink>://pixnio.com/science/microscopy-images/ebola-hemorrhagic-fever-virus/thin-section-containing-the-ebola-virus
Copyright free]

Question 14 Non-Calculator Markscheme

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The electron micrograph below shows a cell of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Which of the labelled structures maintains the cell’s
shape and protects the cell from lysing during osmosis? Easy (40)

[Source: Blokesch, M. & Schoolnik, G.K. (2007). Serogroup Conversion of Vibrio cholerae in Aquatic Reservoirs. PLoS Pathog 3(6):
e81. Retrieved March 15, 2022, from https<no link>://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.0030081.Copyright under CC BY 4.0]

Question 15 Calculator Allowed Markscheme

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[Maximum mark: 10]
Easy (45)
The diagram below shows a cyanobacterium, Synechococcus elongatus.
Video (ai)

Video (aii)

Video (aiii)

Video (aiv)

Video (b)

[Source: Adapted from Gonzalez, R., & Kerfeld, C. (2022, June 13). Synechococcus elongates. Wikipedia. Retrieved June 19, 2022,
from https<nolink>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechococcus_elongatus Copyright under CC BY 3.0]

1. 1. State whether the cell shown in the microphotograph is eukaryotic or prokaryotic. Give a reason for your
answer. [2]
2. State two features found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell structures. [2]
3. Identify the type of microscope which was used to produce the microphotograph above. Give a reason for your
answer. [2]
4. Describe the function of X. [2]
2. Compare and contrast the structure of the Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum. [2]

Question 16 Calculator Allowed Markscheme

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[Maximum mark: 16]
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1. Draw a labelled diagram which shows the structure of an animal cell. [4]
Video (a)
2. Outline the advantages of a compartmentalised structure in eukaryotes. [4]
3. Compare and contrast the ultrastructure of E. coli and a palisade mesophyll cell. [7] Video (b)

Video (c)

Question 17 Non-Calculator Markscheme

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The following electron micrograph shows part of an exocrine pancreas cell. Which of the labelled structures is responsible for the
production of vesicles for exocytosis? Medium (50)

[Source: Adapted from Howard, L. (n.d.). File: Pancreatic cells - TEM.jpg. Wikipedia. Retrieved January, 3, 2023, from https<NO
LINK>://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Pancreatic_cells_-_TEM.jpg. Copyright under Public Domain]

Question 18 Calculator Allowed Markscheme

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Medium (50)
The micrograph below shows E. coli cells.