Manufacturing industries

Classification of Industries

- Basis on raw materials

o Agro based:
 cotton, woollen, jute, silk textile, rubber
 sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil
o Mineral based:
 iron and steel, aluminium, machine tools
 cement,
 petrochemicals
- Based on role:
o Basic or key industries:
 Their products are raw materials for manufacture of
other goods
 e.g. iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminum
smelting
o Consumer industries:
 it produce goods for direct use by consumers – sugar,
toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans etc
- Based on ownership:
o Public
o Private
-

Textile Industry:

- It contributes significantly to industrial production, employment

generation and foreign exchange earnings
- It is the only industry which is self-reliant and complete in value
chain (raw material to consumable product)

Cotton Textiles:

- Cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt

of Maharashtra and Gujarat.
o Because, along with raw cotton, market, transport including
accessible port facilities were available
- Cycle:
o Ginning (remove seed & debris from cotton), spinning (make
threads), weaving (making plain cloth), dyeing, designing,
packaging, tailoring and sewing
- It give demand to many other industries, such as, chemicals and
dyes, packaging materials and engineering works
 Jute Textiles:

- India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods

- Most of the mills are located in West Bengal, mainly along the banks
of the Hugli river
- Near Hugli basin because:
o proximity of the jute producing areas
o inexpensive water transport
o good network of railways, roadways and waterways (to
facilitate movement of raw material to the mills)
o abundant water for processing raw jute
o cheap labour
-

Sugar Industry:

- India stands second as a world producer of sugar

o occupies the first place in the production of gur and khandsari
- Majority mills are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra,
Karnataka
o But it is shifting towards Maharashtra, because of its higher
sucrose content
-

Iron and Steel Industry:

- It is the basic industry since all the other industries depend on it for
their machinery.
- Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods,
construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific
equipment and a variety of consumer goods
- It is a heavy industry
- Steel = Iron ore : coking coal : lime stone => 4 : 2 : 1 (aprox)
o Sometime manganese is also required to harden the steel
- Chhota nagpur plateau region has the maximum of iron and steel
industries
o As low cost, high grade iron ore, cheap labour, nearby
potential market are available
-

Aluminium Smelting:

- Aluminium is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat,

malleable and becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals
- Aluminium is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires.
- Aluminium smelting plants in the country are located in Odisha,
West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh,
- Process of Aluminium Smelting (manufacturing)
o Bauxite (raw material) -> Alumina -> Aluminium
Chemical Industries:

- It is fast growing in India

- Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic
sectors
- Inorganic chemicals include:
o Sulphuric acid (used to manufacture fertilizers, synthetic
fibres, plastics, adhesives, paints, dyes stuffs)
o Nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used to make glass, soaps and
detergents, paper)
o caustic soda
- Organic chemicals include:
o Petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing of synthetic
fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs
o drugs and pharmaceuticals
o Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries or
petrochemical plants
-

Fertilizer Industry:

- It includes:
o Nitrogenous fertilizers (mainly urea)
o Phosphatic fertilizers
 Ammonium phosphate (DAP) and
o Potassic fertilizers
o Complex fertilizers which have a combination of nitrogen (N),
phosphate (P), and potash (K) [NPK]
- After the Green Revolution the industry expanded to several other
parts of the country - Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab

Cement Industry:

- Cement is essential for construction activity such as building

houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams
- Raw materials like limestone, silica and gypsum
- Industry is mostly located plants in Gujarat

Automobile Industry:

- It provides vehicle for quick transport of good services and

passengers.
- Trucks, buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters, three-wheelers, etc are
manufactured in India at various centres
- Industry is located around Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai,
Kolkata
Information Technology and Electronics Industry:

- It covers a wide range of products from transistor sets to television,

telephones, cellular telecom, telephone exchange, radars,
computers, etc
- Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India. Other
centres are in Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune
- IT industry in India bloomed due to continuing growth in the
hardware and software

Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation:

- Although industries contribute significantly to India’s economic

growth and development
o the increase in pollution of land, water, air, noise and resulting
degradation of environment
- Air pollution:
o Caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable
gases in air, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide
o It may also have dust, sprays mist and smoke
o Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns,
refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels
- Water pollution:
o Caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and
affluents discharged into rivers
o Industries let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy
metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic
chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc. into the water
bodies
o Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from
factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers. It has
adverse effect on aquatic life
- Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production
facilities cause cancers, birth defects and miscarriages
- Soil and water pollution are closely related
o Dumping of wastes specially glass, harmful chemicals,
industrial effluents, packaging, salts and garbage renders the
soil useless.
o Rain water carries pollutants from soil to the ground and the
ground water also gets contaminated.
- Noise pollution:
o Not only results in irritation and anger, it can also cause
hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure
among other physiological effects
 o Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory
equipment, generators, saws, electric drills also make a lot of
noise

Control of Environmental Degradation:

- Minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in

two or more successive stages
- Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements
- Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and
ponds
- Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks
to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers
and inertial separators.
- Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories

NTPC shows the way:

- NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India.

- It’s approaches are for preserving the natural environment through:
o adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment
o Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation
o Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance
 addressing the question of special purpose vehicles
(SPV) for afforestation
o Reducing environmental pollution through:
 ash pond management
 ash water recycling system
 liquid waste management
o Ecological monitoring, reviews and on-line database
management for all its power stations
-

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- Liberalisation is Removing barriers or restrictions set by the

government
- With liberalisation of trade, businesses are allowed to make
decisions freely about what they wish to import or export
- Companies are able to set up plants in other countries where
policies in favour of liberalisation of trade and investment are
undertaken which led to rise in the process of globalisation.
- liberalisation of trade and investment policies facilitated free market
i.e. free movement of labour - capital - goods.
 - It enables integration of global economics i.e. helped the process of
globalisation

Multi-dimentional: It affects below areas

- Exchange of goods: Export/import of goods, affects standard of

living
- Economic (exchange of capital): international trades allows flow of
money and financial growth
- Peoples: Peoples travels across countries for jobs, business changing
their lives
- Politics: Globalization, trades affects politics and politics influence
globalization
- Knowledge: With globalization knowledge is globally exchanged
- Cultural: Social cultures are also exchanging with globalization
-
- Legal/policies
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- political economic cultural manifestations.
- It is the process of exchange of ideas capital commodities and
people.
- affected the distribution of power and authority within and among
countries
- exchange of goods, capital, knowledge, culture;
- economic, material, people, social, cultural manifestation
-