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Matter
Definition:
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space (occupies volume). Everything around us
is made of matter, including solids, liquids, and gases.
Key Points:
● Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms.
● It can exist in different states: solid, liquid, or gas.
● Matter can be classified into pure substances (elements and compounds) and
mixtures.
● The properties of matter include mass, volume, density, and shape.
Study Review Questions:
1. Define matter and provide two examples.
2. What are the three states of matter?
3. How do the properties of solids, liquids, and gases differ?
Elements and Compounds
Definitions:
● Element: A pure substance made up of only one type of atom. It cannot be broken down
into a simpler substance by chemical means (e.g., Oxygen (O₂), Gold (Au)).
● Compound: A pure substance formed when two or more elements chemically combine
in a fixed ratio (e.g., Water (H₂O), Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)).
Key Points:
● Elements are represented by symbols from the periodic table (e.g., Na for Sodium, Fe
for Iron).
● Compounds have different properties from the elements that form them.
● Compounds always have a fixed chemical composition (e.g., H₂O always has two
hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom).
Study Review Questions:
1. What is an element? Give two examples.
2. How does a compound differ from an element?
3. Explain why water (H₂O) is considered a compound.
Pure Substances
Definition:
A pure substance is a material with a definite and uniform composition. It can either be an
element or a compound.
Key Points:
● Elements are pure substances that consist of only one type of atom.
● Compounds are pure substances because they have a fixed composition.
● Pure substances have specific melting and boiling points that do not change under
normal conditions.
Study Review Questions:
1. What is a pure substance?
2. Why are elements and compounds considered pure substances?
3. How can you determine if a substance is pure?
States of Matter
Definition:
The three states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas, each with distinct properties.
Key Points:
State of Matter Shape Volume Particle Particle
Arrangement Movement
Solid Fixed Fixed Tightly packed Vibrate in place
Liquid Takes shape of Fixed Loosely packed Move past each
container other
Gas Takes shape of Changes to fill Spread out Move freely
container space
Study Review Questions:
1. What are the three states of matter?
2. Compare the properties of solids, liquids, and gases.
3. Why do gases expand to fill any container?
Force
Definition:
A force is a push or pull that causes an object to move, stop, or change direction.
Key Points:
● Forces are measured in Newtons (N).
● Forces can be contact forces (e.g., friction, tension) or non-contact forces (e.g.,
gravity, magnetic force).
● Balanced forces cause no movement, while unbalanced forces cause motion.
● F= ma (Force = mass x acceleration)
Study Review Questions:
1. Define force.
2. What is the unit of force?
3. Explain the difference between contact and non-contact forces.
Phase Changes in Matter
Definition:
Phase changes occur when matter transitions from one state to another due to changes in
temperature or pressure.
Key Points:
● Melting: Solid → Liquid (e.g., Ice melting into water).
● Freezing: Liquid → Solid (e.g., Water freezing into ice).
● Evaporation: Liquid → Gas (e.g., Water turning into steam).
● Condensation: Gas → Liquid (e.g., Steam turning into water droplets).
● Sublimation: Solid → Gas (e.g., Dry ice turning into gas).
● Deposition: Gas → Solid (e.g., Frost forming on windows).
Study Review Questions:
1. What causes a phase change in matter?
2. How does evaporation differ from condensation?
3. Give two examples of sublimation.
Separating Techniques
Definition:
Separation techniques are used to separate mixtures into their components.
Key Techniques:
● Filtration: Separates an insoluble solid from a liquid (e.g., sand and water).
● Evaporation: Removes liquid to leave a dissolved solid behind (e.g., salt from
seawater).
● Distillation: Separates liquids with different boiling points.
● Chromatography: Separates different colored substances in a mixture (e.g., ink
separation).
● Separating funnel: separates two insoluble liquids like oil and water
Study Review Questions:
1. What is the purpose of separation techniques?
2. How does filtration differ from evaporation?
3. Why is distillation useful?
Physical and Chemical Changes
Definitions:
● Physical Change: A change in state or appearance without forming a new substance
(e.g., melting ice, cutting paper).
● Chemical Change: A change that results in a new substance being formed (e.g.,
burning wood, rusting iron).
Key Differences:
Physical Change Chemical Change
No new substance formed New substance formed
Often reversible Usually irreversible
Example: Boiling water Example: Burning paper
Study Review Questions:
1. What is the main difference between physical and chemical changes?
2. Give two examples of a physical change.
3. What are signs that a chemical change has occurred?
Osmosis and Diffusion
Definitions:
● Osmosis: The movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable
membrane from an area of high water concentration to low water concentration.
● Diffusion: The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of
low concentration until evenly spread out.
Key Points:
● Osmosis occurs in living cells and helps maintain water balance.
● Diffusion occurs in gases and liquids (e.g., perfume spreading in a room).
Study Review Questions:
1. Define osmosis and diffusion.
2. Why is osmosis important for living organisms?
3. Give an example of diffusion in everyday life.
Simple Distillation
Definition:
A method used to separate a liquid from a solution by heating, evaporating, and condensing.
Steps:
1. The liquid is heated until it evaporates.
2. The vapor rises and is cooled in a condenser.
3. The pure liquid is collected separately.
Key Points:
● Used to purify water and separate alcohol from water.
● Works best when the liquids have different boiling points.
Study Review Questions:
1. What is the purpose of simple distillation?
2. How does distillation differ from evaporation?
3. Why does the liquid condense back during distillation?
