1
CAPSTONE PROJECT
Mary Jean Dela Cruz
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DOCUMENTATION REPORT
SOP AND DATA ANALYSIS
PEER EVALUATION
3
WRITING CHAPTER 3
UNDERSTANDING DATA
AND WAYS TO SYSTEMATICALLY COLLECT IT
Parts of CHAPTER 3 4
PROTOTYPE
01 Research Methods
Discuss the Research Design used in the study.
01
Research Methods
02 Research Locale Discuss the Research Design used in the study.
Discuss where the research took place.
Nature of Subjects and Respondents 02 Research Locale
03 Describe the characteristics of the subject relevant Discuss where the research took place.
to the study and the profile of the respondents
Data and Sources 03
Procedure
04 Discuss the data needed and where they are taken Discuss the whole process of the research
from.
Research Instrument Data Analysis
05 04
Describe the research instrument used. Explain how the data will be analyzed
06
Procedure
Discuss the whole process of the research
Data Analysis
07
Explain how the data will be analyzed
Research Design 5
What’s the plan?
Quantitative Research Designs
Descriptive Correlational Experimental
Used to investigate the Research primarily
direction and concerned with
magnitude of cause and effect
Allows investigators relationships among
relationships in
to gather information variables in a particular
studies that involve
about the current population.
Existence of a manipulation and
conditions
relationship does not measurement. It
imply utilizes the method
causation of difference.
Research Design 6
What’s the plan?
Descriptive
Survey Studies Research Design
Developmental Study
Gather information about Find out the pattern of
the variables NOT about behavior of participants.
the individual. Longitudinal Study
It does not examine the Data gathered from same
causes
Follow-up Study
sample repeatedly over a
Used to know what period of time
happened to the Cross-sectional Study
participants after a Observe a population at a
treatment or condition single point in time to examine
Tracer Study variables
Research Design 7
What’s the plan?
Experimental
True Experimental
Design Research Design Pre-Experimental
Design
Participants are randomly Participants are NOT
selected. There is an randomly selected.
experimental and a Quasi-Experimental
controlled group where Design
the experimental group is
exposed to treatment. Participants can be
randomly or not
randomly selected.
Control group may also
be possible
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 8
cause and effect relationships
PRE EXPERIMENTAL PRE EXPERIMENTAL
Static group Comparison
One Shot Case Study
A group that has experienced some treatment is
single group of test units is exposed to an experimental compared with one that has not.
treatment and a single measurement is taken
afterwards. O1 = Pretest
O1 = Pretest X O2 X = Treatment
X = Treatment --------- O2 = Posttest
X O2 O2 = Posttest _ O2 - - - = Non Random
- - - = Non Random _ = Normal/Control
One group pretest-post test
A single case is observed at two time points, one before
the treatment and one after the treatment.
O1 = Pretest
O1 X O2 X = Treatment
O2 = Posttest
- - - = Non Random
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 9
cause and effect relationships
TRUE EXPERIMENTAL TRUE EXPERIMENTAL
Solomon Four group
Pre-test Post-test Control Group
test units are randomly allocated to two experimental
test units are randomly allocated to an experimental groups and two control groups. One of the experimental
group and a control group. Both groups are measured groups and one of the control groups is measured. Both
before and after the experimental group is exposed to a experimental groups are then exposed to a treatment.
treatment. O = Pretest Afterwards both experimental and control groups are
1
R O1 X O2 X = Treatment measured. Six measurements are taken in all and the
O2 = Posttest design aims to account for pre-testing bias and pre-test
R O1 _ O2
R = Random manipulation interaction bias.
Post Test Control Group _ = Normal/Control O1 = Pretest
test units are randomly allocated R O1𝑎 X O2𝑎 X = Treatment
to an experimental group and a R O1𝑏 _ O2𝑏
control group. The experimental
O2 = Posttest
R X O2 R X O2𝑐 R = Random
group is exposed to a treatment
and both groups are measured R _ O2 R _ O2𝑑 _ = Normal/Control
afterwards.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 10
cause and effect relationships
QUASI EXPERIMENTAL QUASI EXPERIMENTAL
O1 = Pretest
Time Series X = Treatment Counter balance design
measurements of the same O2 = Posttest 2-4 or more groups exposed to different treatment but
variables are taken at different - - - = NonRandom an interval of time.
points in time. _ = Normal/Control
O1𝑎 O1𝑏 O1𝑐 O1𝑑 X O1𝑎 O1𝑏 O1𝑐 O1𝑑
-------------------------------
Non equivalent Group
treatment group that is given a pretest, receives a
treatment, and then is given a posttest. But at the
same time there is a nonequivalent control group that
is given a pretest, does not receive the treatment, and
then is given a posttest.
O1 X O2 O1 = Pretest
X = Treatment
---------
O2 = Posttest
O1 _ O2 - - - = NonRandom
_ = Normal/Control
Research Design 11
Writing this section
This research applied the quantitative method
What is the general methodology or
since the focus of the researchers in gathering
01 research design do you intend to
and interpreting the data would involve more
utilize in your proposed study?
use of mathematical equations and statistical
tools. According to Muijs (2010), quantitative
Why did you choose this research
research focuses on getting numerical data 02
design?
and infers or explains a certain event across
groups of people. Meanwhile, in this research,
the numerical data of the prototype blocks What specific type of the research
03
was compared to the numerical data of the design will you use?
commercial concrete block to find out if the
wastes had any sort of effect on the block. In Why did you choose this specific
conducting the research, the researchers used 04 methodology?
an experimental research design, which was a
type of quantitative research.
Research Design 12
Writing this section
According to Mitchell (2015), an experimental
What is the general methodology or
research design was centrally concerned with
01 research design do you intend to
creating research high in causal validity
utilize in your proposed study?
wherein, it would state the accuracy of the
statements regarding the cause and effect
Why did you choose this research
relationships. Since another aim of this 02
design?
research was to test the effect of combining
the gathered waste into the concrete mix, this
research method was perfect for finding the What specific type of the research
03
data that will answer the research questions. design will you use?
The type of experimental research used in Why did you choose this specific
conducting the experiment was the quasi- 04 methodology?
experimental research design since in
conducting the study, the independent
Research Design 13
Writing this section
variables were manipulated and allowed the
What is the general methodology or
researchers to control the assignment to the
01 research design do you intend to
treatment condition by using some criteria
utilize in your proposed study?
other than random assignment (Cook &
Campbell, 1979). The independent variables of
Why did you choose this research
the study are the amount of plastic, glass, and 02
design?
shell waste added into the concrete mix based
on the researchers' judgment guided by a
condition. In addition to that, in a post-test- What specific type of the research
03
only design, a type of quasi-experimental design will you use?
research design, the dependent variable of
the study was measured after the treatment Why did you choose this specific
(Cook& Campbell, 1979). 04 methodology?
Research Design 14
Writing this section
The researchers prepared 12 concrete blocks for What is the population
01
testing, this is due to the research set-up, wherein and sample size?
there are 4 experimental set-ups with 3 trials each.
How did you come up
Using municipal solid waste as an alternative 02
with the sample size?
aggregate in making concrete blocks was the main
interest of the study and thus, the sampling How did you select
01
technique that the researchers chose in picking out your respondents/
the wastes to be used in making the concrete blocks sample? (Sampling
was through the purposive sampling technique. technique)
Purposive sampling was a form of non-probability
sampling technique wherein the researchers would
select the variables according to their set criteria
(Palys, 2008).
Sampling Techniques 15
Probability Sampling
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
Drawing randomly from a list of the
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
population (e.g.: names from a hat, using a
matrix of random numbers). Taking every kth element in the population
𝑁
Sample: Ms. Dela Cruz samples her class by as a sample, where 𝑘 =
𝑛
picking 10 numbers from her hat and each
number is assigned to a student. . Sample: Mrs. Crus samples her class by selecting
every third person on her class list.
Sampling Techniques 16
Probability Sampling
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
a process in which certain
subgroups, or strata, are selected for CLUSTER SAMPLING
the sample in the same proportion as
The selection of groups, or
they exist in the population
clusters, of subjects rather than individuals
Sample: A school surveys 100 students by taking Sample: A School wants to survey students about
random samples of 10 female and 90 male teacher performance, so they randomly select 10
students. sections survey every student in each class.
Sampling Techniques 17
Non-Probability Sampling
3
CONVENIENCE QUOTA SAMPLING
SAMPLING
The number of samples is
is selecting a group of decided by the researcher
individuals who are and selection is also made
conveniently available out of availability of the
for study respondent.
Sample: Standing at a mall or a Sample: A researcher wants to survey individuals
grocery store and asking people about what smartphone brand they prefer to use.
to answer survey questionnaire He/she considers a sample size of 500 respondents.
He/she identified 250 males and 250 females; and
350 employed and 150 unemployed people
Sampling Techniques 18
Non-Probability Sampling
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
Using researcher’s judgment to SNOWBALL SAMPLING Sample: A researcher
select a sample that they believe, asked a respondent for a
based on prior information, will One sample leads on to referral for another
provide the data they need. more of the same kind of respondent.
sample.
Sample: A researcher polls people
as they walk by on the street.
The Research Locale
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The making of the prototypes was done by the researchers themselves at Writing this section
Barangay _____ in ____ City. Under the supervision of an adult, the selected
place was ensured to be secured, safe, and hazard-free so that no one will be
harmed while conducting the experiment. In regards to the convenience of the Where did you conduct
01
researchers, it is near to a hardware store and to the University of the East in
your study
Caloocan where the researchers tested the compressive strength of the blocks.
Other than that, the researchers were able to maximize the time in working on
the prototype since the selected place was accessible for all the members of the Description and
02
research. Meanwhile, the experimental testing of each block was done in two background of the
different places. The weighing, density test, water absorption test, and the locale
calculation of its cost, was conducted at Barangay _____ in ______ City since the
Why did you this
place was spacious and these tests could be executed by the researchers 03
themselves to make the data gathering easier and faster. On the other hand, the location?
compressive strength test was carried out at the University of the East’s
Mechanical Engineering Laboratory since it was complete with apparatuses
Map to pinpoint the area
needed for testing the blocks and it also had a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) 04 of interest and label it as a
which was the device used to measure the compressive strength of the block. figure
The gathered data was guaranteed to be accurate since the researchers were
guided by professionals in operating the machine.
The Procedure
20
Writing this section
What are the steps
needed to finish the
01 research project?
(Flowchart)
What are the Materials
02
needed in making the
Prototype?
How will you prepare
03
the materials?
How did you create the
04 prototype?
What does the prototype
04 looks like?
The Procedure
21
Writing this section
What are the steps
needed to finish the
01 research project?
(Flowchart)
What are the Materials
02
needed in making the
Prototype?
How will you prepare
03
the materials?
How did you create the
04 prototype?
What does the prototype
04 looks like?
The Procedure
22
Writing this section
What are the steps
needed to finish the
01 research project?
(Flowchart)
What are the Materials
02
needed in making the
Prototype?
How will you prepare
03
the materials?
How did you create the
04 prototype?
What are the variables in
04 the study?
The Procedure
23
Writing this section
What are the steps
needed to finish the
01 research project?
(Flowchart)
What are the Materials
02
needed in making the
Prototype?
How will you prepare
03
the materials?
How did you create the
04 prototype?
What are the variables in
04 the study?
The Procedure
24
Writing this section
01 What does the
prototype looks like?
What are your set-ups
02
based on the variable?
What will you test the
03
prototype based on
your variable?
04 How will do this test?
The Procedure
25
Writing this section
01 What does the
prototype looks like?
What are your set-ups
02
based on the variable?
What will you test the
03
prototype based on
your variable?
04 How will do this test?
The Procedure
26
Writing this section
01 What does the
prototype looks like?
What are your set-ups
02
based on the variable?
What will you test the
03
prototype based on
your variable?
04 How will do this test?
READ MODULE 6-8 FOR MORE 27
INFORMATION
Types of Statistical Treatment
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1. T-test of dependent means
2. T-test of independent means
3. One-way ANOVA
4. Two-way ANOVA
Test of
Significance
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1. T-test of dependent means
Use to determine if there is a significant
difference between 2 sets or groups of
correlated/dependent scores
Test of
Significance
30
2. T-test of independent means
Use to determine if there is a significant
difference between 2 independent or 2
different groups in terms of means.
Test of
Significance
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T test Summary
Experimental Control
Pretest Posttest Pretest Posttest
T test of T test of
dependent T test of T test of dependent
proportion independent independent proportion
proportion proportion
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3. One-way ANOVA
Determine if there is a significant difference
between three or more groups in terms of
means.
Interval or Ratio
Test of
Significance
33
4. Two-way ANOVA
Determine if there is a significant difference
between 3 or more independent variable in
terms of means.
Interval or Ratio
Test of
Significance
34
1. Pearson R
Use to determine if there is a correlation or
relationship between 2 variables of the
interval or ratio type.
Test of Correlation
The Data Analysis
35
Writing this section
What are the statistical
01 test for each SOP?
Definition of statistical
02
test.
How will you present
03
the data?
How will you interpret
04 the data?
How will you
04 compute/analyze the
data?
The Data Analysis
36
Writing this section
What are the statistical
01 test for each SOP?
Definition of statistical
02
test.
How will you present
03
the data?
How will you interpret
04 the data?
How will you
04 compute/analyze the
data?
The Data Analysis
37
Writing this section
What are the statistical
01 test for each SOP?
Definition of statistical
02
test.
How will you present
03
the data?
How will you interpret
04 the data?
How will you
04 compute/analyze the
data?
The Data Analysis
38
Writing this section
What are the statistical
01 test for each SOP?
Definition of statistical
02
test.
How will you present
03
the data?
How will you interpret
04 the data?
How will you
04 compute/analyze the
data?
The Data Analysis
39
Writing this section
What are the statistical
01 test for each SOP?
Definition of statistical
02
test.
How will you present
03
the data?
How will you interpret
04 the data?
How will you
04 compute/analyze the
data?
