EE25985
Lecture0: EM Applications
& Vector Analysis
Electromagnetics II
Prof. Sangkil Kim
Pusan National University
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https://youtu.be/NCkbekhUdw4
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0.1 Scalar & Vectors
Scalar Vector
Speed, temperature, density, Velocity, force,
pressure, volume, etc. acceleration, etc.
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* Field (scalar or vector): Some function that connects an arbitrary origin to a general point in space
Scalar Field Vector Field
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0.2 Vector Algebra
Associative Law:
Distributive Law:
= rA+ rB+ sA+ sB
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0.3 Rectangular Coordinate System
* Rectangular or cartesian coordinate system.
* Right-handed coordinate system: A rotation of the x-axis into the y-axis z-axis
𝑃𝑃′ = (𝑑𝑥)2 +(𝑑𝑦)2 +(𝑑𝑧)2
< Point locations as intersections of Planes > < Differential volume element > 18
0.4 Vector Components and Unit Vectors
< Component vectors x, y, and z of vector r > < Unit vectors of the rectangular coordinates >
* Let a force vector, 𝐅 = 𝐹𝑥 𝒂𝑥 + 𝐹𝑦 𝒂𝑦 + 𝐹𝑧 𝒂𝑧
Components (component scalars): 𝐹𝑥 , 𝐹𝑦 , 𝐹𝑧
Unit vectors: 𝒂𝑥 , 𝒂𝑦 , 𝒂𝑧
Component vectors:𝐹𝑥 𝒂𝑥 , 𝐹𝑦 𝒂𝑦 , 𝐹z 𝒂𝑧
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General Vector, B:
Magnitude of B:
Unit Vector in the
Direction of B:
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0.5 Vector Field
We are accustomed to thinking of a specific vector:
A vector field is a function defined in space that has magnitude
and direction at all points:
where r = (x,y,z); r is a position vector
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∗ Let 𝐯(z) = 2𝑒 𝑧/100 𝐚𝑥 then,𝐯(0) = 2𝐚𝑥 , 𝐯(−100) = 𝑒 𝐚𝑥
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Ex) 𝐒 = (𝑥 − 1)𝐚𝑥 + (𝑦 − 2)𝐚𝑦 + (𝑧 + 1)𝐚𝑧
(𝑥−1)2 +(𝑦−2)2 +(𝑧+1)2
(a) S at P(2,4,3) (b) Unit vector that gives direction of S at P
(c) Specify the surface f(x,y,z) on which |S|=1
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0.6 Dot Product
Commutative Law:
* Example: ‘Work’
* Constant force, F, applied over a straight displacement L: 𝑭 ∙ 𝑳 = 𝐹𝐿 cos 𝜃
* When the force varies along the path: Work = 𝐋𝑑 ∙ 𝐅
* Example: ‘Magnetic field’
* Total flux crossing a surface of area S when B is normal to S and constant:Φ = B ∙ S
* When the B is not uniform over S: Φ = 𝐒𝑑 ∙ 𝐁
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Given
Find
where we have used:
Note also:
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B • a gives the component of B (B • a)a gives the vector component
in the horizontal direction of B in the horizontal direction
𝐁 ∙ 𝐚 = |𝐁||𝐚| cos 𝜃Ba = |𝐁| cos 𝜃Ba
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0.7 The Cross Product
𝐀 × 𝐁 = −𝐁 × 𝐀
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Begin with:
where
Therefore:
Or…
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0.8 Divergence
Mathematically, this is:
Applying our previous result, we have:
div A = 𝛻 ∙A =
and when the vector field is the electric flux density:
=𝛻∙D
Maxwell’s first equation
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The del operator is a vector differential operator, and is defined as:
Note that:
= = div D
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* Divergence Theorem (Gauss’s Theorem)
From Maxwell’s first equation (or the point form of Gauss’ Law):
and Gauss’s Law in large-scale form reads:
leading to the Divergence Theorem:
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0.9 Gradient
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𝛻𝑓 = lim 𝑓𝑑𝒔
∆𝑣→0 ∆𝑣 𝑠
𝜕𝑓
𝑎ො ∙ 𝛻𝑓 =
𝜕𝑎
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Laplacian: 𝛻 ∙ 𝛻𝑓 = 𝛻 2 𝑓
𝜕 2𝑓 𝜕 2𝑓 𝜕 2𝑓
𝛻 2𝑓 = 2 + 2 + 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 1 𝜕 2𝑓 𝜕 2𝑓
𝛻 2𝑓 = 𝜌 + 2 2
+ 2
𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜌 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 1 𝜕 2𝑓
𝛻2𝑓 = 2 𝑟2 + 2 sin 𝜃 + 2 2
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜙 2
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0.10 Curl
Assembling the results of the rectangular loop integration exercise,
we find the vector field that comprises curl H:
An easy way to calculate this is to evaluate the following determinant:
which we see is equivalent to the cross product of the del operator
with the field:
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𝛻 × 𝒇 = lim න 𝑑𝑺 × 𝒇
∆v→𝟎 ∆v 𝑆
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