1 Matter

Let's Learn

Matter and its general properties

Atoms and molecules

States of matter - solid, ligquid and gas

Arrangement of molecules in solids, liquids and gases
Properties of solids, liquids and gases
Interconversion of states of matter

Jump Start
The boy in the picture given below is hungry. Help him to reach the chocolate.

Solids, ligquids and gases are states of. Mattpr

latter and Its General Propertles
atter

ings around us are of different colours, shapes and sizes. Some things are living whereas
hers are non-living. Plants and animals are examples of living things while water, minerals,
chines, furniture, clouds, mountains, and planets are examples of non-living things. Even
though living and non-living things are different in shape, size, colour and texture they have
all made up of matter. All
objects have ma
common and that is they are
one thing in 5 that has mass and
define matter as, any object
they occupy space. Thus we can
non-living things are made up of matter.
OCCupies
space. JAllliving and
Properties of matter
Matter occupies space
than asmallspoon. The spars
Allobjects occupy space. Abig cup occupies more space
occupied by matter is known as volume
Learn by Doing 1
Aim: Tounderstand that matter occupies space.
Materials required: Glass or plastic
container, water, crumpled paper,
glass tumbler
Procedure: crumpled
paper
1. Take one large container and glass or glass
fill about 3/4th of it with water. plastic
container
2. Crumple a piece of dry paper water

and squeeze it to the bottom Matter occupies space

of a transparent glass tumbler.
Make sure that the paper does not fall off.
it vertically as shown
3. Invert the glass and immerse it completely under water, holding
in the figure.
it out of the water.
4. Hold the glass underwater for acouple of seconds before taking
5. Allow the water on the outside of the glass to drip off.
6. Then remove the crumpled paper out of the glass.
7. Check whether the paper is wet or dry
Observation: The paper remains completely dry.
Conclusion: The glass contained air due to which water was unable to enter the gic
Thisshows
when it was immersed underwater. Therefore, the paper stays completely dry.
that air which is matter, occupies space.
 Matter has mass
Mass is the amount of matter in an object. The earth's gravity works on an object which
results in the weight of the object. All matter has definite mass.
Learn by Doing 2
Aim: To investigate that matter has mass.
Materials required: Balloons, stick, string, thread
Procedure:
1. Take twNO deflated balloons and
one inflated balloon of the same
size.

2. Suspend the deflated balloons

at the two ends of a stick with
the help of equal sized threads. deflated balloon inflated balloon
3. Hold this stick at the centre and (a) (b)
Matter has mass
try to balance it.
4. At the point where it is balanced, tie a piece of string as
shown in figure (a).
5. Make sure that the two deflated balloons are in perfect
balance.
6. Now, replace one deflated balloon with an inflated balloon as shown in
fiqure (b).
7. What do you observe?
Observation: The stick tilts to the side of the inflated balloon.
Conclusion: Due to the air present in the inflated balloon, the stick tilts. This shows that
matter has mass.

Did You Know

Light, sound, fir, shadow, force and energy are not made up of
matter. They neither
OCCupy space nor have any mass.

Quick Review
Fill in the blanks.
1. All matter has definite Mass and occupies space.
2. Plants and animals are examples of things.
3.
All living and non-living things are made up of Mat Qr
Atoms
What is and Molecules
matter made up of? Matter is made up of small particles called atoms However,

smallest structural unit of matter- that exhibit,

independently. An atom is the
atoms rarelyexist
itself.
the same properties as matter matter
together molecule
Atoms are reactive and they combine
one
toform molecules)A molecule is made up of atom

or of different
or more atoms of the same kind
kinds. A molecule can exist independently.
A number of molecules together form an
object/thing. Atoms and molecules are too Fig. 1.1. Concept of matter in terms of atoms and
smallto be seen with the naked eyes. molecules

The arrangement of molecules in an object

the state of matter. Molecules of an object attract each otherThe force of attractir.
varies with attraction
intermolecular force of
that exists between the molecules of matter is called
the molecules is callee
This force tendsto hold the molecules together.(The space between
when the molecule
intermolecular space The intermolecular force of attraction is maximum
are close to each other.

Quick Review
State whether the following statements are true or false.
1. Atoms always exist independently in nature:fGo
2. We cannot see molecules with naked eyes.tue
3. Molecules of anobject attract each other.tu
States of Matter- Solid, Liquid and Gas
Solids, liquids and gases are the three states of matter. Rock, wood, fibre, soil and grains :
examples of solids. Oil, juice, water and alcohol are examples of liguids. Hydrogen, oxyge
and air are examples of gases.
The properties that decide the state of a
substance, solid, liquid or gaseous are:
Intermolecular space water vapour
Force of attraction between the molecules (gaseous state)
Movement of the molecules ice (solid state)
The different forms of matter are based on the
arrangement of molecules in them. In fig. 1.2, water
is present in its three states i.e. ice
(solid), water
(liquid), water vapour (gaseous). water (liquid state)
Enrichment

Plasmais the fourth state of matterLike gases, plasma does not have definite shape or
Volume. Ahigh temperature must be reached before a normal gas can be transformed into
plasma.
Explore internet sites and find more information about plasma.

Arrangement of Molecules in Solids, Liquids and Gases

Molecular arrangement in solids 2

In solids, themolecules are tightlypacked togethe Strong intermolecularforce exists between

the molecules of a solid which results in adefinite shape in solids. The space between the
molecules is very small. Due to this, free bag arrangement of
molecules
movement of molecules cannot take
place. They can onty vibrate at their
fixed positions. The molecules in a solid
are arranged in a fixed pattern giving
it a definite shape and volume. Some
examples of solids are plastic, sugar, salt, Fig. 1.3 Arrangement of molecules in solids
ice, wax, gold, and silver.

Molecular arrangement in liquids

Molecules are not very closely packed in liquid arrangement of
molecules
liquids. The intermolecularspace between
the molecules is greater as compared
to solids. Due to this, force of attraction
between them is lesser than in solids.
Molecules are in constant random motion
Fig. 1.4 Arrangement of molecules in liquids
and move from one position to another
within the liquid. Hence, liquids do not have definite shapeThey take the shape of the
container in which they are kept. Some examples of liquids are milk, honey, diesel, petrol, and
sulphuric acíd.
arrangement of
Molecular arrangement in gases a balloon
molecules
Ingases, molecules are very far apart from
each other as compared to solids and
liquids. The intermolecular space between
the molecules is very large. .Hence, the
intermolecular force of attraction is very Fig. 1.5 Arrangement of molecules in
gases
 directions. Since the gaseous
weak and the molecules are free to move in all
far from each other, they can be compressed easily. Some
examples of gases molareeculessteamare
carbon dioxide, ammonia, and helium.
Quick Review
State whether the following statements are true or false.
1. Solids, liquids and gases are the three states of matter.[ nP
2. Liquids do not have adefinite shape.True

Properties of Solids, Liquids andGases

Properties of solids
Solids have a definite shape andvolume (i.e. length, area and volume).
Solids can be hard like arock or soft like fur. Solids have a definite shape because the
molecules are tightly packed together, that is-they are not free to move around. As the
molecules are not free to move from their positions, they simply vibrate on either side of ther
mean positions Molecules in a solid are arranged in a regular, distinct pattern.
If youpour sugar from ajar, it willform a heap, but it will not flow. Solids can be heaped or
stacked over each other. They will not flow. If you keep ablock of wood in a glass, a plate or
a bag, the block will hold its shape. The shape of the block of wood will not change unless an
external force is applied to it. Also, solids do not change their shape according to the shape
of the container. They ocCupy the same amount of space at all times. That is, in
other words
they have a definite volume.
Learn by Doing 3
Aim: To demonstrate that solids have a definite volume.
Materials required: Three containers of different sizes like an
and an empty bowl, astone, water, trough, a empty jar, an empty glass
measuring cylinder
Procedure:
1. Take a smallstone and three
glass andan empty bowl.
containers of different sizes like an enmpty jar, an empy
2. Now, fill all the three containers with
water upto the brim.
3. Place atrough underneath each
4. Drop the stone gently into the first
container as shown in the figure.
container, say the iar.
5. Somewater will spill off and tlow into the
Preserve this spilled water.
trough placed underneath.
6.
 Learn by Doing 3 (Cont.)
7. Take out the stone from the first container and drop it
gently into the second
container and preserve the spilled water in this case as well.
8 Repeat the same with the third container.
9 Measure the volume of water that overflows in each case
(fig. a, b, c) using a
measuring cylinder.

(a) jar
(b) glass (c) bowl (d)
measuring cylinder
Observation: The water that overflows in each case will be the
the stone is the same. same since the volume of
Conclusion: This demonstrates that solids have a definite volume.
Solids are rigid
The molecules in solids are closely packed
togetherJSo, intermolecular space
negligible. Due tothis, they cannot be compressed easily.
in solids is

Solids are highly dense

The particles in solids are very close
together, tightly packed, and hence have a high density.
Solids do not flow
)Intermolecular force between the molecules of solids is strong. Dúe
intermolecular force of to this property the
attraction between the molecules is maximum. he molecules are
tightly packed with minimum
intermolecular space. This force helps solids to retain their shape.
Solids exert pressure due to their The
weight
Solids exert pressure due to their weight in the
downwards direction.
Did You Know
Not all solids are rigid. Some solids such as
shape when a force is applied on them. They rubber bands are elastic. They change their
return to the original shape when the force
iS removed.
 Properties of liquids
but no definite shape
Liquids have adefinite volume
Leurn by Dolng 4
definite volume but do not have a definite shape.
Aim: To demonstrate that liquids have a
different shapes, water
Materials required: Three empty containers of
Procedure:

1. Take Some water and three

measuring containers of different
shapes.
2. Pour 100 ml of water in each
containe.

3. Water in vessels of different shapes

Observe the shape of the water in
each container.

Observation: You will observe that the volume of water is the same in all the containers
but the water takes the shape of the container into which it is poured.
Conclusion: This demonstrates that liquids have a definite volume but no definite shape.

Liquids are mostly incompressible

Intermolecular spaces in liquids are more than solids. So, they can be compressed more than
solids.

Learn by Dolng 5
Aim: To demonstrate that liquids have
intermolecular spaces.
Materials required: Glass tumbler, water, spoon,
Procedure:
powdered sugar
1. Fill aglass tumbler with water
upto the brim.
2.
Carefully add a tablespoon of powdered sugar
3. Does water overflow? into the glass tumbler.
Observation: You will
observe that sugar gets
flow out of the tumbler. dissolved in the water. The water does not
Conclusion: There are some
these spaces are occupied by intermolecular
the powdered spaces between the molecules of waterand
sugar molecules.
VLiquids can flow easily from a higher level to a lower level
Liquids can flow easily due to weak intermolecular force of attraction and more intermolecular
space.

Liquids exert pressure in alldirections

The molecules of a liquid are free to move within the boundary of the liquid. Unlike solids,
liquids exert pressure on the container in all directions.
Properties of gases
Gases neither have a definite shape nor a definite volume
tean by Dolng 6
Aim: Todemonstrate that gases neither have a definite shape nor a definite volume.
Materials required: Two similar glass jars, an incense stick, an incense stick holder
Procedure:

1. Take twO similar glass jars, an incense stick and

an incense stick holder.
2 Place the incense stick holder along with the
burning incense stick inside one of the glass
jars.
3 Observe the smoke carefully.
4. Immediately cover the glass jar with the other
glass jar.
5. Once again observe the movement of the smoke Glass jar with incense sticks
carefully.
Observation: Initially, the smoke filled the lower glass jar and took the shape of the lower
glass jar. When we covered the first jar with the second jar, the smoke spread into the
upper jar as well, thus occupying all the space available to it.
Conclusion: The smoke particles are loosely packed with very weak intermolecular forces
of attraction. This shows that a gas neither has a definite volume nor a definite shape.
Gases are highly compressible
Intermolecular spaces in gases are more than solids and liquids. So, they are highly
compressible as compared to both of them.
Learn by Doing 7 compressible.
gases are pieces of chalk, water
Aim: To demonstrate that rubbercorks,
syringes,
Materials required: Three 100 ml
Procedure: nozzles withrubber -plunger
and closetheir
1. Take three 100 ml syringes
corks.
2 Remove the plunger from the syringes.
(liquid) and the second with
3. Fill the first syringe with water
third untouched.
pieces of chalk (solid) and leave the air

4 Insert the plungers back into the syringes.

pushing the
5 Iry to compress the contents in each syringe by rubber cor
plunger inside. Gases are
What will you observe? In which case was the plunger pushed compressible
6.
in easily?
Observation: On applying force the plunger of the third syringe moves inwards easily.
Conclusion: This demonstrates that gases are highly compressible as compared to solics
and liquids.

Gases flow in all possible directions

Learn by Doing 8
Aim: To demonstrate that gases move freely in all
directions.
Materials required: Air freshener
Procedure:
1. Spray air freshener in one corner of a
room.
2. Wait for some time.
3. What do youobserve?
Observation: You will observe that the
Conclusion: The molecules of gases are
fragrance spreads throughout the
spaces. The intermolecular loosely packed and
room.
force of attraction have maximum intermolecular
gases therefore spread in al directions between the molecules is minimum and
 Table1.1 Characteristics of solids, liquids and gases
Characteristics Solids Liquids Gases
Shape They have afixed They do not have a They do not have
shape fixed shape. Liquids fixed shape. Gases
take the shape of take the shape of !
the container the container
Volume Solids have a fixed Liquids have a fixed Gases do not have
volume volume a fixed volume
Arrangerment of Molecules are Molecules are close Molecules are
molecules
closely packed together but not as far from each
together close as solids other and move

Bonds randomly
Strong Relatively stronger Very weak
intermolecular intermolecular intermolecular
bonds bonds compared to bonds
gases but weaker
than solids
Intermolecular Force Force of attraction Force of attraction is Force of attraction
is maximum
weaker than solids is minimum
Intermolecular spaces Minimum space Space more than Maximum space
solids
Diagrammatic
representation

Study Tip
Remember:
Theorder of
intermolecular force of attraction is solids > liquids > gases.
The order of
intermolecular space is gases > liquids > solids.
 Interconverslon of States of Matter
Matter changes its state either due to a change in temperature (addition or removal of heat
decrease).
or achange in pressure (increase or
The change of matter from one state to another state and back to the original state is known
life, we come across many objects th.
as interconversion of states of matter. In our daily
can change from one physical state to another.
exists in i.
For example, water exists as solid (ice), liguid (water), and gas (water vapour). It
liquid form at room temperature. When water is heated to 100°C, it bols giving out ste2
(water vapour) which is in gaseous form he conversion of liquid to vapour is known a:
vapourisation.
On cooling, steam (vapour) is converted into water (liquid). The conversion of a gas to a liquic
on cooling isknown as condensation.
The change from solid state to liquid state is known as melting, whereas the change from
liquid state to solid state is known as freezing.On freezing, water forms ice which on meltinc
gives water. The states of water are thus interchangeable.
heat

cool

ice
water
vapour
Fig.1.6. Change of states of water
Kineticenergy is the enèrgy possessed by objects due to
eneray differs in the different states of their motion. The amount of kinetic
matter due to the difference in the
molecules. movement ot tne
The molecules in solids
vibrate about their mean position, due to
are heated the kinetic
energy of the molecules increase, they kinetic energy. When solC
changes into a liguid. vibrate more vigorously at
move away from each other. The solid
Similarly, the kinetic energy of the molecules of a
changes into a gas. Thus, kinetic liquid increase on
energy of the heating and theligu:
and the kinetic energy of
molecules of gases are molecules of a liquid are
greater than liquids. greater than
Soic's

Did You Know

On heating some solids directly
state. This process is known as
convert into gases without
substances that sublime.
going through the liquidof
sublimation. Camphor and naphthalene are example
Enrichment

Eneray can neither be created nor destroyed. It can

only be transferred from one form to
another. Write aone page report justifying this
statement. Your report should have ten
examples from everyday life to support this statement. Share your report in the class.
Misconception
Myth: It is commonly thought that when water boils
and bubbles are formed, these
bubbles are of air.
Fact: This is not true. These bubbles are not of
air but of water vapours (steam) that
formed when water boils. are

Word Galaxy
molecule: a group of atoms enclosed together
intermolecular:existing between molecules
interconversion: conversion from one state to another state of matter
Let's Summarise

1. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies

2
space.
Amolecule has an
independent existence in nature.
3. Matter is composed of a large number of molecules.
4 The space between the
molecules is called intermolecular space.
5. The force of attraction that exists
between the molecules of matter is called
intermolecular force of attraction.
6 In solids, the molecules are tightly packed
together, the
the least, the intermolecular forces are strongest and the intermolecular spacing is
fixed positions. molecules remain in their
7
The intermolecular force of attraction is maximum when the
each other. molecules are close to
8
Solids have a definite shape and definite volume.
9
In aliquid, the molecules are less closely packed than solids, the
intermolecular
spacing is more than in solids, the intermolecular forces of attraction are weak and
the molecules are free to move withín the boundary of the
liquid.
Liquids have definite volume. They do not have a definite shape they take the shape
of the container.
Let's Summarise (Cont.) intermolecular spacing iS
loosely packed, the
attraction arethe more
11. In gases, the
molecules are very
intermolecularforces of weakest
and
solids, the
than in liquids and definite volume.
about freely.
the molecules move they have a
shape nor do
Gases do not have a definite are slightly Compressible ard
liquids
12. compressible while
13. Solids are rigid and not
compressible.
gases are highly interchanged.
matter can be tothe original stat:
14. The three states of
another state and back
state to
The change of matter from one
15. matter.
as interconversion of states of called condensation
isknown water (liquid), this is
cooling, steam (gas) converts into melting, whereas the chante
16. On liquid state is known as
The change from solid state to
17.
to solid state is known as freezing.
from liguid state
mean position, due to kinetic energy.
about their
in solids vibrate
18. The molecules
gases is greater than that of liquids and solids.
19. Kinetic energy of
the molecules of

Let's Exercise

option.
1. Choose the correct 2
not flow are:
a. Objects that do
solids
. liquids
iv. both solids and liquids
ii. gases

liquids are:
b. Intermolecular spaces in
same assolids ii. greater than gases
thanso
iii. lesser than
solids lesser than gases and greater

C. Which of the following is highly compressible?

Stone i. oil
ii. Petrol Oxygen
d. What will happen, if an ice cube is kept at room temperature? stak
gaseous
It will change to its
liquid state. ii. It will change to its Dase

L the
change its$tate. N It will first change to
ii It will not state.
and then tothe liquid
 HOTS beaker, a jar and a dish
separatelyin a container. The shape
and C are taken the
Three materials A, B
of
depends onthe size both Aand Cis not
volume of B volume of
respectively. The container. The
depend on the
is a solid, liquid and gas.
of both Aand B which of these
Explain
dependent on the container.

Creative Corner
equal columns. Drawthe outline :
three
Divide the chart paper into
Take a chart paper.
object from different states of matter (solid,
any one
gas) in each of the columns. Now showthe
liquid and
drawn object with
arrangement of paticles within the
given alongside
the help of beads or clay. The image
can be used as a reference.

Meet the Scientist

indivisible units and
The concept that matter is made up of
first
cannot be divided further into smaller particles, was
introduced by ancient Indian sages, thousands of years ago.
One of the earliest known theories was developed by Rishi
Kanada in 6th century BC. The real name of Rishi Kanada was
Kashyapa. It is thought that the Rishi got the name Kanada as
he introduced the term 'Kan' which means particle.
He proposed atheory that the unseen particles of matter culminate into visible mater.
This theor÷ translates into modern science, as an atom is the building block of matte.
He also believed that the entire universe was born out of 'parmanu theultimate partice.

Weblinks

https//www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/character.html
httos://futurism.com/plasma-the-fourth-state-of-matter-)
As on 01/01:" A
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