peme : Objects that take shape and have mass are called matter. A block of wood, milk and air are all nade of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms and molecules that cannot bo seen by the human eye as they are tiny and small. Matter exists in the form of solid, liquid and gas. A solid has a certain Size and shape, like a block of wood. A liquid, ike water, has a size but does not have a definite shape. It takes the shape of the container it is put in. A gas, lke air, is a form of matter that has no shape or size. Matter Its meaning and composition ‘States of Matter > Solids, liquids and gases. > Characteristics of solids, liquids and gases (shape, teature, volume). > Distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases. LEARNING OBJECTIVES : The children will be able to |, define matter | Geseribe what matter is made of |, ist conds, distinguishing properties ot solids, | liquids and gases | classy ditferent objects as olds, liquids and gases __ | MATTER : TS MEANING AND COMPOSITION Definition : Matter anything which occupies space and has mass. It can be perceived by our senses of smell, touch, sight, hearing and taste Air, water, hydro is defined ays gen, Examples oxygen, sugar, sand, silver, steel. copper, coal, iron, wood, ice, aleohol, milk, oil. kerosene, petrol, carbon, sulphur, rocks and minerals are all different kinds of matter because all of them occupy space and have mass. Things like food, clothes, table, chair, human beings, animals, plants and trees. are also examples of matter. Thus the word matter is used to cover all the substances and materials — living and non-living of which universe is composed of. Daou Kinew, The universe is composed of matter and energy, Both matter and energy are inter-convertible. COMPOSITION OF MATTER Ancient Indian philosophers considered that all kinds of matter (padarth) is made up, of five elements (lamas) — sky (akash), air (vayu), fire (rejas), water (ap), and earth (prithyi). These are called as panchtatvas, {Matter }- ~ ‘Scanned wth CamScanetKannada, an Indian ethaps the first to supe er are composed of very «anu and that Maharishi philosopher. was 1 that all forms of ma very small particles known u cach anu may be made up of still smaller panicles called parmanu., Greek thinker Democritus called the smallest particle (parmanu) of matter as atom. Thus, matter is composed of tiny particles known as atoms, However, the number of particles in matter can be very or example, a small drop of water contains about 10?! particles of water in it. One kg of hydrogen contains 6-02 x 102 particles of hydrogen in it, These particles are so small that we cannot see them even with in nature. John Dalton, an experimentally found that matter is made up of molecules. A molecule is made up of one or more than one atoms of the same kind or of different kinds. A molecule can exist free in nature. It simply means 1 molecule is the simplest and smallest particle of substance that is capable of independent existence. English chemist = A molecule consisting of one atom 1s called a ‘monoatomic molecule (examples : neon, argon, etc.). A ‘molecule having two atoms is called a diatomic molecule (examples : hydrogen molecule, oxygen molecule, etc.) A molecule having more than two atoms is called a polyatomic molecule (examples ammonia molecule, etc.) CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICLES OF MATTER ‘The particles of matter called molecules, have the following four characteristics ; water molecule, a microscope. But an atom does not exist free They are very ‘They have space roasess The diameter of nearly 1-45 % 10" particle can not be seer 2, The particles of matter have « betwen them : The spacing between pz is called inter-molecular space. Take of water in a measuring gram of salt in water ger so as to dissolve the salt v noticed that the level of water does change (Fig. 1.1). It shows tha =) | | wot} tag em} | WATER = | —& (a) Wiser ere ©) Sat acces © Water Fig. 1.1 The particles of salt occupy the spaces between the particles of water * The size of a penticte for tery small. 1 litre (= 10 ) Of water 6 10 molecules. s0 the volume of a paracle of water 10) = 16% 1039 gp! ® Gorn = 10% 10% m 4 mr = 16x 10 mp 3 620725 210% m 4 {Conese PH SICS — Wide Scroak ‘Scanned wth CamScanetparticles of salt have occupied the spaces between the particles of water. 3. The particles of matter are in constant random motion : The particles of matter are not at rest, but they move randomly in all possible directions in a zig zag path. You might have noticed that in the sunlight coming through a minute opening in a darkened room, the fine dust particles appear to dance in a random and zig zag manner. ‘This is because the air particles surrounding the dust| particles are in\random motion Jand they(hit thd causing to make them move i a zig zag path as shown in Fig, 1.2. It is due to ‘random motion of particles of perfume that as it is sprayed in one comer of a room, it soon spreads throughout the room. ACTIVITY 1 Take a beaker. Fill it partly with water. Add some Iycopodium powder in the beaker containing water. Stir the contents of the beaker with a glass rod. Take out few drops of this suspension on a glass plate. Place the plate on the table and illuminate it with a table lamp. Observe the glass plate through a microscope. It is found that the fine particles of lycopodium powder move rapidly in a random manner and their path is zig zag as shown in Fig. 1.2. Fig. 1.2 Zig zag path of fine particle of Iycopodium powder ‘The reason is that the cles of water are in motion which collide with the suspended of lycopodium powder and make them random 1 fine particle to move in a zig zag path. The reason is that_the intermolecular force are_less act each 4. The particles of matter attr other : Each particle of matter always attracts: other particles in its surroundings. The force of attraction between the constituent particles s called the inter molecular force of attraction. This force keeps the particles of matter together. It is our common experience that around us, some substances change into powder, some others change into small crystals and some do not break easily. The reason is that the magnitude of force of attraction varies from one type of matter to another. Thus, the inter-molecular force depends on the nature of each matter. If the force of attraction between the particles of matter is leis, it can easily be broken, but if it is more, it is difficult to break it. Some examples : (i) It is easy to move the hand through water but difficult to move the hand in glycerine. The reason is that the attractive intermolecular forces are more in glycerine than in water. (ii) It is easy to break a chalk into pieces but diffcult to break a piece of coal. s in chalk than in coal (iii) It is easy to move a body in aii than in water because the force of attraction between the air particles is yery small and, thus the distance between them is more as compared to that between the water particles, In general, the force of attraction between the particles is more in solids, less in liquids and still less in gases. Te ‘Scanned wth CamScanetThe force of attraction between the particles of same substances Is called the force of cohesion (or cohesive force), while the force of attraction between the particles of wo different substances is called the force of adhesion (or adhesive fore = Conclusion: Matter is made up of molecules which are very small in size ( 10° m). The molecules are i s random motion, They exert a force of attraction amongst each other, They have inter-molecular separation between them, Note : A molecule or a cluster of several molecules is called a nanoparticle, STATES OF MATTER ‘There are three physical states of matter — G) solid, (ii) liquid and (ii) gas. For example. olid, oil is a liquid and oxygen is a gas, while air is a mixture of g Water can exist in all the three states, viz. ice (solid state), water (liquid state) and steam (gaseous state). steel is a s — yon Kitow, — = Plasma Is the fourth state of matter which is found at a very high tomperature, when a gas occurs in the form of positive lons and free electrons, | ‘The three propert ide the state of a substance, solid, liquid or gas, are: molecular space, attraction between (i) inte Gi) force of the molecule: (ii) movement of molecul Solid state : When inter-molecular force is very strong, the inter-molecular space is negligible and the molecules are not free to move, matter exists as a solid. Liquid state : When inter-molecular foree between the constituent molecules is weak, inter-molecular space is more as compared to solids and the molecules are free to move to and fro within a limited Space, matter exists as a liquid . and DISTINCTION BETWEEN SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES, Solids Liquids Gases A solid has a definite shape and a definite size (i.c., length, fixed ot their positions. They can only vibrate about their mean positions. The inter-molecular forces are very strong. The molecules in a solid are closely packed. therefore solids are highly rigid. the liquid. 1, A liquid has a definite volume, | 1, but not a definite sha area and volume), 2. The molecules in a solid are | 2. The molecules ina liquid are | 2. The molecules in a gas are closely packed. loosely packed, wide apart The molecules in a solid are | 3. The molecules ina liquid can }3, The molecu of @ gas can move within the boundary of 4. The inter-molecular forces ley strong (moderate), 5. The molecules in a liquid are | 5, less closely packed, therefore, Aiguids are tess rigid ——____ —————{Concise PHYSICS — Middie School — A gas has neither a definite Pe. Volume nor a definite s move freely in space. are | 4. ‘The intet-molecular forces are weak. The molecules in a gas are least closely packed, therefore Bases are non-tigid, ‘Scanned wth CamScanetGaseous state : When inter-molecular force between the constituent molecules is very weak or negligible, inter-molecular space is far more as compared to the liquids and the molecules are free to move to and fro anywhere, matter exists as a gas, PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 1. A solid has a definite shape and size (length, area and volume). A solid can not be compressed. A solid can not flow. A solid is highly dense. A solid has its constituent molecules very closely packed. . A solid exerts pressure due to its weight only on its base, downwards. 7. A solid has strong inter-molecular force of attraction. A solid has a low thermal expansion, i. it expands a little on heating. 9. In a solid, the molecules’are not free to move from their positions. They simply vibrate on either side of their mean yRey a () positions. 10.)A solid can have any number of free Aric surfaces. apck (Lem 2. Gaya solid is highly rigid but can be ~~ stretched into wires or beaten into sheets. 12.) A solid does not easily diffuse into other “ solids. The above mentioned properties of solids can be explained by the molecular model of solid state. Molecular model of solid state (1) There is a strong force of attraction (strong inter-molecular force) between the molecules of a solid. Matter } (2) The molecules in a soli id are closely packed, i.e. inter-molecular space 15 negligible. Therefore, solids cannot be compressed much. Vioration of @ molecule ‘on either side of ts ‘mean position Fig. 1.3 Molecules of a solid are arranged closely and in a definite manner, not free to move about ‘The molecules are arranged in a definte manner, therefore they have a definite shape. (3) The molecules vibrate on either side of their mean positions but they do not leave their positions. Therefore solids have a definite size. (4) The molecules of a solid are arranged in a definite manner. They are packed tightly and so they generally have a high density. Thus, Note : A rubber band changes its shape when a force is applied to it. But it retums to its original shape when the force is removed. Thus, rubber is elastic but is treated as a solid. = PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS 1. Liquids have a definite volume, but no definite shape because they acquire the shape of the container in which they are kept. 2. Liquids are almost incompressible. ‘Scanned wth CamScanet‘Scanned wth CamScanet10. Ina gas, the molecules are free to move in a random manner in zig-zag paths everywhere. 1. Gases do not show the property of surface tension because they do not have free surfaces. (22) A gas exerts pressure on the wall of “== its container from all directions due to change in momentum on collisions of its molecules with the wall. The above properties of gases can be explained by the molecular model of gases. Molecular model of gases (1) The molecules of a gas lie much farther apart than they lie in a liquid or a solid. Thus, the density of gases is very low. eG, ©o00 Po oO 0°20 a [Random motion of molecules are eee oo~ (2) There is negligible force of attraction between the molecules of a gas, so they are free to move in the entire space available to them. (3) The molecules of a gas move much faster than they move in liquids, and ‘therefore they are infact in a state of incessant random motion, moving in all possible directions at all possible speeds. ‘Scanned wth CamScanetA, Objective Questions (©) The liquids are less viscous than the gases. F | 2. Fill in the blanks : » TEST YOURSELF | Write true or false for each statement : (a) The molecules of each substance are () The imter-molecular forces are effective at all distances between the two molecules, [ (©) The molecules in a substance are in random motion." @ Ina gas, the molecules can move anywhere in space. 7 Ans. (a) F (b) F (c) T (d)T (c) F @ al PS Iajecvles of a substance are (ii) gases (iy) both (i) and (i) (c) The molecules (i) in solid, liquid and gas, move free}y anywhere. (ii) in a solid, move freely within jt, boundary. fii) in a liquid, move within its boundary (iv) in a gas, move only within its boundar, (@) The solids are JF more dense (iii) least dense (ii) less dense (iv) highly compressible (e) The inter-molecular forces in Igiuds are (@ as strong as in solids (ii) stronger than in solids if) weaker than in solids (iv) weaker than in gases (b) The inter-molecular spacing is . in solids e802... in liquids and S0ll xoxo] Ans. (a) (ili), (b) (), (€) (ili), (4) (i, (€) (ii in gases. ; : (©) The molecular motion in liquid and gas is | 4 Match the following columns : in Riq.zaq. path. en cllun site Column A Column B . ‘aot A molecule is (i) does not exist free in (@) Ina solid, the molecules ‘ileal. but they @ remain at their fixed positions. composed of nature. (C) (©) The inter-molecular forces are the weakest (©) Tee, water and (ii) can vibrate only up to in garth, ' water vapour about 10" m from : ae ee their mean positions, . (f) A solid exerts Pressure daauanwiards =r a @ ae (iy atoms(a3 tc (g) The gases are .. .. dense. pa @ Gas ee inice tales of (h) A solid is pun AK... ri sires e << =e il (e) The ae d (a) ical (b) least, more, still more (¢) The molecules (v) occ y (©) zig-zag (4) vibrate on either side of a solid py space( (©) gases (f) downwards on its base (g) least (h) most Select the correct alternative : (a) The diameter Of a molecule is approximately (iy 1 cm 10cm Afi) 10719 m m (b) The inter-molecular fortes ay _SirGolids i) } (P)-GV), (€)-(i), (dv), (€)-(i) B. Short/Long answer questions veene One litre of water has 6.02 x Estimate the size of a molecule, (Canrica BURA Scanned with ComSeannarSeales 6. What do you mean by inter-molecular spacing ? | 17. Describe the molec 7. Describe a simple experiment to illustrate the does it explain that a i but has @ definite volume 18. A gas has neither a definite shape. Describe the existence of inter-molecular spacing. 8. What do you mean by inter-molecular forces ? 9. What are the forces of cohesion and adhesion ? 10. State three charactersitics of molecules of matter eee Which determine its solid, liquid and gaseous state. |!" a nae ay aa a II. State the approximate spacing between two molecular models. molecules of atter. ene lids. Liat eaten 20. Distinguish between solids, 12. How do solids, liquids and gases differ in their the basis of their following following properties : 3 (a) compressibilty (a) Size (b) Shape (c) Density ? . (b) fluidity 13. The molecules in a substance are in motion. What (c) rigidity type of path do they follow ? 14. Describe a simple experiment to illustrate that molecules are not at rest, but they constantly (@) expansion on heating 21, What do you mean by change of state of matter ? Explain : move. 15. Write down five general properties of solids, (a) the change of a solid into a liquid at a liquids and gases. constant temperature, and 16. Give the molecular model for a solid and use it (b) the change of a liquid into a gas at a to explain why a solid has a definite volume and constant temperature. a definite shape. Poneman colour pencils, draw the molecular models of solids, liquids and gases. _ —___ ‘Scanned wth CamScanet