TECHNICAL

DOCUMENTATION
 I. SPACE PLANNING
Space planning is an important part of building design and is used to
determine how a space (or spaces) should be laid out and used. It may be
undertaken as part of the building design process, or as a stand alone exercise
looking at how best to plan an existing space, or a space that is being developed
(for example, a tenant determining how to fit out their part of a new development).
It can be used for very simple spaces such as hotel bedrooms, through to very
complex industrial buildings.
Good space planning can improve the wellbeing and productivity of the
occupants of a space.
Designers will consult with the client to clarify their requirements for the space
before starting planning (and perhaps assess existing spaces), typically by
considering issues such as:

o Budget and time constraints.

o The separation of activities into zones.
o The intended use/s of the space.
o The number of occupants.
o The space required per occupant.
o The main focal points of the space.
o The need for or availability of windows and doors.
o Access into and from the space, and the function of adjacent spaces.
o Circulation within the space.
o Access and use of the space for people with disabilities.
o The requirement for furniture, fixtures and fittings.
o The number of people who are likely to use the space.
o Whether the space should be balanced and symmetrical, unbalanced or a combination.
o Security, safety and privacy.
o Legislative requirements.
o Lighting IT and other building services requirements.
o Energy targets and sustainability requirements.
o Environmental requirements, such as noise, lighting, ventilation, temperature, and so on.
o Environmental controls.
o Welfare facilities.
o Views.
o Colors and branding.
o Planting.
o The need for flexibility or future growth.

Once considerations such as those listed above have been resolved, a

space plan can be created.
 HOW TO CREATE A SPACE PLAN
Part 1 – Collect information. It is important in the very early stages of design to carry out in-
depth research and consider as many aspects of the use of the spaces as possible.
Part 2 – Interpret requirements. Build the brief when we look at how to create spaces and
accommodate humans in those spaces we can consider some universal concepts relating to
how people interact with their environments.
Part 3 – Consider spaces and spatial relationships. Spatial relationships on how can
spaces be related to one another including organizing of spaces and developing circulation.
Part 4 – Create the solution. It is time to start sketching out relationship diagrams and a
detailed scale plan.
Part 5 – Review and revise. It is possible to review these solutions and look for areas that
require improvement.
 There are various techniques that can be used to create a space plan. A
common early technique is the ‘bubble plan’. This involves drawing a plan of the
space and using ‘bubbles’, or circles, to roughly delineate the various activities
that will take place, overlapping according to the relationship between them.
Once the activities have been defined and located in relation to one
another, a more detailed scale plan can be drawn to show the layout of individual
items within the space. This process can be carried out by hand, or with moveable
paper cut outs, or using space planning software such as computer aided design
(CAD) software or building information modelling software (BIM).
Bubble Plan
Detailed Plan
 Why Does Effective ‘Space Planning’ In
Your Home Matter?

1. Gives us an efficient home that’s high on functionality.

2. De-cluttered spaces help breathe easy.
3. Organized approach to storing helps live smartly and save time.
4. Optimum utilization of space creates and unleashes a ‘sense of spaciousness’
5. High aesthetic appeal relaxes and increases well-being of entire family.
 II. CALCULATIONS

What is Column?
A Column is a vertical component in building structure, which is mainly
designed to carry the compressive and buckling load. The column is one of the
important structural members of the building structure. As per Load coming on the
column, size is increased or decreased. Column length is generally 3 times to
their least lateral cross-sectional dimension. The Strength of any column mainly
depends on its shape and size of cross-section, length, location, and position of
the column.
What is Beam?
The Beam is a horizontal structural member in building construction,
which is designed to carry shear force, bending moment, and transfer the load to
columns on both ends of it. Beam’s bottom portion experiences tension force and
upper portion compression force. Therefore, More steel reinforcement is provided
at the bottom compared to the top of the beam.
What is Slab?
The slab is a level structural element of building which provided to create
a flat hard surface. These flat surfaces of slab utilized for making floors, roofs,
and ceilings. It is a horizontal structural member whose size may vary depending
upon the structure size and area and its thickness also may vary. But slab
minimum thickness is specified for normal construction around 125 mm.
Generally, every slab is supported by a beam, column, and the wall around it.
 Various Load Calculation on Column,
Beam and Slab

1. Column Self Weight X Number of floors

2. Beams Self Weight per running meter
3. A load of walls per running meter
4. The total load on Slab (Dead load + Live load + Self-weight)
 Load Calculation on Column
Self-weight of Concrete is 2400 kg/m3, which equivalent to 240 kN and the Self-weight of
Steel is around 8000 kg/m3.
Assuming a column size of 230 mm x 600 mm with 1% steel and 3 meters standard height,
what will be the total weight of column?

Solution:

Volume of Concrete = 0.23 x 0.60 x 3 =0.414m³ Weight of Concrete = 0.414 x 2400 = 993.6
kg
Weight of Steel (1%) in Concrete = 0.414x 0.01 x 8000 = 33 kg

Total Weight of Column = 994 + 33 = 1026 kg = 10KN

While doing calculations, we assume the self weight of columns is between 10 to 15 kN per
floor.
 Load Calculation on Beam
Same method of calculations for beam also.
Dimensions of 230 mm x 450 mm excluding slab thickness. Assume each (1m) meter of the
beam has dimension Solution:
230 mm x 450 mm excluding slab.
SOLUTION:
Volume of Concrete = 0.23 x 0.450 x 1 =0.1035m³ Weight of Concrete = 0.1035 x 2400 =
248.4 kg
Weight of Steel (2%) in Concrete = = 0.1035 x 0.02 x 8000 = 16.56 kg Total Weight of Column
= 248.4 + 16.56 = 264.96 kg/m = 2.6 KN/m So, the self-weight will be around 2.6 kN per
running meter.
 Load Calculation On Wall
The Density of bricks varies between 1500 to 2000 kg per cubic meter. For a 6 inch thick Brick
wall of 3-meter height and a length of 1 meter, Solution:
0.150 x 1 x 3 x 2000 = 900 kg,

which is equivalent to 9 kN/meter.

 Load Calculation on Slab
Load Calculation on Slab
Slab has a thickness of 125 mm.
So, the Self-weight of each square meter of the slab would be
= 0.125 x 1 x 2400 = 300 kg which is equivalent to 3 kN.

Now, If we consider the Finishing load to be 1 kN per meter and superimposed live
load to be 2 kN per meter.
So, from the above data, we can estimate the slab load to be around 6 to 7 kN per
square
meter.
 Factor of Safety
In the end, after calculating the entire load on a column, do not forget to add in the
factor of safety, which is most important for any building design for the safe and convenient
performance of the building during his design life duration.
This is important when Load Calculation on Column done. As Per IS 456:2000, the
factor of safety is 1.5.
Formula:
FoS = Divide the ultimate (maximum) stress by the typical (working) stress.
FoS 1 = that structure will fail exactly when it reaches the design load and cannot support any
additional load.
FoS < 1 = not viable; 1 is minimum
FoS 2 = that structure or component will fail at twice the design load.
 III. SPECIFICATIONS
Specifications are written documents that describe the materials and workmanship
required for a development. They do not include cost, quantity or drawn information and need
to be read alongside other contract documentation such as quantities, schedules and
drawings.
TYPES OF SPECIFICATIONS
Performance Specifications
A performance specification is a document that specifies the operational
requirements of a component or installation. Simply put, a performance specification tells the
contractor what the final installed product must be capable of doing.
Prescriptive specifications
Prescriptive specifications convey the requirements of a project through a detailed
explanation of the materials that the contractor must use, and the means of installing those
materials. This type of specification will typically be formatted in a manner similar to the
following sections:

General: This section will typically contain references to national/international standards,

design requirements, a list of required submittals from the contractor to the architect/engineer,
quality control requirements and product handling requirements.
Products: This section will describe, in detail, the various products required for the task
covered by the specification along with the individual structural and performance requirements
of each product.
Execution: This section will explain how to prepare the materials and conduct the installation,
including the testing requirements to be followed.

Prescriptive specifications shift more of the project design control onto the shoulders
of the architect or engineer and away from the contractor by establishing a set of rules that is
to be followed for each project component. This type of specification provides more certainty
regarding the final product composition than the performance specification and is very
frequently used for highly complex portions of a project.
 Proprietary Specifications
Proprietary specifications are those that require the use of a single approved
product type for any particular installation. Proprietary specifications are often used in cases
where there is existing equipment or installations already on site. In these cases the owner
may want to maintain consistency of materials or possibly simply prefers a specific type of
product. Also, in highly complex installations where there is only one specific piece of
equipment that will accomplish a specified task, a proprietary specification is required.
 PURPOSE OF SPECIFICATIONS
Purpose of specification is to highlight the necessary information which cannot be
obtained from drawing. Further main purposes of writing specifications are;
1. Expressing the quality of constructional material or strength of the constructional work.
2. Expressing the ratio of components used in concrete or mortar.
3. Expressing the type of material such as timber type and bricks type etc.
4. Expressing the color of constructional materials.
5. Listing the conditions of the contract.
6. Evaluating the cost likely to be expended over the constructional work.
7. Explaining the methodology for conducting constructional work.
8. Explaining the machinery and tools used in the constructional work.
 IV. QUANTITY SURVEY AND COST
ESTIMATES
What is Estimation, Quantity Survey?

Before commencing work over the project, quantity for all materials and its entire
cost is determined. Therefore, Quantity Survey or estimation is the art or knowledge in which
materials quantity and entire cost are determined. It is also generally known as Estimating.
Quantity survey plays a vital role in estimation and construction of any relevant
project. It will help in the determination of all related applicable costs and materials quantity so
that all those factors are determined, and funds are released for the project in case if
acceptable. If funds are less, then certain alterations can be conducted so that the project can
span within the fixed funds.
 These alterations can be brought in the specifications of the project, or the project is
conducted in stages so that the project can end within the released funds. The project should
not be underacted in any case.
Estimation is conducted in two ways despite the nature of the project whether the
project is of construction, sewerage system, canal digging, or road construction, and so forth.
Initially, Rough Cost Estimate is conducted that will help in the determination of the cost.
Finally, the Detailed Estimate is conducted if funds are released.
Quantity Surveyor is the person who estimates. This person is also known as
Evaluator or Estimator. Estimation cannot be done without understanding the drawing of the
relevant project. One should be skilled in understanding and reading the drawings. Intended
to be skillful in Quantity Surveying.
 Data for Estimate.
The following data is imperative for estimation.
o Drawings.
o Specifications.
o Rates.
1. Drawings.
The estimate is prepared according to the drawings. Drawings depict heights, lengths, and
thicknesses of different parts of the project. Size of every component of the project is shown in drawing and
estimate is prepared accordingly. Plan, Elevation, and Sectional Elevation are common forms of drawings
prepared in the process of building estimation.
2. Specifications
Specifications are appointed along with drawings for the depiction of the project quality. For
example, a drawing will represent the size of the door, but it cannot represent certain elementary factors such
as door type and timber type, etc.
Timber comes in different types with different prices. All these factors are depicted by specifications.
Specifications have two types:
General Specifications
General Specifications are also known as Brief Specifications. They are used to
show aspect, standard, and type of constructional work. They would depict the general
classifications of the constructional work of the project. TH These specifications are used to
establish the standards of the constructional work that will help in establishing Detailed
Estimate.

Detailed Specifications
Detailed Specifications depict characteristics, quantity, ratio, and formation method
of the material used in construction work in the detailed description. Each component of the
constructional work is detailed separately with the help of Detailed Specifications.
3. Rates
Accurate rates of material and construction work are required for accurate
estimation. These rates must rely on reality. Multiplication of rates with the magnitude of
material or construction work will result in cost estimation of the project.
Rates of material or constructional work can be determined from Schedule of Rates
of different public and private departments, or completed constructional work can be analyzed
to get all required rates.
Rates include Material Charges, Carriage Charges, and Labor Charges, etc.
 Types of Estimate in Civil Engineering
An estimate has basic two types as follows.
1. Original Estimate
Original Estimate is the estimate prepared for a newly proposed project. This project
can be a constructional project of building, canal, or road, and so forth. In other words, if these
projects are commenced from scratch, then estimate proposed for them will be Original
Estimate.
It is done in two ways as follow.
a. Rough Cost Estimate.
b. Detailed Estimate.
2. Repair Estimate.
Repair and maintenance are done in buildings and other structures in order to
maintain and look after them. The estimate prepared to find the cost applying over the repair.
This estimate is known as Repair Estimate.

Different types of Repair Estimates have been listed below.

a. Annual Repair Estimate.
b. Quadrennial Repair Estimate.
c. Special Repair Estimate.
 V. BUILDING PERMIT
Building Permit Technical Documentation is a formal document, presenting the
design solutions planned for the investment. It serves as a basis for obtaining the opinions,
arrangements, consents and permits, including building permits. A building permit is an official
approval issued by the local government agency that allows you, or your contractor to
proceed with construction, or remodeling project on your property.
If you are hiring a contractor to perform the work, he usually will handle the permit
process for you, factoring in the cost of a permit to his bid.
 If you are doing the work yourself, it is your responsibility to apply for the permit.
Be aware that your building department may require that some types of work be
done only by licensed professionals. Work on gas lines, for example, may be forbidden to
homeowners in some communities.
Not all home construction and renovation projects require a building permit. In most
cases, simple repairs and replacements can be performed by professional contractors or
homeowners without applying for a permit.
However, any project that involves additions or major changes to your home's
structure or its mechanical systems usually require you to apply for an appropriate permit from
the local building department.
RULE III - PERMITS AND INSPECTION (PD 1096 or
NBCP)
o SECTION 301. Building Permits
o SECTION 302. Application for Permits
o SECTION 303. Processing of Building Permits
o SECTION 304. Issuance of Building Permit SECTION 305. Validity of Building Permits
o SECTION 306. Non-issuance, Suspension or Revocation of Building Permits
o SECTION 307. Appeal
o SECTION 308. Inspection and Supervision of Work SECTION 309. Certificate of
Occupancy
RULE III - PERMITS AND INSPECTION (PD 1096 or
NBCP)
o Building Permits – A written authorization granted by the Building Official to an applicant
allowing him to proceed with construction of a specific project after plans, specifications
and other pertinent documents have been found to be in conformity with the National
Building Code and its implementing Rules and Regulations.
o Building Officials (BO) - charged with the duties of issuing building permits.
 Permits supplementary to a Building Permit shall be applied for and issued by the
Building Official: Ancillary and Accessory Permits.
a. Ancillary Permits - duly signed and sealed by the corresponding professionals and the
plans and specifications shall be submitted together with the duly notarized application for
Building Permit.
b. Accessory Permits - issued by the Building Official for accessory parts of the project with
very special functions or use which are indicated in the plans and specifications that
accompany the building permit application.

Exemption from Building Permits

a. Minor Constructions
b. Repair Works
SECTION 302. Application for Permits
•Application form
Five (5) sets of plans and specifications prepared, signed and sealed by duly licensed architect and engineers
• For lot owners, certified true copies of:
- TCT
- tax declaration
- current real property tax receipt
• For non-lot owners, duly notarized copies of:
- contract of lease
- deed of absolute sale
- contract of sale
• Architectural Documents
• Civil/Structural Documents
• Electrical Documents
• Mechanical Documents
• Sanitary Documents
• Plumbing Documents
• Electronics Documents
• Geodetic documents
• Clearances from Other Agencies