.
### CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING (AS1):
**Important differences (4M):**
1. **Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Nutrition:**
- **Autotrophic Nutrition:**
- Organisms produce their own food using sunlight (photosynthesis) or inorganic substances (chemosynthesis).
- Example: Plants, algae, and some bacteria.
- Involves chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
- Converts light energy into chemical energy.
- Produces oxygen as a byproduct.
- **Heterotrophic Nutrition:**
- Organisms depend on other organisms for food.
- Example: Animals, fungi, and most bacteria.
- Involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, and assimilation.
- Does not produce oxygen.
- Can be herbivorous, carnivorous, or omnivorous.
2. **Light Reaction and Dark Reaction:**
- **Light Reaction:**
- Occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
- Requires light.
- Produces ATP and NADPH.
- Involves photolysis of water, releasing oxygen.
- **Dark Reaction (Calvin Cycle):**
- Occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts.
- Does not require light.
- Uses ATP and NADPH to produce glucose.
- Involves carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of RuBP.
3. **Aerobic Respiration and Anaerobic Respiration:**
- **Aerobic Respiration:**
- Requires oxygen.
- Produces more energy (36-38 ATP).
- End products are CO₂ and H₂O.
- Occurs in mitochondria.
- **Anaerobic Respiration:**
- Does not require oxygen.
- Produces less energy (2 ATP).
- End products vary (e.g., lactic acid in muscles, ethanol in yeast).
- Occurs in cytoplasm.
4. **Respiration and Combustion:**
- **Respiration:**
- A biological process in living cells.
- Controlled by enzymes.
- Occurs at body temperature.
- Releases energy gradually.
- **Combustion:**
- A chemical process.
- Not controlled by enzymes.
- Occurs at high temperatures.
- Releases energy rapidly.
5. **Photosynthesis and Respiration:**
- **Photosynthesis:**
- Converts light energy into chemical energy (glucose).
- Occurs in chloroplasts.
- Releases oxygen.
- Requires CO₂ and water.
- **Respiration:**
- Converts glucose into energy (ATP).
- Occurs in mitochondria.
- Releases CO₂.
- Requires oxygen.
6. **Arteries and Veins:**
- **Arteries:**
- Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except pulmonary artery).
- Have thick, elastic walls.
- High pressure.
- **Veins:**
- Carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart (except pulmonary vein).
- Have thin walls and valves.
- Low pressure.
7. **Xylem and Phloem:**
- **Xylem:**
- Transports water and minerals from roots to other parts of the plant.
- Consists of dead cells.
- Provides structural support.
- **Phloem:**
- Transports food (sugars) from leaves to other parts of the plant.
- Consists of living cells.
- Involves bidirectional transport.
8. **Excretion and Secretion:**
- **Excretion:**
- Removal of metabolic waste products from the body (e.g., urea, CO₂).
- Involves kidneys, lungs, and skin.
- **Secretions:**
- Release of useful substances by glands (e.g., enzymes, hormones).
- Involves endocrine and exocrine glands.
9. **Sexual Reproduction and Asexual Reproduction:**
- **Sexual Reproduction:**
- Involves two parents.
- Genetic variation.
- Formation of gametes.
- **Asexual Reproduction:**
- Involves one parent.
- No genetic variation.
- Offspring are clones.
10. **Mitosis and Meiosis:**
- **Mitosis:**
- Produces two identical diploid cells.
- Occurs in somatic cells.
- Involved in growth and repair.
- **Meiosis:**
- Produces four non-identical haploid cells.
- Occurs in germ cells.
- Involved in sexual reproduction.
11. **Mastication and Rumination:**
- **Mastication:**
- Chewing of food in the mouth.
- Involves teeth and saliva.
- **Rumination:**
- Regurgitation and re-chewing of food in ruminants (e.g., cows).
- Involves multiple stomach chambers.
12. **Parent and F₂ Generation:**
- **Parent Generation (P):**
- The first generation in a genetic cross.
- **F₂ Generation:**
- The second filial generation, offspring of the F₁ generation.
13. **Homologous and Analogous Organs:**
- **Homologous Organs:**
- Similar structure, different function (e.g., human arm and whale flipper).
- **Analogous Organs:**
- Different structure, similar function (e.g., wings of birds and insects).
14. **Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification:**
- **Bioaccumulation:**
- Accumulation of substances (e.g., toxins) in an organism over time.
- **Biomagnification:**
- Increase in concentration of substances (e.g., toxins) at higher trophic levels in a food chain.
### Important structures with diagrams (6M):
1. **Chloroplast:**
- Site of photosynthesis.
- Contains thylakoids and stroma.
- Thylakoids contain chlorophyll.
- Stroma contains enzymes for the Calvin cycle.
2. **Mitochondrion:**
- Site of cellular respiration.
- Produces ATP.
- Contains inner and outer membranes.
- Inner membrane has cristae for increased surface area.
3. **Internal structure of mammalian heart:**
- Four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
- Valves: tricuspid, bicuspid, aortic, and pulmonary.
- Major blood vessels: aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, and vena cava.
4. **Human excretory system:**
- Kidneys: filter blood and produce urine.
- Ureters: transport urine from kidneys to bladder.
- Bladder: stores urine.
- Urethra: expels urine from the body.
5. **Nephron:**
- Functional unit of the kidney.
- Involved in filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
- Consists of glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct.
6. **Nerve cell (Neuron):**
- Consists of dendrites, cell body, and axon.
- Dendrites receive signals.
- Axon transmits signals.
- Synapses allow communication between neurons.
7. **Brain:**
- Control center of the nervous system.
- Consists of cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem.
- Cerebrum: responsible for voluntary actions and cognitive functions.
- Cerebellum: coordinates movement and balance.
- Brainstem: controls vital functions like breathing and heart rate.
8. **Male reproductive system:**
- Testes: produce sperm and testosterone.
- Vas deferens: transports sperm.
- Penis: delivers sperm to the female reproductive tract.
9. **Female reproductive system:**
- Ovaries: produce eggs and hormones.
- Fallopian tubes: transport eggs to the uterus.
- Uterus: supports fetal development.
- Vagina: receives sperm and serves as the birth canal.
10. **Sperm cell:**
- Male gamete.
- Consists of head, midpiece, and tail.
- Head contains the nucleus and acrosome.
- Midpiece contains mitochondria for energy.
- Tail provides motility.
11. **Leaf structure:**
- Epidermis: protective outer layer.
- Mesophyll: contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
- Veins: transport water, nutrients, and sugars.
12. **Root structure:**
- Root cap: protects the root tip.
- Root hairs: increase surface area for water absorption.
- Vascular tissue: transports water and nutrients.
13. **Flower structure:**
- Sepals: protect the flower bud.
- Petals: attract pollinators.
- Stamens: produce pollen.
- Carpels: contain ovules.
14. **Stem structure:**
- Epidermis: protective outer layer.
- Cortex: stores food and water.
- Vascular bundles: transport water, nutrients, and sugars.
15. **Seed structure:**
- Seed coat: protects the embryo.
- Embryo: develops into a new plant.
- Cotyledons: store food for the embryo.
16. **Fruit structure:**
- Pericarp: develops from the ovary wall.
- Seeds: develop from fertilized ovules.
17. **Alveoli structure:**
- Tiny air sacs in the lungs.
- Site of gas exchange.
- Surrounded by capillaries.
18. **Capillary structure:**
- Thin-walled blood vessels.
- Site of nutrient and gas exchange.
- Connect arteries and veins.
19. **Lymphatic system:**
- Lymph nodes: filter lymph and produce immune cells.
- Lymph vessels: transport lymph.
- Spleen: filters blood and stores platelets.
20. **Endocrine glands:**
- Pituitary gland: master gland, controls other glands.
- Thyroid gland: regulates metabolism.
- Adrenal glands: produce stress hormones.
- Pancreas: regulates blood sugar.
### Important processes (6M):
1. **Mechanism of photosynthesis:**
- **Light-dependent reactions:**
- Occur in the thylakoid membranes.
- Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll.
- Water is split, releasing oxygen.
- ATP and NADPH are produced.
- **Calvin cycle:**
- Occurs in the stroma.
- CO₂ is fixed into glucose.
- ATP and NADPH are used.
- RuBP is regenerated.
2. **Exchange of gases at alveolus:**
- Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into blood.
- CO₂ diffuses from blood into alveoli.
- Driven by concentration gradients.
- Facilitated by thin alveolar and capillary walls.
3. **Cardiac cycle:**
- **Systole:**
- Contraction of heart muscles.
- Blood is pumped out of the heart.
- **Diastole:**
- Relaxation of heart muscles.
- Heart chambers fill with blood.
4. **Blood coagulation mechanism:**
- Injury triggers platelet aggregation.
- Clotting factors are activated.
- Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin.
- Fibrin forms a mesh to trap blood cells and form a clot.
5. **Root hair - osmosis - absorption of water in plants:**
- Root hairs increase surface area.
- Water enters root hairs by osmosis.
- Water moves through the root cortex to the xylem.
- Transpiration pull helps in upward movement of water.
6. **Mechanism of urine formation:**
- **Filtration:**
- Blood is filtered in the glomerulus.
- Filtrate enters Bowman's capsule.
- **Reabsorption:**
- Useful substances are reabsorbed in the tubules.
- **Secretion:**
- Waste products are secreted into the tubules.
- **Excretion:**
- Urine is excreted through the urethra.
7. **Hemodialysis:**
- Blood is filtered through a dialysis machine.
- Waste products are removed.
- Clean blood is returned to the body.
- Used in kidney failure patients.
8. **Tropic movements in plants:**
- **Phototropism:**
- Growth towards light.
- **Gravitropism:**
- Growth in response to gravity.
- **Thigmotropism:**
- Growth in response to touch.
9. **Fertilization in plants:**
- Pollen lands on the stigma.
- Pollen tube grows to the ovule.
- Sperm fertilizes the egg.
- Zygote develops into an embryo.
10. **Cell cycle - mitotic phases:**
- **Interphase:**
- Cell grows and DNA replicates.
- **Prophase:**
- Chromosomes condense.
- Nuclear envelope breaks down.
- **Metaphase:**
- Chromosomes align at the equator.
- **Anaphase:**
- Sister chromatids separate.
- **Telophase:**
- Chromosomes de-condense.
- Nuclear envelope reforms.
- **Cytokinesis:**
- Cytoplasm divides, forming two daughter cells.
11. **Monohybrid cross:**
- Cross involving one trait.
- Example: Mendel's pea plants (e.g., tall vs. short).
12. **Dihybrid cross:**
- Cross involving two traits.
- Example: Mendel's pea plants (e.g., tall and green vs. short and yellow).
13. **Toxic materials - bioaccumulation & biomagnification:**
- **Bioaccumulation:**
- Toxins accumulate in an organism over time.
- **Biomagnification:**
- Toxins increase in concentration at higher trophic levels.
14. **Ecological pyramids with examples:**
- **Pyramid of energy:**
- Shows energy flow through trophic levels.
- **Pyramid of biomass:**
- Shows biomass at each trophic level.
- **Pyramid of numbers:**
- Shows the number of organisms at each trophic level.
### EXPERIMENTS (AS3): (1M/2M/6M)
**Experiment 1: Presence of starch in leaves**
- **Aim:** To test for the presence of starch in leaves.
- **Materials Required:** Fresh green leaves, beaker, test tube, alcohol, iodine solution, water, Bunsen burner.
- **Procedure:**
1. Boil the leaf in water for 2-3 minutes to kill the cells.
2. Place the leaf in a test tube with alcohol and boil it in a water bath to remove chlorophyll.
3. Remove the leaf and wash it with water.
4. Add a few drops of iodine solution to the leaf.
- **Observation:** The leaf turns blue-black if starch is present.
- **Reason:** Iodine reacts with starch to form a blue-black complex.
- **Conclusion:** Starch is present in the leaf, indicating photosynthesis has occurred.
**Experiment 2: Hydrilla experiment**
- **Aim:** To demonstrate oxygen production during photosynthesis.
- **Materials Required:** Hydrilla plant, beaker, funnel, test tube, water, sodium bicarbonate.
- **Procedure:**
1. Place the Hydrilla plant in a beaker filled with water and sodium bicarbonate.
2. Cover the plant with a funnel.
3. Invert a test tube filled with water over the funnel.
4. Place the setup in sunlight.
- **Observation:** Bubbles of oxygen gas collect in the test tube.
- **Reason:** Hydrilla undergoes photosynthesis, producing oxygen.
- **Conclusion:** Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis.
**Experiment 3: CO₂ is essential for photosynthesis**
- **Aim:** To demonstrate that CO₂ is necessary for photosynthesis.
- **Materials Required:** Two potted plants, bell jars, potassium hydroxide (KOH), iodine solution.
- **Procedure:**
1. Place one plant in a bell jar with KOH (to absorb CO₂).
2. Place the other plant in a bell jar without KOH.
3. Keep both setups in sunlight for a few hours.
4. Test both leaves for starch using iodine solution.
- **Observation:** The leaf from the jar with KOH does not turn blue-black, while the other leaf does.
- **Reason:** KOH absorbs CO₂, preventing photosynthesis.
- **Conclusion:** CO₂ is essential for photosynthesis.
**Experiment 4: Sunlight is essential for photosynthesis**
- **Aim:** To demonstrate that sunlight is necessary for photosynthesis.
- **Materials Required:** Potted plant, black paper, iodine solution.
- **Procedure:**
1. Cover part of a leaf with black paper.
2. Place the plant in sunlight for a few hours.
3. Test the leaf for starch using iodine solution.
- **Observation:** The covered part of the leaf does not turn blue-black, while the exposed part does.
- **Reason:** Sunlight is required for photosynthesis to produce starch.
- **Conclusion:** Sunlight is essential for photosynthesis.
**Experiment 5: Anaerobic respiration - Yeast experiment**
- **Aim:** To demonstrate anaerobic respiration in yeast.
- **Materials Required:** Yeast, sugar solution, test tube, lime water.
- **Procedure:**
1. Add yeast and sugar solution to a test tube.
2. Cover the test tube with a balloon.
3. Place the setup in a warm place for a few hours.
4. Pass the gas produced through lime water.
- **Observation:** The balloon inflates, and lime water turns milky.
- **Reason:** Yeast undergoes anaerobic respiration, producing CO₂.
- **Conclusion:** Anaerobic respiration in yeast produces CO₂.
**Experiment 6: Heat is evolved in respiration**
- **Aim:** To demonstrate that heat is produced during respiration.
- **Materials Required:** Germinating seeds, thermos flask, thermometer.
- **Procedure:**
1. Place germinating seeds in a thermos flask.
2. Insert a thermometer into the flask.
3. Record the temperature over time.
- **Observation:** The temperature inside the flask increases.
- **Reason:** Respiration in seeds releases energy as heat.
- **Conclusion:** Heat is evolved during respiration.
**Experiment 7: CO₂ is evolved in respiration**
- **Aim:** To demonstrate that CO₂ is produced during respiration.
- **Materials Required:** Germinating seeds, test tube, lime water.
- **Procedure:**
1. Place germinating seeds in a test tube.
2. Connect the test tube to another test tube containing lime water.
3. Observe the lime water over time.
- **Observation:** Lime water turns milky.
- **Reason:** CO₂ produced during respiration reacts with lime water.
- **Conclusion:** CO₂ is evolved during respiration.
**Experiment 8: Observation of mammalian heart**
- **Aim:** To observe the internal structure of a mammalian heart.
- **Materials Required:** Sheep or pig heart, dissecting kit.
- **Procedure:**
1. Examine the external structure of the heart.
2. Make a longitudinal cut to observe the internal chambers and valves.
- **Observation:** Identify the atria, ventricles, and valves.
- **Reason:** The heart's structure is adapted for pumping blood.
- **Conclusion:** The mammalian heart has four chambers and valves for efficient blood circulation.
**Experiment 9: Observation of external and internal structure of kidneys**
- **Aim:** To observe the structure of mammalian kidneys.
- **Materials Required:** Sheep or pig kidney, dissecting kit.
- **Procedure:**
1. Examine the external structure of the kidney.
2. Make a longitudinal cut to observe the internal structure, including the cortex, medulla, and pelvis.
- **Observation:** Identify the different regions of the kidney.
- **Reason:** The kidney's structure is adapted for filtration and urine formation.
- **Conclusion:** The kidney has a complex internal structure for efficient filtration.
**Experiment 10: Rhizopus observation under microscope**
- **Aim:** To observe the structure of Rhizopus under a microscope.
- **Materials Required:** Rhizopus culture, microscope, slides, coverslips.
- **Procedure:**
1. Place a small amount of Rhizopus on a slide.
2. Add a drop of water and cover with a coverslip.
3. Observe under the microscope.
- **Observation:** Identify hyphae, sporangia, and spores.
- **Reason:** Rhizopus is a fungus that reproduces by spores.
- **Conclusion:** Rhizopus has a filamentous structure with sporangia for reproduction.
**Experiment 11: Action of saliva on flour**
- **Aim:** To demonstrate the action of saliva on starch.
- **Materials Required:** Flour, saliva, iodine solution, test tube.
- **Procedure:**
1. Mix flour with water to make a paste.
2. Add saliva to the paste and mix well.
3. After a few minutes, add iodine solution.
- **Observation:** The mixture does not turn blue-black.
- **Reason:** Saliva contains amylase, which breaks down starch into sugars.
- **Conclusion:** Saliva contains enzymes that digest starch.
**Experiment 12: How can you prove that our stomach protects itself from HCl?**
- **Aim:** To demonstrate the protective mechanism of the stomach lining.
- **Materials Required:** Stomach lining tissue, HCl, pH indicator.
- **Procedure:**
1. Place stomach lining tissue in a beaker with HCl.
2. Observe the tissue over time.
3. Use a pH indicator to monitor the pH.
- **Observation:** The tissue remains intact, and the pH does not change significantly.
- **Reason:** The stomach lining secretes mucus to protect itself from HCl.
- **Conclusion:** The stomach has a protective mechanism against HCl.
### INFORMATION SKILLS AND PROJECT (AS4): (4M)
1. **Vitamins - table:**
- List vitamins, sources, and functions.
- Example: Vitamin A (carrots, liver) - vision, immune function.
2. **Respiratory system - Evolution concept:**
- Compare respiratory systems in different organisms (e.g., gills in fish, lungs in mammals).
3. **Transporting system - Evolution concept:**
- Compare circulatory systems in different organisms (e.g., open in insects, closed in mammals).
4. **Evolution of excretory organs - table:**
- Compare excretory systems in different organisms (e.g., nephridia in worms, kidneys in mammals).
5. **Alkaloids - table:**
- List alkaloids, sources, and effects.
- Example: Caffeine (coffee) - stimulant.
6. **Brain functions - table:**
- List brain regions and their functions.
- Example: Cerebrum - voluntary actions, cognition.
7. **Endocrine glands - table:**
- List endocrine glands, hormones, and functions.
- Example: Thyroid gland - thyroxine - regulates metabolism.
8. **Phytohormones - table:**
- List plant hormones and their roles.
- Example: Auxins - promote cell elongation.
9. **Natural resources - 4 tables:**
- Categorize natural resources and their uses.
- Example: Renewable (solar energy) vs. non-renewable (fossil fuels).
### COMMUNICATION THROUGH DRAWING, MODEL MAKING (AS5): [6M]
1. **Chloroplast:**
- Draw and label chloroplast structure (thylakoids, stroma).
2. **Mitochondrion:**
- Draw and label mitochondrion structure (inner membrane, cristae).
3. **Internal structure of the heart:**
- Draw and label heart chambers and valves (atria, ventricles, valves).
4. **Human excretory system:**
- Draw and label kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
5. **L.S of Kidney:**
- Draw and label kidney structures (cortex, medulla, pelvis).
6. **Nephron:**
- Draw and label nephron structures (glomerulus, tubules).
7. **Reflex arc:**
- Draw and label reflex arc components (sensory neuron, motor neuron).
8. **Human Brain:**
- Draw and label brain regions (cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem).
9. **Nerve cell:**
- Draw and label neuron structure (dendrites, axon).
10. **Male reproductive system:**
- Draw and label male reproductive organs (testes, vas deferens).
11. **Female reproductive system:**
- Draw and label female reproductive organs (ovaries, uterus).
12. **Human sperm cell:**
- Draw and label sperm structure (head, midpiece, tail).
13. **Mitosis - phases:**
- Draw and label stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase).
14. **Checker boards of monohybrid cross:**
- Draw Punnett squares for monohybrid crosses (e.g., tall vs. short).
15. **Ecological pyramids:**
- Draw and label pyramids of energy, biomass, and numbers.
### APPRECIATION AND AESTHETIC SENSE, VALUES (AS6): [2M/4M]
1. **Appreciate the process of making food by green plants:**
- Recognize the importance of photosynthesis in sustaining life.
2. **Facts about green plants:**
- Appreciate their role in producing oxygen and food.
3. **Mechanism of respiration:**
- Appreciate the efficiency of energy production in cells.
4. **Role of alveoli in gas exchange:**
- Appreciate the design of alveoli for efficient gas exchange.
5. **Amazing aspects of the excretory system:**
- Appreciate the kidney's ability to filter blood.
6. **Discussion on 'Brain dead' people:**
- Reflect on the ethical implications of brain death.
7. **Role of nephron in blood filtration:**
- Appreciate the nephron's complex filtration process.
8. **Feelings about a creeper entwining its tendril:**
- Express admiration for plant growth and adaptation.
9. **Slogans on female foeticide & child marriage:**
- Create slogans to raise awareness.
10. **Appreciate cell division in perpetuation of life:**
- Recognize the importance of cell division in growth and reproduction.
11. **Appreciate stomach as a churning machine:**
- Recognize the stomach's role in digestion.
12. **Slogans on eco-friendly activities:**
- Create slogans to promote environmental awareness.
13. **Proper utilization of natural resources:**
- Argue for sustainable use of resources.
### APPLICATION IN DAILY LIFE, CONCERN TO BIODIVERSITY (AS7): (2M/4M)
1. **Food habits after reading 'Nutrition':**
- Adopt a balanced diet with fruits, vegetables, and proteins.
2. **Precautions for edema:**
- Suggest reducing salt intake and elevating legs.
3. **Health tips for heart health:**
- Exercise regularly, eat a heart-healthy diet, and avoid smoking.
4. **Slogans on organ donation:**
- Create slogans to promote organ donation awareness.
5. **Habits for kidney health:**
- Stay hydrated, avoid excessive protein, and monitor blood pressure.
6. **Precautions against sexually transmitted diseases:**
- Practice safe sex and regular health check-ups.
7. **Habitual actions while eating:**
- Chew food properly and eat slowly.
8. **Understanding survival of the fittest:**
- Observe natural selection in ecosystems.
9. **Programmes for soil pollution prevention:**
- Promote organic farming and reduce pesticide use.
10. **Precautions for conservation of natural resources:**
- Reduce, reuse, and recycle resources.
11. **Slogan for water-based crop selection:**
- "Choose crops wisely, save water sustainably."
### PART-B: (10M)
**NOTE:**
1. Part-B comprises 10 different pattern questions.
2. Text book reading is very important to get 10/10.
3. Focus on tables, scientists' contributions, and evolution concepts & examples for correct pair, incorrect pair, match the following, and
odd one type bits.
*ALL THE BEST*
