Main Pointers
🌱 A. Nutrition & Digestion
● Types of nutrition: Autotrophic (plants), Heterotrophic (animals, humans)
● Digestive system path:
Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small intestine → Large intestine
● Key organs:
○ Mouth: Mechanical + Saliva digestion
○ Stomach: Proteins broken down by acid & enzymes
○ Small Intestine: Main absorption using villi
○ Liver: Makes bile (breaks down fat)
○ Pancreas: Enzymes for all food groups
🫁 B. Respiration
● Purpose: To release energy from food (glucose)
● Types:
○ Aerobic Respiration (with oxygen):
Glucose+O2→CO2+Water+Energy\text{Glucose} + \text{O}_2 \rightarrow
\text{CO}_2 + \text{Water} + \text{Energy}Glucose+O2→CO2+Water+Energy
○ Anaerobic Respiration (without oxygen):
Less energy, can produce lactic acid or alcohol
● Happens in: Mitochondria (cell's powerhouse)
👶 C. Reproduction (Humans & Plants)
● Human Reproduction:
○ Male: Sperm (testes), Female: Egg (ovaries)
○ Fertilization → Zygote → Embryo → Baby
● Plant Reproduction:
○ Asexual: One parent (e.g., stem cutting)
○ Sexual: Pollen (male) + Ovule (female)
🧬 D. Genetics & Inheritance
● DNA: Genetic code found in chromosomes
● Genes: Instructions for traits
● Inherited Traits: Eye color, blood group
● Gregor Mendel: Father of Genetics – pea plant experiments
🦓 E. Adaptation
● Definition: Features that help organisms survive
● Examples:
○ Camel’s hump (stores fat)
○ Polar bear’s fur (insulation)
○ Fish gills (underwater breathing)
● Adaptation leads to natural selection over time
🔗 F. Food Chains & Webs
● Producers: Make food (plants)
● Consumers: Eat other organisms
● Decomposers: Break down dead stuff (fungi, bacteria)
● Trophic levels: Energy moves from one level to the next
● Only 10% energy passed to next level
🧲 G. Pressure
● Formula:
Pressure=ForceArea\text{Pressure} =
\frac{\text{Force}}{\text{Area}}Pressure=AreaForce
● Units: Pascal (Pa)
● Less area = more pressure (e.g., nails, high heels)
● Pressure in liquids increases with depth
💡 H. Light
● Travels in straight lines
● Reflection:
○ Angle of incidence = angle of reflection
○ Mirrors reflect, lenses refract
● Refraction: Bending of light in different mediums
● Convex lens: Converges light
● Concave lens: Diverges light
⚗️ I. Acids & Bases
● Acids: Sour, pH < 7 (e.g., lemon juice, HCl)
● Bases: Bitter, pH > 7 (e.g., soap, NaOH)
● Neutralization:
Acid + Base → Salt + Water
● Indicators: Litmus paper, phenolphthalein
● pH scale: 0 (strong acid) to 14 (strong base)
Science- All notes
1. Cells & Living Organisms
● Key Concept: Form & Function
• A cell is the basic unit of life. All living organisms are made of one or more cells.
• Cells perform life processes like nutrition, respiration, movement, growth, reproduction,
excretion, and sensitivity.
• Types of cells: Animal (round, no cell wall/chloroplasts), Plant (boxy, has cell
wall/chloroplasts).
• Key organelles include nucleus, membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, vacuole, chloroplast
(plant), and cell wall (plant).
●2. Photosynthesis
● Key Concept: Energy Transformation
• Plants convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose).
• Equation: Carbon dioxide + Water → (Sunlight) → Glucose + Oxygen
• Happens in chloroplasts; produces oxygen and glucose.
●3. States of Matter & Particle Model
● Key Concept: Change & Systems
• Solids: tightly packed, vibrate.
• Liquids: loosely packed, slide around.
• Gases: far apart, move freely.
• Changes: melting, freezing, boiling, condensation, sublimation.
●4. Electricity Basics
● Key Concept: Cause & Effect
• Current = flow of charge (amperes), Voltage = push (volts), Resistance = opposition (ohms).
• Formula: V = I × R
• Series circuits share current; parallel circuits share voltage.
●5. Environment & Ecosystems
● Key Concept: Interdependence
• Ecosystem = living + non-living things interacting.
• Producers (plants), Consumers (animals), Decomposers (fungi).
• Food chain: Grass → Grasshopper → Frog → Snake → Eagle.
●6. Scientific Method
● Key Concept: Inquiry
• Steps: Question → Hypothesis → Experiment → Observe → Conclusion → Evaluate
●7. Heat and Temperature
● Key Concept: Change
• Heat = energy transfer, Temperature = degree of hotness.
• Heat moves by conduction (solids), convection (liquids/gases), and radiation (vacuum).
●8. Atoms, Elements & Compounds
● Key Concept: Structure
• Atom = smallest unit of matter. Has protons, neutrons, electrons.
• Elements = pure substances. Compounds = elements combined.
• Example: Water (H₂O) = hydrogen + oxygen.
●9. Air and Combustion
● Key Concept: Cause & Effect
• Air = 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen.
• Combustion = fuel + oxygen + heat → CO₂ + water + energy (fire triangle).
●10. Magnetism
● Key Concept: Interactions
• Magnets attract iron, nickel, cobalt.
• Poles: N-S attract, N-N/S-S repel.
• Magnetic field is the area of magnetic force.
●11. Sound and Light
● Key Concept: Energy
• Sound = vibration through medium; cannot travel in vacuum.
• Light = EM radiation, travels in straight lines and in vacuum.
• Reflection = bounce back, Refraction = bending of light.
●12. Forces and Motion
● Key Concept: Systems
• Force = push/pull (Newtons).
• Types: gravity, friction, air resistance, magnetism.
• Balanced = steady, Unbalanced = change in motion.
●
13. Respiration
🧠 Key Concept: Energy Conversion
Respiration is the process by which cells release energy from food (mainly glucose) to power life
processes like movement, growth, and repair.
🔹
Types of Respiration:
1. **Aerobic Respiration** – happens in the presence of oxygen:
- Glucose (from food) + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP)
- Word Equation:
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
- Chemical Equation:
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy (ATP)
- This is the most efficient form of respiration and occurs in most plants, animals, and humans.
2. **Anaerobic Respiration** – happens without oxygen (in muscles during heavy exercise, or in yeast):
- Glucose → Lactic acid + Energy (in animals)
- Glucose → Alcohol + Carbon dioxide + Energy (in yeast)
💡
Difference from Breathing:
- **Breathing** is a physical process (inhaling/exhaling air).
- **Respiration** is a chemical process in cells.
📌
Where does it happen?
- Takes place inside the mitochondria of the cell (called the 'powerhouse of the cell').
🔬
Importance:
- Provides energy (in the form of ATP) that helps in all other life processes.
- Without respiration, cells cannot survive or perform their functions.
🌍
Real-life example:
- When you run, your muscles need more energy → you breathe faster to get more oxygen → aerobic
respiration speeds up.
- If oxygen runs low, muscles do anaerobic respiration → results in lactic acid → causes cramps.
🧠 Key Concept: Systems and Processes
14. Digestion
Digestion is the process by which food is broken down into simpler, absorbable forms.
🔹
Steps of Digestion:
1. **Ingestion** – Taking food into the mouth.
2. **Digestion** – Breaking down food:
- Mechanical (chewing in mouth)
- Chemical (enzymes breaking food into nutrients)
3. **Absorption** – Nutrients absorbed in the small intestine.
4. **Assimilation** – Nutrients used by cells.
5. **Egestion** – Removal of undigested waste.
🧪
Organs Involved:
- Mouth (teeth + saliva), Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Anus
- Liver (produces bile), Pancreas (produces digestive enzymes)
📌
Important Enzymes:
- Amylase: starch → sugar
- Protease: protein → amino acids
- Lipase: fat → fatty acids + glycerol
🧠 Key Concept: Continuity of Life
15. Reproduction
Reproduction is the process by which living organisms produce offspring.
🔹
Types of Reproduction:
1. **Asexual Reproduction** – One parent, no gametes, offspring are identical (clones).
- Example: binary fission in bacteria, budding in yeast.
2. **Sexual Reproduction** – Two parents, involving the fusion of gametes (egg and sperm), offspring
are genetically different.
🧬
Human Reproductive System:
- Male: Testes (produce sperm), Penis
- Female: Ovaries (produce eggs), Uterus, Vagina
🔄
Fertilization:
Sperm + Egg → Zygote → Embryo → Baby
💡 Puberty:
Hormonal changes that cause physical and emotional changes (voice deepens, hair growth, menstruation,
etc.)
🧠 Key Concept: Inheritance
16. Genetics
Genetics is the study of heredity — how traits are passed from parents to offspring.
🔬
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid):
- Found in the nucleus of cells.
- Carries instructions for traits like eye color, height, etc.
- Made of genes (small sections of DNA).
🧬
Chromosomes:
- Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
- One set from mother, one from father.
🧪
Dominant vs Recessive Genes:
- Dominant gene: seen if present (e.g., brown eyes).
- Recessive gene: seen only if both copies are recessive (e.g., blue eyes).
👩🔬
Gregor Mendel:
- Known as the father of genetics.
- Did pea plant experiments to show how traits are inherited.
🔁
Variation:
- Caused by different gene combinations and environment.
- Explains why siblings can look different.
🧠 Key Concept: Survival and Evolution
17. Adaptation
Adaptation is a characteristic that helps an organism survive in its environment.
🔹
Types of Adaptation:
1. **Structural** – Body parts or physical features (e.g., thick fur, long neck)
2. **Behavioral** – Actions or behaviors (e.g., migration, hibernation)
3. **Physiological** – Internal body processes (e.g., camels storing fat in humps)
🌍
Examples:
- Cactus has thick stems and spines to survive in deserts.
- Polar bears have white fur to blend into snowy surroundings.
- Birds migrate to warmer areas during winter.
🧠 Key Concept: Ecosystems and Interdependence
18. Food Chains and Food Webs
🔗 **Food Chain**:
A sequence that shows how energy is transferred from one organism to another.
Example: Grass → Grasshopper → Frog → Snake → Eagle
📌
Trophic Levels:
- Producer (plants)
- Primary Consumer (herbivores)
- Secondary Consumer (carnivores)
- Tertiary Consumer (top predators)
🌐
**Food Web**:
A network of interconnected food chains showing complex feeding relationships in an ecosystem.
♻️
**Decomposers**:
Break down dead organisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi) and return nutrients to the soil.
🧠 Key Concept: Force and Area
19. Pressure
🔹 Pressure = Force ÷ Area
📐 Units:
- Pressure: Pascal (Pa)
- Force: Newton (N)
- Area: square meters (m²)
📌
Examples:
- Knives have sharp edges to increase pressure and cut easily.
- Wide tires reduce pressure on soft ground.
🔬
Atmospheric Pressure:
- The pressure exerted by air around us.
- Decreases as we go higher in altitude.
🧠 Key Concept: Reflection and Refraction
20. Light
🔦 Light travels in straight lines and enables us to see things.
🔹 Laws of Reflection:
1. Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
2. Incident ray, reflected ray, and normal all lie on the same plane
🔍
Refraction:
- Bending of light when it passes through different materials (e.g., air to water)
- Light slows down in denser mediums
📌
Convex and Concave Lenses:
- Convex: converges light, used in magnifying glasses
- Concave: diverges light, used in peepholes
🧠 Key Concept: Chemical Properties
21. Acids and Bases
🔹 Acids:
- Taste sour
- pH less than 7
- Turn blue litmus red
- Examples: lemon juice, vinegar, hydrochloric acid
🔹
Bases (Alkalis when dissolved in water):
- Taste bitter and feel slippery
- pH more than 7
- Turn red litmus blue
- Examples: baking soda, soap, sodium hydroxide
🔬
Neutralization:
- Acid + Base → Salt + Water
- Used to treat indigestion or neutralize soil acidity.
MATH – FORMULA SHEET
1. Basic Algebra and Arithmetic
📐 Key Formulas:
- a² - b² = (a - b)(a + b)
- (a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b²
- (a - b)² = a² - 2ab + b²
- Distributive Property: a(b + c) = ab + ac
- Order of operations: BODMAS (Brackets, Orders, Division/Multiplication, Addition/Subtraction)
📏 Area and Perimeter:
2. Geometry
- Square: Area = a², Perimeter = 4a
- Rectangle: Area = l × b, Perimeter = 2(l + b)
- Triangle: Area = ½ × base × height
- Circle: Area = πr², Circumference = 2πr
- Trapezium: Area = ½ × (a + b) × height
📦 Volume:
3. Volume and Surface Area
- Cube: V = a³
- Cuboid: V = l × b × h
- Cylinder: V = πr²h
- Cone: V = (1/3)πr²h
- Sphere: V = (4/3)πr³
🧊
Surface Area:
- Cube: 6a²
- Cuboid: 2(lb + bh + hl)
- Cylinder: 2πr(h + r)
- Sphere: 4πr²
🎲 Probability = (Number of favorable outcomes) / (Total number of outcomes)
4. Probability
- Probability of an event ranges from 0 (impossible) to 1 (certain)
- Example: Probability of getting a 3 on a dice = 1/6
- Complement of an event A: P(not A) = 1 – P(A)
📊 Mean, Median, Mode:
5. Data Handling
- Mean = Sum of values / Number of values
- Median = Middle value (when arranged in order)
- Mode = Most frequent value
📈
Range = Highest value – Lowest value
Types of graphs: Bar graph, Histogram, Pie chart, Line graph
6. Unit Conversions
📏 Length:
- 1 meter = 100 centimeters
- 1 kilometer = 1000 meters
- 1 centimeter = 10 millimeters
💱
Currency (as of recent estimates):
- 1 US Dollar ≈ 83 Indian Rupees (may vary daily)
- 1 Euro ≈ 90 Indian Rupees
📦
Volume:
- 1 liter = 1000 milliliters
- 1 cubic meter = 1000 liters
⚖️
Weight:
- 1 kilogram = 1000 grams
- 1 ton = 1000 kilograms
