MOTION MOTION Motion means movement. The motion of an object is perceived when its position changes continuously with respect to some stationary object. DISTANCE The distance travelled by an object is the length of actual path travelled by the object during the motion. DISPLACEMENT The displacement of an object is the shortest distance travelled between the position of the object. tial and final > When final position coincides with the initial position, displacement is 0 but distance is not equal to 0. > Both, the distance and displacement are measure in meter or cm or km. > Distance is a scalar quantity having only. Displacement is a vector quantity having both magnitude and direction. > The distance travelled by an object in motion can never be zero or negative. The displacement can be positive, zero or negative, INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 100 1. A farmer moves along the boundary of a square field of side 10 m in 40 s. What will be the magnitude of displacement of the farmer at the end of 2 minutes 20 seconds? Ans. The farmer takes 40 s to cover 4 x 10 = 40 m. In 2 min and 20 s (140 s), he will cover a distance = Be140= 140m Therefore, the farmer completes “ =3.5 rounds (3 complete rounds and a half round) of the field in 2 min and 20 s. ‘That means, after 2 min 20 s, the farmer will be at the opposite end of the starting point. ‘Now, there can be two extreme cases. Case I: Starting point is a comer point of the field, In this case, the farmer will be at the diagonally opposite corner of the field after 2 min 20 a Therefore, the displacement will be equal to the diagonal of the field. Hence, the displacement will be «/10? +10? = 14.ln ‘Case Ul: Starting point is the middle point of any side of the field. In this case the farmer will be at the middle point of the opposite side of the field after 2 min 20 s. Therefore, the displacement will be equal to the side of the field, i.e., 10 m. For any other starting point, the displacement will be between 14.1 m and 10 m. 2, Which of the following is true for displacement? {a) It cannot be zero. {b) Its magnitude is greater than the distance travelled by the object. Ans. (a) Not true. Displacement can become zero when the initial and final position of the object is the same.(b) Not true. Displacement is the shortest measurable distance between the initial and final positions of an object. It cannot be greater than the magnitude of the distance travelled by an object. However, sometimes, it may be equal to the distance travelled by the object. UNIFORM MOTION A body is said to have a uniform motion if it travels equal distances in equal intervals of time, no matter how small these intervals may be. Eg. A vehicle running at a constant speed of 1Onvsec .will cover equal distances of 10metres every second, so its motion will be uniform. NON-UNIFORM MOTION A body is said to have a non- uniform motion if it travels unequal distances in equal intervals. of time, no matter how small these intervals may be. Eg. A freely ball from a certain height covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, so its motion is non uniform. Non uniform motion is also called accelerated motion. SPEED Speed of a body is defined as the distance travelled by the body in unit time. Speed(y) = Sstance travelled(s) time taken(*) Speed is a scalar quantity. Uniform Speed: When a body travels equal distances in equal intervals of time, the speed of the body is said to be uniform. Non-uniform Speed: When a body travels unequal distances in equal intervals of time, the speed of the body is said to be non-uniform. VELOCITY Velocity of a body is the distance travelled by the body in unit time in a given direction. .____ distance travelled in a given direction _ displacement Velocity = “Stance Navelied in a given direction _ Osplacement time taken time Velocity is a vector quantity. Uniform Velocity: When a body travels equal distances in equal intervals of time in a Particular direction, the velocity of the body is said to be uniform. Non-uniform Velocity: When a body travels unequal distances in equal intervals of time in a particular direction, the velocity of the body is said to be non-uniform. Both speed and velocity are measured in m/s or cm/s or km/hr AVERAGE VELOCITY ‘Average Velocity: When velocity of a body is changing at a uniform rate, average velocity is Initial velocity(u) + final velocity(v) by given by v,, 3INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 102 1. Distinguish between speed and velocity. Ans, ‘Speed Velocity ‘Speed is the distance travelled by an object in a given interval of time. It does not have any direction. Velocity is the displacement of an object in a given interval of time. It has a unique direction. The speed of an object can never be negative. At the most, it can become zero. This is because distance travelled can never The velocity of an object can be negative, positive, or equal to zero. This is because displacement can take any of these three be negative. values. 2. Under what condition(s) is the magnitude of average velocity of an object equal to its average speed? ‘Ans. Average speed = Told! distance covered Total time taken Displacement Total time taken If the total distance covered by an object is the same as its displacement, then its average speed would be equal to its average velocity. 3. What does the odometer of an automobile measure? Ans. The odometer of an automobile measures the distance covered by an automobile. 4, What does the path of an object look like when it is in uniform motion? Ans. An object having uniform motion has a straight line path 5. During an experiment, a signal from a spaceship reached the ground station in five minutes. ‘What was the distance of the spaceship from the ground station? The signal travels at the speed of light, that is, 3 x 10°ms'. Ans. Time taken by the signal to reach the ground station from the spaceship =5 min = 5 x 60 = 300s Speed of the signal = 3 x 10° nvs Distance travelled Time taken’ “Distance travelled = Speed x Time taken = 3 x 10° x 300=9 x 10" m Hence, the distance of the spaceship from the ground station is 9 x 10'° m. nd Average velocity Speed = ACCELERATION Acceleration of a body is defined as the rate of change of velocity of the body with time. It is 4 given by formula: a 7 It is measured in m/s? or cm/s” or knVhr’. Acceleration is a vector quantity. If the velocity of the body increases with time, the acceleration is positive, and the kind of motion is called accelerated motion. If the velocity of the body decreases with time, the acceleration is negative (retardation), and the motion is called decelerated motion. Uniform Acceleration: When velocity of the body changes by equal amounts in equal intervals of time in a particular direction, the acceleration of the body is said to be uniform. Non-uniform Acceleration: When velocity of the body changes by unequal amounts in equal intervals of time in a particular direction, the acceleration of the body is said to be non- uniform. pa nun aaEeee Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy. TGT(Maths) Page - 3 -INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 103 When will you say a body is in (i) uniform acceleration? (ii) non-uniform acceleration? Ans. (i) A body is said to have uniform acceleration if it travels in a straight path in such a way that its velocity changes at a uniform rate, i., the velocity of a body increases or decreases by equal amounts in an equal interval of time. (ii) A body is said to have non-uniform acceleration if it travels in a straight path in such a way that its velocity changes at a non-uniform rate, i.e., the velocity of a body increases or decreases in unequal amounts in an equal interval of time. ._ A bus decreases its speed from 80 kmh’! to 60 kmh in 5 s. Find the acceleration of the bus. Ans. Initial speed of the bus, v = 80 km/h = 80x 2.22m/ s Final speed of the bus, v = 60 knvh = 0x5 = 16.66m/s Time take to decrease the speed, t= 5s Acceleration,a = — 1666) 7 2222 Here, the negative sign of acceleration indicates that the velocity of the car is decreasing, =1.12m/s? |. A train starting from a railway station and moving with uniform acceleration attains a speed 40 kmh ' in 10 minutes. Find its acceleration. Ans. Initial velocity of the train, u = 0 (since the train is initially at rest) Final velocity of the train, v = 40 kn/h = 405 =11.1Im/s Acceleration,a = "—# = 111-0 t Time taken, 1 = 10 min = 10 x 60 = 600s Hence, the acceleration of the train is 0.0185 nvs*. =0.0185m/s* NUMERICALS 1. 4 A particle is moving in a circle of diameter 5m. Calculate the distance covered and the displacement when it competes 3 revolutions. .A body thrown vertically upwards reaches a maximum height “h’, It then returns to ground. Calculate the distance travelled and the displacement. A body travels a distance of 15m from A to B and then moves a distance of 20m at right angles to AB. Calculate the total distance travelled and the displacement. ‘An object is moving in a circle of radius ‘r’. Calculate the distance and displacement (i when it completes half the circle Gi) when it completes one full circle. . An object travels 16m in 4s and then another 16m in 2s. What is the average speed of the object? Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 4-6. Vishnu swims in a 90m long pool. He covers 180m in one minute by swimming from one end to the other and back along the same straight path. Find the average speed and average velocity of Vishnu. 7. In along distance race, the athletics were expected to take four rounds of the track such that the line of finish was same as the line of start. Suppose the length of the track was 200m. (a) What is the total distance to be covered by the athletics? (b) What is the displacement of the athletics when they touch the finish line? (ce) Is the motion of the athletics uniform or non-uniform? (d) Is the displacement of an athletic and the distance covered by him at the end of the race equal? 8. Starting from a stationary position, Bhuvan paddles his bicycle to attain a velocity of 6m/s in 30s. Then he applies brakes such that the velocity of bicycle comes down to 4nys in the next 5s. Calculate the acceleration of the bicycle in both the cases. 9. Amit is moving in his car with a velocity of 4Sknv/hr. How much distance will he cover (a) in one minute and (b) in one second. 10. The odometer of a car reads 2000 km at the start of a trip and 2400km at the end of the trip. Ifthe trip took 8 hr, calculate the average speed of the car in knvhr and m/s. 11. An electric train is moving with a velocity of 120knv/hr. How much distance will it move in 30s? 12. A body is moving with a velocity of 1Snvs. If the motion is uniform, what will be the velocity after 10s? 13. A train travels some distance with a speed of 30knV/hr and returns with a speed of 45km/hr. Calculate the average speed of the train. 14. A train 100m long moving on a straight level track passes a pole in 5s, Find (@) the speed of the train (b) the time it will take to cross a bridge 500m long. 15. A car travels along a straight line for first half time with speed 40knvhr and the second half time with speed 60knV/hr. Find the average speed of the car. 16. A body starts rolling over a horizontal surface with an initial velocity of 0.5m/s. Due to friction, its velocity decreases at the rate of 0.05m/s*. How much time will it take for the body to stop? 17. A car traveling at 3Gkm/hr speeds upto 7Okmv/hr in 5 seconds. What is its acceleration? If the same car stops in 20s, what is the retardation? 18. A scooter acquires a velocity of 36knvhr in 1Oseconds just after the start. It takes 20 seconds to stop. Calculate the acceleration in the two cases,19. On a 120km track, a train travels the first 30 km at a uniform speed of 30 knv/hr. How fast must the train travel the next 90 km so as to average 60 knw/hr for the entire trip? 20. A train travels at 60 knvhr for 0.52 hr; at 30 knvhr for the next 0.24 hr and at 70 km/hr for the next 0.71 hr. What is the average speed of the train? GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOTION A graph represents the relation between two variable quantities in pictorial form. It is plotted between two variable quantities. The quantity that is varied our choice is called independent variable. The other quantity, which varies as a result of this change, is called dependent variable. For example, in distance-time graph, time is independent variable and distance is dependent variable, Similarly, in velocity-time graph, time is independent variable and velocity is dependent variable. DISTANCE-TIME GRAPH The distance-time graph represents the change in the position of a body with time, In this graph, we take time along the x-axis and the distance along the y-axis. The distance-time graph under different conditions are shown below. 1. When the body is at rest The position of the body does not change with time. Its distance from the origin continues to be same at all instants of time, Therefore, we obtain a straight line parallel to x-axis(time axis) (see the below figure) A I Distance oO Time—+>C 2. When the body is in uniform motion When an object travels equal distances in equal intervals of time, it moves with uniform speed. This shows that the distance travelled by the object is directly proportional to time taken. Thus, for uniform speed, a graph of distance travelled against time is a straight line, as shown in below figure. The portion OB of the graph shows that the distance is increasing at a uniform rate. Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 6-Distance (km) i} ao & So So ~ ° 2 20 40 60 Time (min) On the graph, AC denotes the time interval (12 — 1) while BC corresponds to the distance (sz - s;). We can see from the graph that as the object moves from the point A to B, it covers a distance (s2 - s,) in time (1 — t,). The speed, v of the object, therefore can be represented as speed = istance travelled time taken = y= 274 3. When the body is in non-uniform motion When a body moves with non-uniform speed it covers unequal distance in equal intervals of time. The distance-time graph for a body which is moving with non-uniform speed is not a straight line. It is a curve. The speed of the object will change with respect to time. | J Distance VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH The geometrical relationship between the velocity of an object and the time taken by the object is called the velocity-time graph. The velocity-time graph of an object can be drown by taking the time taken along the X-axis and the velocity along the Y-axis. The ratio of the velocity and the time taken will give the acceleration of the object. Therefore, the slope of the velocity-time graph gives the acceleration Prepared by: M.S. KumarSwamy. TGT(Maths) a aePrepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Fage-1- of the given object. That is, by using this graph one can find the acceleration of an object. The ;-time graph under different conditions are shown below. 1. When the body is moving with uniform velocity If the object moves at uniform velocity, the height of its velocity-time graph will not change with time. It will be a straight line parallel to the x-axis. We know that the product of velocity and time give displacement of an object moving with uniform velocity. The area enclosed by velocity-time graph and the time axis will be equal to the magnitude of the displacement. Velocity (km h") 1 2 3 4 Time (h) To know the distance moved by the car between time f; and #2 using the above figure, draw perpendiculars from the points corresponding to the time f) and f2 on the graph. The velocity of v knvh is represented by the height AC or BD and the time (2 — 11) is represented by the length AB. So, the distance s moved by the car in time (2 ~ 1) can be expressed as $= AC x CD = (fp — 11) = Area of the rectangle ABDC (shaded portion) 2. When the body is moving with uniform acceleration In this case, the velocity-time graph for the motion of the car is shown in below figure. The nature of the graph shows that velocity changes by equal amounts in equal intervals of time, Thus, for all uniformly accelerated motion, the velocity-time graph is a straight line.Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 8 - Velocity (ms) » S » ° 5 10 15 26 25 30 Time (s) The area under the velocity-time graph gives the distance (magnitude of displacement) moved by the car in a given interval of time. If the car would have been moving with uniform velocity, the distance travelled by it would be represented by the area ABCD under the graph. Since the magnitude of the velocity of the car is changing due to acceleration, the distance s travelled by the car will be given by the area ABCDE under the velocity-time graph. That is, s= area ABCDE = area of the rectangle ABCD + area of the triangle ADE = ABxBC+3(AD*DE) 3. When the body is moving with a variable acceleration in the case of non-uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time graphs can have any shape. In below Fig. (a) shows a velocity-time graph that represents the mation of an abject whose velocity is decreasing with time while Figure (b) shows the velocity-time graph representing the non-uniform variation of velocity of the object with time=n 3S Velocity (m 5") 8 8 3s Velocity (m s") 4 8 10 14 16 20 Time (8) % INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 107 1, What is the nature of the distance-time graphs for uniform and non-uniform motion of an object? ‘Ans. The distance-time graph for uniform motion of an object is a straight line (as shown in the following figure). g Time ——> ‘The distance-time graph for non-uniform motion of an object is a curved line (as shown in LD i Time ——> Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 10 -Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths Page - 10 - 2. What can you say about the motion of an object whose distance-time graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis? ‘Ans, When an object is at rest, its distance-time graph is straight line parallel to the time axis. Time ——e> AA straight line parallel to the x-axis in a distance—-time graph indicates that with a change in time, there is no change in the position of the object. Thus, the object is at rest. 3. What can you say about the motion of an object if its speed-time graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis? ‘Ans. Object is moving uniformly. Time ——> A straight line parallel to the time axis in a speed-time graph indicates that with a change in time, there is no change in the speed of the object. This indicates the uniform motion of the object. 4, What is the quantity which is measured by the area occupied below the velocity-time graph? ‘Ans. Distance Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 11 =Velocity ———» eo fd Time ——> “The graph shows the velocity-time graph of a uniformly moving body. Let the velocity of the body at time (1) be v. Area of the shaded region = length x breath Where, Length = 1, Breath = v ‘Area = vi = velocity X time ...() We know, Velocity = Distance Time locity x Time...(ii) From equations (i) and (ii), Area = Distance Hence, the area occupied below the velocity-time graph measures the distance covered by the body. NUMERICALS 1. The right-sided figure is the distance-time graph of an object. Do you think it represents a real situation? Ifso, why? If not, why not? yp & ————> Distances (km) 2. The graph in below figure shows the positions of a body at different times. Calculate the speed of the body as it moves from (i) A to B (ii) B to C and (ili) C to D. Prepared by: M_S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 12 -Distances (cm) RN WER U DN Ow ———> time(s) 3. The velocity time graph of an ascending passenger lift is given below. What is the acceleration of the lift: (i) during the first two seconds (ii) between 2™ and 10" second (iii) during the last two seconds. 'Y Velocity (m/s) a 0 4 10 12 ———> time(s) 4. A body is moving uniformly with a velocity of Sm/s. Find graphically the distance travelled by it in 5 seconds. 5. Study the speed-time graph of a body shown in below figure and answer the following questions: (a) What type of motion is represented by OA? (b) What type of motion is represented by AB? (©) What type of motion is represented by BC? (d) Calculate the acceleration of the body. (©) Calculate the retardation of the body. (f) Calculate the distance travelled by the body from A to B. Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 13 -2A, An object starting from rest travels 20m in first 2 seconds and 160m in next 4 seconds. ‘What will be the velocity after 7 seconds from the start? 25. An electron moving with a velocity of 5 x 10* m/s enters into a uniform electric field and acquires a uniform acceleration of 10‘nvs’ in the direction of its initial motion. (i) Calculate the time in which the electron would acquire a velocity double of its initial velocity. (i) How much distance the electron would cover in this time? EXERCISE QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 112 1. An athlete completes one round of a circular track of diameter 200 m in 40 s. What will be the distance covered and the displacement at the end of 2 minutes 20 s? ‘Ans. Diameter of a circular track, d = 200 m Radius of the track, r= . 100m Circumference = 2nr = 2x (100) = 200x m In 40 s, the given athlete covers a distance of 200x m. 200m 40 In Ls, the given athlete covers a distance = = m The athlete runs for 2 minutes 20 s = 140s 200x22 x7 The athlete covers one round of the circular track in 40 s. This means that after every 40 s, the athlete comes back to his original position. Hence, in 140 s he had completed 3 rounds of the circular track and is taking the fourth round, He takes 3 rounds in 40 x 3 = 120 s. Thus, after 120 s his displacement is zero, ‘Then, the net displacement of the athlete is in 20 s only. In this interval of time, he moves at the opposite end of the initial position. Since displacement is equal to the shortest distance between the initial and final position of the athlete, displacement of the athlete will be equal to the diameter of the circular track. Displacement of the athlete = 200 m Distance covered by the athlete in 2 min 20 s is 2200 m and his displacement is 200m, 2, Joseph jogs from one end A to the other end B of a straight 300 m road in 2 minutes 50 seconds and then turns around and jogs 100 m back to point C in another 1 minute. What are Joseph's average speeds and velocities in jogging (a) from A to B and (b) from A to C? ‘Ans, (a) From end A to end B A @————_»>—__»>——e 3 + 300 m ———_ Distance covered by Joseph while jogging from A to B= 300 m Time taken to cover that distance = 2 min 50 seconds = 170s Total distance covered Average speed =~ ay time taken Total distance covered = 300 m Total time taken = 170s shortest distance between A and B = 300m ‘Total distance covered in 140s = »140-= 200m 30 1 765mis 170 Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 21 -‘Prepared by: M1. Sumarowamy, — as ee 300 A velocity == =1.765m/. werage ty = ag 71 765m /s ‘The average speed and average velocity of Joseph from A to B are the same and equal to 1.765 mvs. (b) From end A to end C c A @———_>_>—__0—_+0 B 200 m > +100 m— _——— 30m — Average speed = Total distance covered ‘Total time taken Total distance covered = Distance from A to B + Distance from B to C = 300 + 100 = 400 m Total time taken = Time taken to travel from A to B + Time taken to travel from B to C 170 + 60 = 230s 400 A od =~ = 1.739m/, verage speed = 750 =1.739mi/s lacement Total time taken Displacement from A to C = AC = AB ~ BC = 300— 100 = 200 m ‘Time interval = time taken to travel from A to B + time taken to travel from B to C = 170+ 60 = 2308 Average velocity = Average velocity = 22° =0.87m/s 230 ‘The average speed of Joseph from A to C is 1.739 ms and his average velocity is 0.87 mis. Abdul, while driving to school, computes the average speed for his trip to be 20 kv. On. his return trip along the same route, there is less traffic and the average speed is 40 km/h. ‘What is the average speed for Abdul's trip? ‘Ans. Case I: While driving to school ‘Average speed of Abdul's trip = 20 kav Total distance covered Total time taken Total distance = Distance travelled to reach school = d Let total time taken = 1 20=454-4 a 20 ‘Case II: While returning from schoo! Total distance = Distance travelled while returning from school = d Now, total time taken = t) Average speed @ 4 a ee) 5 | 40 “ [Average Speed for Abdul's tip = Tt! distance covered inthe wip Total time taken Prepared by: M.S, KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 22-Prepared by: M.S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 27 - ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS MOTION Multiple Choice Questions 1. If the displacement of an object is proportional to square of time, then the object moves with (a) uniform velocity (b) uniform acceleration (©) increasing acceleration (d) decreasing acceleration 2. The distance time graph of a body coincides with its time axis. The body must be (a) in uniform motion (b) at rest (c) in uniformly accelerated motion (d) in zig-2ag motion 3. From the given v—1 graph (see below Fig.) it can be inferred that the object is (a) in uniform motion: (b) at rest (c) in non-uniform motion (d) moving with uniform acceleration I | ocd The velocity time graph of a body is parallel to the time axis. The body is {a) at test (b) having uniform acceleration (c) having zero acceleration (d) having non-uniform acceleration 5. A particle is moving in a circular path of radius r. The displacement after half a circle would be: a) Zero (bar ©2r (@)2ur 6. A body is thrown vertically upward with velocity 1, the greatest height to which it will tise is, {a) wg (b) 12g (c) wig (A) wg Prepared by: M.S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths), Page - 28 -7. The numerical ratio of displacement to distance for a moving object is (a) always less than 1 (b) always equal to 1 (©) always more than 1 (@) equal or less than 1 8. Suppose a boy is enjoying a ride on a merry-go-round which is moving with a constant speed of 10 m/s. It implies that the boy is (a) at rest (b) moving with no acceleration (c) in accelerated motion (@) moving with uniform velocity 9. Area under a v — 1 graph represents a physical quantity which has the unit (@) m? (b) m. ()m* (@ ms 10. Four cars A, B, C and D are moving on a levelled road. Their distance versus time graphs are shown in below Fig... Choose the correct statement (a) Car Ais faster than car D, (b) Car B is the slowest. (c) Car D is faster than car C. (4) Car C is the slowest. t A £ Distance Time (s)—> 11. Slope of a velocity — time graph gives (a) the distance (b) the displacement (c) the acceleration (@) the speed 12. In which of the following cases of motions, the distance moved and the magnitude of displacement are equal? (a) If the car is moving on straight road (b) If the car is moving in circular path (c) The pendulum is moving to and fro (d) The earth is revolving around the Sun Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 29 -—— aa “—“—— 13.Which of the following figures (see below Figure) represents uniform motion of a moving object correctly? Time (s) —> Time (s) —> co) @ SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 14, The displacement of a moving object in a given interval of time is zero. Would the distance travelled by the object also be zero? Justify you answer, 15. How will the equations of motion for an object moving with a uniform velocity change? 16. A car starts from rest and moves along the x-axis with constant acceleration 5 m/s° for 8 seconds. If it then continues with constant velocity, what distance will the car cover in 12 seconds since it started from the rest? 17. A motorcyclist drives from A to B with a uniform speed of 30 km/h and returns back with a speed of 20 knvh. Find its average speed. 18, Draw a velocity versus time graph of a stone thrown vertically upwards and then coming downwards afer attaining the maximum height. 19. The velocity-time graph (see below Figure) shows the motion of a cyclist. Find (i) its acceleration (ii) its velocity and (iii) the distance covered by the cyclist in 15 seconds. * eo By ‘a —& 2 afer g 10 st 5 10 15 20 25 Time (s)—> Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 30 -20. A. girl walks along a straight path to drop a letter in the letterbox and comes back to her initial position, Her displacement-time graph is shown in below figure. Plot a velocity~ time graph for the same. 50 100 Time (s) ———> Displacement (m) 1G ANSWER. INS 21. An object starting from rest travels 20 m in first 2 s and 160 m in next 4 s. What will be the velocity after 7 s from the start. 22. An electron moving with a velocity of 5 x 104 m/s enters into a uniform electric field and acquires a uniform acceleration of 104 mvs? in the direction of its initial motion. (i) Calculate the time in which the electron would acquire a velocity double of its initial velocity. (ii) How much distance the electron would cover in this time? 23. Obtain a relation for the distance travelled by an object moving with a uniform acceleration in the interval between 4th and Sth seconds. 24. Two stones are thrown vertically upwards simultaneously with their initial velocities uy and uy respectively. Prove that the heights reached by them would be in the ratio of u?:13 ( Assume upward acceleration is ~g and downward acceleration to be +g )- 25. An object is dropped from rest at a height of 150 m and simultaneously another object is dropped from rest at a height 100 m. What is the difference in their heights after 2 s if both the objects drop with same accelerations? How does the difference in heights vary with time?FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION FORCE A force is anything that can cause a change to objects. Forces can: + change the shape of an object + move or stop an object + change the direction of a moving object. A force can be classified as either contact force or a non-contact force. ‘A contact force must touch or be in contact with an object to cause a change. Examples of contact forces are: + the force that is used to push or pull things, like on a door to open or close it + the force that a sculptor uses to turn clay into a pot + the force of the wind to turn a windmill A non-contact force does not have to touch an object to cause a change. Examples of non- contact forces are: + the force due to gravity, like the Earth pulling the Moon towards itself + the force due to electricity, like a proton and an electron attracting each other + the force due to magnetism, like a magnet pulling a paper clip towards itself The unit of force is the newton (symbol N). This unit is named after Sir Isaac Newton who first defined force. Force is a vector quantity and has a magnitude and a direction. EFFECT OF FORCE: 1. Force can make a stationary body in motion. For example a football can be set to move by kicking it, ie. by applying a force. 2, Force can stop a moving body — For example by applying brakes, a running cycle or a running vehicle can be stopped. 3. Force can change the direction of a moving object. For example; By applying force, i.e. by moving handle the direction of a running bicycle can be changed. Similarly by moving steering the direction of a running vehicle is changed. 4, Force can change the speed of a moving body — By accelerating, the speed of a running vehicle can be increased or by applying brakes the speed of a running vehicle can be decreased. 5. Force can change the shape and size of an object. For example — By hammering, a block of metal can be turned into a thin sheet. By hammering a stone can be broken into pieces. Forces are can also divided into two types: 1. Balanced Forces 2. Unbalanced Forces a Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 32 -BALANCED FORCES If the resultant of applied forces is equal to zero, itis called balanced forces. Example : - In the tug of war if both the teams apply similar magnitude of forces in opposite directions, rope does not move in either side. This happens because of balanced forces in which resultant of applied forces become zero Balanced forces do not cause any change of state of an object. Balanced forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. Balanced forces can change the shape and size of an object. For example - When forces are applied from both sides over a balloon, the size and shape of balloon is changed. UNBALANCED FORCES If the resultant of applied forces are greater than zero the forces are called unbalanced forces. ‘An object in rest can be moved because of applying balanced forces. Unbalanced forces can do the following: Move a stationary object. Increase the speed of a moving object Decrease the speed of a moving object. Stop a moving object. Change the shape and size of an object. LAWS OF MOTION: NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION: ‘+ Newton's First Law of Motion - Any object remains in the state of rest or in uniform motion along a straight line, until it is compelled to change the state by applying external force. + Newton's Second Law of Motion - The rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the force applied in the direction of force. + Newton's Third Law of Motion - There is an equal and opposite reaction for evrey action NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION: ‘Any object remains in the state of rest or in uniform motion along a straight line, until it is compelled to change the state by applying external forc Explanation: If any object is in the state of rest, then it will remain in rest untill a exernal force is applied to change its state. Similarly an object will remain in motion untill any external force is applied over it to change its state. This means all objects resist to in changing their state. The state of any object can be changed by applying external forces only. NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION IN EVERYDAY LIFE: a. A person standing in a bus falls backward when bus is start moving suddenly. This happens because the person and bus both are in rest while bus is not moving, but as the bus starts moving the legs of the person start moving along with bus but rest portion of his body has tendency to remain in rest, Because of this person falls backward; if he is not alert. b. A person standing in a moving bus falls forward if driver applies brakes suddenly. This happens because when bus is moving, the person standing in it is also in motion along with bus. But when driver applies brakes the speed of bus decreases suddenly or bus comes in the state of rest suddenly, in this condition the legs of the person which are in the contact with bus come in rest while the rest parts of his body have tendency to remain in motion. Because of this person falls forward if he is not alert Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 33 -MASS AND INERTIA: The property of an object because of which it resists to get disturbed its state is called Inertia Inertia of an object is measured by its mass. Inertia is directly proportional to the mass. This means inertia increases with increase in mass and decreases with decrease in mass. A heavy object will have more inertia than lighter one. In other words, the natural tendency of an object that resists the change in state of motion or rest of the object is called inertia. Since a heavy object has more inertia, thus it is difficult to push or pul a heavy box over the ground than lighter one. INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 118 1, Which of the following has more inertia: (a) a rubber ball and a stone of the same size? (b) abicycle and a train? (c) a five-rupees coin and a one-rupee coil ‘Ans, Inertia is the measure of the mass of the body. The greater is the mass of the body; the greater is its inertia and vice-versa. (a) Mass of a stone is more than the mass of a rubber ball for the same size, Hence, inertia of the stone is greater than that of a rubber ball. (b) Mass of a train is more than the mass of a bicycle. Hence, inertia of the train is greater than that of the bicycle (© Mass of a five rupee coin is more than that of a one-rupee coin. Hence, inertia of the five rupee coin is greater than that of the one-rupee coin. 2. In the following example, try to identify the number of times the velocity of the ball changes: “A football player kicks a football to another player of his team who kicks the football towards the goal. The goalkeeper of the opposite team collects the football and kicks it towards a player of his own team”. Also identify the agent supplying the force in each case. Ans. The velocity of the ball changes four times. As a football player kicks the football, its speed changes from zero to a certain value. As a result, the velocity of the ball gets changed. In this case, the player applied a force to change the velocity of the ball. Another player kicks the ball towards the goal post. As a result, the direction of the ball gets changed. Therefore, its velocity also changes. In this case, the player applied a force to change the velocity of the ball. The goalkeeper collects the ball. In other words, the ball ‘comes to rest. Thus, its speed reduces to zero from a certain value. The velocity of the ball has changed. In this case, the goalkeeper applied an opposite force to stop/change the velocity of the ball. The goalkeeper kicks the ball towards his team players. Hence, the speed of the ball increases from zero to a certain value, Hence, its velocity changes once again. In this case, the goalkeeper applied a force to change the velocity of the ball. 3. Explain why some of the leaves may get detached from a tree if we vigorously shake its branch. ‘Ans. Some leaves of a tree get detached when we shake its branches vigorously. This is because when the branches of a tree are shaken, it moves to and fro, but its leaves tend to Temain at rest. This is because the inertia of the leaves tend to resist the to and fro motion, Due to this reason, the leaves fall down from the tree when shaken vigorously. 4. Why do you fall in the forward direction when a moving bus brakes to a stop and fall backwards when it accelerates from rest? ‘Ans. Due to the inertia of the passenger. Every body tries to maintain its state of motion or state of rest. If a body is at rest, then it tries to remain at rest. If a body is moving, then it Prepared by: M.S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 34-tries to remain in motion. In a moving bus, a passenger moves with the bus. As the driver applies brakes, the bus comes to rest. But, the passenger tries to maintain his state of motion. As a result, a forward force is exerted on him. Similarly, the passenger tends to fall backwards when the bus accelerates from rest. This is because when the bus accelerates, the inertia of the passenger tends to oppose the forward motion of the bus. Hence, the passenger tends to fall backwards when the bus accelerates forward. MOMENTUM Momentum is the power of motion of an object. ‘The product of velocity and mass is called the momentum. Momentum is denoted by ‘p’. Therefore, momentum of the object = Mass x Velocity. Or, p=mxv Where, p= momentum, m = mass of the object and v = velocity of the object NEWTON'S SECOND LAW OF MOTION Newton's second Law of Motion states that The rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the force applied in the direction of force. For example; when acceleration is applied on a moving vehicle, the momentum of the vehicle increases and the increase is in the direction of motion because the force is being applied in the direction of motion. On the other hand, when brake is applied on the moving vehicle, the momentum of the vehicle decreases and the decrease is in the opposite direction of motion because the force is being applied in the opposite direction of motion. Mathematical fo ion of Newton cond Law of Let mass of an moving object = m. Let the velocity of the object changes from ‘u’ to ‘v’ in the interval of time‘. This means, Initial velocity of the object = u. Final velocity of the object = v. ‘We know that momentum (p) = Mass x velocity ‘Therefore, ‘Momentum (p) of the object at its initial velocity u =m x u = mu Momentum (p) of the object at its final velocity v= m x v= mv ‘The change in momentum = my — mu me Rate of change of momentum = 7 .- (i) According to the Newton's Second Law of motion force is directly proportional to the rate of, change of momentum. This means, Force « Rate of change of moentum After substituting the value of rate of change of momentum from equation (i) we get. mv—mu Forcex 7 ora meu) 7 = Fema sa=**) ' => Fekma ... @) where, k is proportionality constant. Since, 1 unit force is defined as the mass of kg object produces the acceleration of Invs* ‘Therefore, 1 unit of Force =k x 1 kg x Im/s” Thus k = 1. SNe Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 35 -By substituting the value of “ Fema - (iti) = Force = mass x acceleration Thus Newton's Second Law of Motion gives the relation between force, mass and acceleration of an object. According to the relation obtained above, Newton's Second Law can be modified as follows: The product of mass and acceleration is the force acting on the object. ‘The SI unit of Force: Newton (N) Since Force = Mass x Acceleration ‘The unit of mass = kg and The unit of acceleration = m/s” If force, mass and acceleration is taken as 1 unit. Therefore, 1 Newton (N) = Lkg x Im/s? Thus, Newton (N) = kg mvs" Equation (iii) can be also written as at (iv) m This equation is the form of Newton's Second Law of Motion. According to this equation, Newton's Second Law of Motion can also be stated as follow: The acceleration produced by a moving body is directly proportional to the force applied over it and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. From the above relation it is clear that Acceleration increases with increase in force and vice versa. ‘Acceleration decreases with increase in mass and vice versa. That's why a small vehicle requires less force to attain more acceleration while a heavy vehicle requires more force to get the same acceleration. NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION IN EVERYDAY LIFE: a. A fielder pulls his hand backward; while catching a cricket ball coming with a great speed, to reduce the momentum of the ball with a little delay. According to Newton's Second Law of Motion; rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the force applied in the direction, b. While catching a cricket ball the momentum of ball is reduced to zero when it is stopped after coming in the hands of fielder. If the ball is stopped suddenly, its momentum will be reduced to zero instantly. The rate of change in momentum is very quick and as a result, the player’s hand may get injured. Therefore, by pulling the hand backward a fielder gives mote time to the change of momentum to become zero. This prevents the hands of fielder from getting hurt. 1’ in equation (ii) we get NUMERICAL 1. What is acceleration produced by a force of 12 Newton exerted on an object of mass 3 kg? 2. What force would be needed to produce an acceleration of 4nv/s” on a ball of mass 6 kg? 3. A force of 5 N gives a mass mj, an acceleration of 8 nvs’, and a mass Mm, an acceleration of 24 m/s. What acceleration would give if both the masses are tied together? Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths Page - 36 -4. Calculate the force required to impart a car a velocity of 30m/s in 10 seconds. The mass of the car is 1500 kg. 5. A motorcycle is moving with a velocity of 90knV/h and it takes 5 seconds to stop after the brakes are applied. Calculate the force exerted by the brakes on the motorcycle if its mass along with the rider is 200kg. 6. What is the momentum of a man of mass 75kg when he walks with a velocity of 2m/s? 7. What would be the force required to produce an acceleration of 2m/s* in a body of mass 12 kg? What would be the acceleration it the force were doubled? 8. A man pushes a box of mass 50 kg with a force of 80N.What will be the acceleration of the box? What would be the acceleration if the mass were doubled? 9. A certain force exerted for 1.2 second raises the speed of an object from 1.8m/s to 4.2 mvs. Later, the same force is applied for 2 second. How much does the speed change in 2 second? 10.A constant force acts on an object of mass 5 kg for duration of 2 second. It increases the object's velocity from 3cnvs to 7nvs. Find the magnitude of the applied force. Now if the force were applied for a duration of 5 seconds, what would be the final velocity of the object? 11. A motorcar is moving with a velocity of 108km/h and it takes 4 seconds to stop after the brakes are applied. Calculate the force exerted by the brakes on the motorcar it its mass along with the passengers is 1000 kg. 12.A force of 5 N gives a mass m,, an acceleration of 10 mvs*, and a mass m2, an acceleration of 20 m/s. What acceleration would it give if both the masses were tied together? 13. For how long should a force of 100 N act on a body of mass 20 kg so that it acquires a velocity of 100 m/s? 14.A 150 g ball traveling at 30m/s strikes the palm of a players hand and is stopped in 0.06 sec. Calculate the force exerted by the ball on the hand. 15.A body of mass 1 kg is kept at rest. A constant force of 6.0 N starts acting on it . Find the time taken by the body to move through a distance of 12m. 16.A force of 4 N acts on a body of mass 2 kg for 4 s. Assuming that the body to be initially at rest, find (j) its velocity when the force stops acting (ii) the distance covered in 10 s after the force starts acting. 17.A feather of mass 10 g is dropped from a height. It is found to fall down with a constant velocity. What is the net force acting on it? Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page18.A hockey ball of mass 200g traveling from west to east at 10m/s is struck by a hockey stick. As a result, then ball gets turned back and now has a speed of Svs. If the ball and hockey stick were in contact for 0.2 s, calculate (i) initial and final momentum of the ball (ii) rate of change of momentum of the ball (iii) the force exerted by hockey stick on the ball. 19. A stone of mass 500 g is thrown with a velocity of 20m/s across the frozen surface of a lake. It comes to rest after traveling a distance of 0.1 km. Calculate force of friction between the stone and frozen surface of lake. 20.A body starts from rest and rolls down a hill with a constant acceleration. If its travels 400 m in 20 seconds, calculate the force acting on the body if its mass is 10kg. 21. The velocity time graph of a ball of mass 20g moving along a straight line on a long. table is given in below figure. How much force does the table exert on the ball to bring it to rest? Y bk BPN N uouw ° ——= Speed (m/s) w x 4 10 —— time(s) 22, The speed time graph of a ball of mass 30g moving along a straight line is shown in below figure. Calculate the opposing force that brings the ball to rest. = Y eo 350 3 B40 30 20 10 x o 2 5 ——> time(s) What will be the percentage change in momentum of a body when both its mass and velocity are doubled? Prepared by: M.S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page23.A force of 2 N gives a mass ml an acceleration of 5m/s2 and a mass m2, an accelerated of 7m/s2. What acceleration would be produced if both the masses are tied together? 2A.A body of mass 2 kg moving with a velocity of 10n/s is brought to rest in 5 sec. Calculate the stopping force applied. NEWTON'S THIRD LAW OF MOTION Newton's Third Law of Motion states that there is always reaction for every action in opposite direction and of equal magnitude. Explanation: Whenever a force is applied over a body, that hody also appli equal magnitude and in opposite direction. Example ~ (a) Walking of a person - A person is able to walk because of the Newton's Third Law of Motion. During walking, a person pushes the ground in backward direction and in the reaction the ground also pushes the person with equal magnitude of force but in opposite direction. This enables him to move in forward direction against the push. (b) Recoil of gun - When bullet is fired from a gun, the bullet also pushes the gun in opposite direction, with equal magnitude of force. This results in gunman feeling a backward push from the butt of gun. (©) Propulsion of a boat in forward direction — Sailor pushes water with oar in backward direction; resulting water pushing the oar in forward direction. Consequently, the boat is pushed in forward direction. Force applied by oar and water are of equal magnitude but in opposite directions. CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM - Law of Conservation of Momentum —The sum of momenta of two objects remains same even after collision. In other words, the sum of momenta of two objects before collision and sum of momenta of ‘two objects after collision are equal. Mathematical Formulation of Conservation of Momentum: ‘Suppose that, two objects A and B are moving along a straight line in same direction and the velocity of A is greater than the velocity of B. O-O~- same force of —_ collision Ra (b) o+o~ after collision i) Let the initial velocity of A=u, Leet the initial velocity of B= us Let the mass of A= ma Let the mass of B=mg Let both the objects collide after some time and collision lasts for 't' second, Let the velocity of A after collision= va Prepared by: M. S, KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 39 -Let the velocity of B after collision= vp We know that, Momentum = Mass x Velocity Therefore, Momentum of A (F,) before collision Momentum of B (Fr) before collision Momentum of A after collision = ma x va Momentum of B after collision = ma x vs. Now, we know that Rate of change of momentum = mass x rate of change in velocity Change in velocity i") = Rate of change of momentum =mass x : time ¥ Similarly, the rate of change of momentum of B during collision, Fy, = ma Therefore, rate of change of momentum of A during collision, Fyy =m, ( Since, according to the Newton's Third Law of Motion, action of the object A (force exerted by A) will be equal to reaction of the object B (force exerted by B). But the force exerted in the course of action and reaction is in opposite direction, Therefore, -@ DMV yt MpVy = MyM, HM gly coven Above equation says that total momentum of object A and B before collision is equal to the total momentum of object A and B after collision. We observe that the total momentum of the two balls remains unchanged or conserved provided no other external force acts. As a result of this ideal collision experiment, we say that the sum of momenta of the two objects before collision is equal to the sum of momenta after the collision provided there is no external unbalanced force acting on them. This is known as the law of conservation of momentum. This statement can alternatively be given as the total momentum of the two objects is unchanged or conserved by the collision. CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM - PRACTICAL APPLICATION Bullet and Gun — When bullet is fired from a gun, gun recoils in the opposite direction of bullet. The momentum of bullet is equal to momentum of gun, Since, the bullet is has very small mass compared to the gun, hence velocity of bullet is very high compared to the recoil of gun. In the case of firing of bullet, law of conservation of momentum is applied as usual. ‘© Whena cricket ball is hit by bat, the Law of Conservation of Momentum is applied. NUMERICAL 1. The velocity of a body of mass 10kg increases from 4m/s to 8m/s when a force acts on it for 2s. (a) What is the momentum before and after the force acts? (b) What is the gain in momentum per second? (c) What is the value of the force? Prepared by: M.S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 40 -2. A boy pushes a wall with a force of 20N. What is the magnitude and direction of the force experienced by the body? 3. A 20 g bullet is shot from a 5 kg gun with a velocity of 500mv/s. What is the speed of the recoil of the gun? 4. A 10 g bullet is shot from a 5 kg gun with a velocity of 400mv/s. What is the speed of the recoil of the gun? 5. When two bodies A and B interact with each other, A exerts a force of 10N on B, towards east. What is the force exerted by B on A? 6. A man weighting 60kg runs along the rails with a velocity of 18krv/h and jumps into a car of mass | quintal standing on the rails. Calculate the velocity with which car will start traveling along the rails. 7. The car A of mass 1500kg, traveling at 25m/s collides with another car B of amss 1000kg traveling at 15m/s in the same direction. After collision, the velocity of car A becomes 20nv/s. Calculate the velocity of car B after collision. 8. A bullet of mass 10g is fired from a gun of mass 6 kg with a velocity of 300ms. Calculate the recoil velocity of the gun. 9. A bullet of mass 50g is fired from a gun of mass 6 kg with a velocity of 400m. Calculate the recoil velocity of the gun. 10.A bullet of mass 10g is moving with a velocity of 400m/s gets embedded in a freely suspended wooden block of mass 900g. What is the velocity acquired by the block? 11.A gun of mass 3 kg fires a bullet of mass 30g. The bullet takes 0.003s to move through the barrel of the gun and acquires a velocity of 100m/s. Calculate (i) the velocity with which the gun recoils (ii) the force exerted on gunman due to recoil of the gun. 12.A heavy car of mass 200kg traveling at 10m/s has a head on collision with a sports car B of mass 500kg. If both cars stop dead on colliding, what was the velocity of car B? 13.A machine gun fires 25h bullet at the rate of 600 bullets per minute with a speed of 200nvs. Calculate the force required to keep the gun in position. 14.A bullet of mass 20g is moving with a velocity of 300nvs gets embedded in a freely suspended wooden block of mass 880g. What is the velocity acquired by the block? 15.A girl of mass 50kg jumps out of a rowing boat of mass 300kg on to the bank with a horizontally velocity of 3nvs. With what velocity does the boat begin to move backwards? Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths Page - 41 -16.A truck of mass 2500kg moving at 15nvs collides with a car of mass 1000kg moving with at Smv/s in the opposite direction. What is their common velocity? 17.A bullet of mass 20 g is fired horizontally with a velocity of 150m/s from a pistol of mass 2kg. What is the recoil velocity of the pistol? 18.A body of mass 60kg running at 3nv/s jumps on to a trolley of mass 140kg moving with a velocity of 1.5m/s in the same direction. What is their common velocity? 19. A girl of mass 40kg jumps with a horizontal velocity of Sm/s onto a stationary cart with frictionless wheels. The mass of the cart is 3kg. What is her velocity as the cart starts moving? Assume that there is no external unbalanced force working in the horizontal direction? 20. Two hockey players of opposite teams, while trying to hit a hockey ball on the ground collide and immediately become entangled. One has a mass of 60kg, and was moving with a velocity Sm/s, while the other has a mass 55kg and was moving faster with a velocity of 6m/s towards the first player. In which direction and with what velocity will they move after they become entangled? Assume that the frictional force acting between the feet of the two players and ground is negligible. INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 126 1. Ifaction is always equal to the reaction, explain how a horse can pull a cart. ‘Ans. A horse pushes the ground in the backward direction. According to Newton's third law of motion, a reaction force is exerted by the Earth on the horse in the forward direction. As a result, the cart moves forward. 2. Explain, why is it difficult for a fireman to hold a hose, which ejects large amounts of water at a high velocity. ‘Ans, Due to the backward reaction of the water being ejected. When a fireman holds a hose, which is ejecting large amounts of water at a high velocity, then a reaction force is exerted on him by the ejecting water in the backward direction. This is because of Newton's third law of motion. As a result of the backward force, the stability of the fireman decreases. Hence, itis difficult for him to remain stable while holding the hose. 3. Froma rifle of mass 4 kg, a bullet of mass 50 g is fired with an initial velocity of 35 ms” Calculate the initial recoil velocity of the rifle. ‘Ans. Mass of the rifle, m, = 4kg ‘Mass of the bullet, m, = 50g = 0.05 kg Recoil velocity of the rifle = vs Bullet is fired with an initial velocity, vz = 35mv/s Initially, the rifle is at rest. ‘Thus, its initial velocity, v = 0 Total initial momentum of the rifle and bullet system =(m +m:)v = 0 ‘Total momentum of the rifle and bullet system after firing = mv) + mwV2 = 4(v) + 0.05 x 35 =v. + 1.75 ‘According to the law of conservation of momentum: Total momentum after the firing = Total momentum before the firing 1.75 Ay, +1.75=0> y -0.4375m/s —4. Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths Page - 42 -SSIGNMENT QUESTIONS FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following statement is nof correct for an object moving along a straight path in an accelerated motion? (a) Its speed keeps changing (b) Its velocity always changes (©) It always goes away from the earth (@) A force is always acting on it 2, The forces of action and reaction are (a) always equal only (b) always equal and opposite (c) always equal but in same direction (d) always unequal and opposite. 3. According to the third law of motion, action and reaction (a) always act on the same body (b) always act on different bodies in opposite directions (c) have same magnitude and directions (@) act on either body at normal to each other 4. The action and reaction forces at (a) on different bodies always (b) on some body always (c) on same body, 5. A goalkeeper in a game of football pulls his hands backwards after holding the ball shot at the goal. This enables the goal keeper to (a) exert larger foree on the ball (b) reduce the force exerted by the ball on hands (c) increase the rate of change of momentum (@) decrease the rate of change of momentum 6. The inertia of an object tends to cause the object (a) to increase its speed (b) to decrease its speed (©) to resist any change in its state of motion (d) to decelerate due to friction 7. Principle of conservation of linear momentum is deduced from (a) Newton's first law (b) Newton's second law (c) Newton's third law (d) none of the above 8. The function of mud guards is based on (a) inertia of rest (b) inertia of direction Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 52-(©) inertia of motion (d) none of the above 9. The force of action and reaction (a) always cancel each other (b) never cancel (©) cancel sometimes (d) cannot say 10. A passenger in a moving train tosses a coin which falls behind him. It means that motion of the train is (a) accelerated (b) uniform (©) retarded (d) along circular tracks 11, An object of mass 2 kg is sliding with a constant velocity of 4 m s-I on a frictionless horizontal table, The force required to keep the object moving with the same velocity is (a) 32N (ON (c)2N @8N 12, Rocket works on the principle of conservation of (a) mass (b) energy (c) momentum {d) velocity 13. A water tanker filled up to Zor its height is moving with a uniform speed. On sudden application of the brake, the water in the tank would (a) move backward (b) move forward (c) be unaffected (d) rise upwards 14, Inertia of a body in linear motion is measured by its, (a) mass (b) momentum (c) velocity (d) none of the above 15, What mass of a body can attain an acceleration of Svs" under a force of 250 N? (a) Skg (b) 250 kg (©) 50kg. (@) 10kg SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 16. There are three solids made up of aluminium, steel and wood, of the same shape and same volume. Which of them would have highest inertia? Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 53 -17. Two balls of the same size but of different materials, rubber and iron are kept on the smooth floor of a moving train, The brakes are applied suddenly to stop the train. Will the balls start rolling? If so, in which direction? Will they move with the same speed? Give reasons for your answer. 18, Two identical bullets are fired one by a light rifle and another by a heavy rifle with the same force. Which rifle will hurt the shoulder more and why? 19. A horse continues to apply a force in order to move a cart with a constant speed. Explain why? 20. Suppose a ball of mass m is thrown vertically upward with an initial speed v, its speed decreases continuously till it becomes zero. Thereafter, the ball begins to fall downward and attains the speed v again before striking the ground. It implies that the magnitude of initial and final momentums of the ball are same. Yet, it is not an example of conservation of momentum. Explain why ? 21. Velocity versus time graph of a ball of mass 50 g rolling on a concrete floor is shown in below Figure. Calculate the acceleration and frictional force of the floor on the ball. 8 Velocity (m s") — 888s o 24 6 8 10 Time (s)———> 22, A truck of mass M is moved under a force F. If the truck is then loaded with an object equal to the mass of the truck and the driving force is halved, then how does the acceleration change? 23. Why does a gun recoil on firing? Obtain an expression for recoil velocity of gun. 2A. A rocket can move in air free space, but a jet plane cannot. Why? 25. Two friends on roller-skates are standing 5 m apart facing each other. One of them throws a ball of 2 kg towards the other, who catches it, How will this activity affect the position of the (wo? Explain your answer. 26. Water sprinkler used for grass lawns begins to rotate as soon as the water is supplied. Explain the principle on which it works. — Prepared by: M, $. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths), Page - 54Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 94 - LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS 27. Using second law of motion, derive the relation between force and acceleration. A bullet of 10 g strikes a sand-bag at a speed of 103 m/s and gets embedded after travelling 5 cm. Calculate (i) the resistive force exerted by the sand on the bullet (ii) the time taken by the bullet to come to rest. 28. Derive the unit of force using the second law of motion. A force of 5 N produces an acceleration of 8 ns” on a mass m, and an acceleration of 24 m/s” on a mass m2 . What acceleration would the same force provide if both the masses are tied together? 29. State and explain Newton’s third law of motion. How will you prove it experimentally? 30. What is momentum? Write its SI unit. Interpret force in terms of momentum. Represent the following graphically (a) momentum versus velocity when mass is fixed. (b) momentum versus mass when velocity is constant.WEIGHT: Earth attracts every object towards it. We know that force is the product of mass and acceleration due to gravity. This means, F = mx g - i) ‘The force by which earth attracts an object towards it is called the weight of the object, which is the product of mass (m) of the object and acceleration due to gravity (g). ‘Weight is denoted by ‘W’. Therefore, by substituting in the expression ‘F = mg’ we get, Wemxg Since weight is the force which is acting vertically downwards, therefore, weight has both magnitude and direction and hence it is a vector quantity. Since the value of “g' is always constant at a given place, Therefore, expression ‘W = mx g* can be written as follows: Wam- -(iil) This means weight of any object is directly proportional to its mass, ie. weight will increase with the increase of mass and decrease with decrease in mass, This is the cause that weight of any object is the measure of its mass. ‘The unit of weight Since, weight of an object is equal to the force by which an object is attracted towards earth, therefore, unit of weight is same as the unit of force. Therefore, Unit of weight is ‘newton (N)’. WEIGHT OF AN OBJECT ON THE SURFACE OF MOON Let Mg be the mass of the Earth and m be an object on the surface of the Earth. Let Rx be the radius of the Earth. According to the universal law of gravitation, weight W of the object on the surface of the Earth is given by, w, = Mam Re Let My and Ryy be the mass and radius of the moon. Then, according to the universal law of gravitation, weight Wy. of the object on the surface of the moon is given by: GM ym GMm Wy Ry MYR? Wy, = GM My 2 Ry _ Mu Re’ Re ” Ww, GM m MR? Re where, M , =5.98x10"kg, My = 7.36107 kg Rz =6.4x10"m, Ry = 1.74%10%m Wy _ 7.3610” x(6.4x10°)* We 5.98x10™ x(1.74x10°)* Therefore, the weight of an object on the moon 6 its weight on the earth NUMERICAL 1, The gravitational force between two objects is F. How will this force change when (i) distance between them is reduced to half (ii) the mass of each object is quadrupled? Prenared hy: MS KumarGuamy TAT/Mathey2. A sphere of mass 40kg is attracted by a second sphere of mass 15kg when their centres are 20 cm apart, with a force of 0.1 milligram weight. Calculate the value of gravitational constant. 3. A body of mass 1 kg is placed at a distance of 2m from another body of mass 10kg. ‘At what distance from the body of 1 kg, another body of mass 5 kg be placed so that the net force of gravitation acting on the body of mass 1 kg is zero? 4. A geostationary satellite is orbiting the earth at a height 5 R above the surface of earth, where R is the radius of earth. Find the time period of another satellite at a height of 2 R from the surface of earth, 5, The distance of planet Jupiter from the sun 5.2 times that of Earth. Find the period of revolution of Jupiter around sun. 6. If the distance of Earth from the Sun were half the present value, how many days will make one year? 7. Two satellites of a planet have periods 32 days and 256 days. If the radius of orbit of former is R, find the orbital radius of the latter. 8. The mass of Earth is 6 x 10° kg and that of moon is 7.4 x 10” kg, If the distance between the Earth and the Moon is 3.84 x 10° km, calculate the force exerted by Earth on the Moon. Given G = 6.7 x 10" Nm*/kg”. 9, If the distance between two masses is increased by a factor of 4, by what factor would the mass of one of them have to be altered to maintain the same gravitational force? 10. Two bodies A and B having masses 2kg and 4kg respectively are separated by 2m. Where should a body of mass 1kg be placed so that the gravitational force on this body due to bodies A and B is zero? 11. The mass of Sun is 2 x 10° kg and mass of Earth is 6 x 10™ kg. If the distance between the centres of Sun and Earth is 1.5 x 10° km, calculate the force of gravitation between them. 12, Two electrons each of mass 9.1 x 107! kg are at a distance of 10A . Calculate the 0 gravitational force of attraction between them. Given 1A =10"°m 13. The gravitational force between force two objects is 100 N. How should the distance between these objects be changed so that force between them becomes 50 N? 14.Calculate the force of gravitation between two objects of masses 80kg and 1200 kg kept at a distance of 10 m from each other. Given G = 6.67 x 107" Nm’/kg*. 15,Calculate the force of attraction between the Earth and the Sun, given that the mass of Earth is 6 x 10° kg and that of sun is 2 x 10°” kg. The average distance between thte two is 1.5 x 10''m. Prepared by: M.S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 60-Prepared by M.S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) SEER ARES 16.A sphere of mass 25kg attracts another sphere of mass 24kg with a force of 0.1 milligram weight. If distance between the centres of two spheres is 20cm, what is the value of G? 17. If distance between two masses is quadrupled, what will be the new force of attraction between them? Given the initial gravitational pull is 9.8N. 18.An electron of mass 9.1 x 10-3 kg is at a distance of 10A from a proton of mass 1.67 x. 10° "kg. Calculate the gravitational force of attraction between them. Given IA=10 19. Two bodies A and B having masses 20kg and 40kg are separted by 10m. At what distance from body A should another body C of mass 15kg be placed so that net gravitational force on C is zero? 20. Calculate the gravitational force on a body of mass 1kg lying on the surface of earth. Given mass of earth is 6 x 10™ kg and radius of earth is 6400km. INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 136 1. What do you mean by free fall? ‘Ans. Gravity of the Earth attracts every object towards its centre. When an object is released from a height, it falls towards the surface of the Earth under the influence of gravitational force. The motion of the object is said to have free fall. 2. What do you mean by acceleration due to gravity? ‘Ans. When an object falls towards the ground from a height, then its velocity changes during the fall. This changing velocity produces acceleration in the object. This acceleration is known as acceleration due to gravity (g). Its value is given by 9.8 ms". INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 138 1. What are the differences between the mass of an object and its weight? ‘Ans, Mass ‘Weight Mass is the quantity of matter contained in | Weight is the force of gravity acting on the the body. body. It is the measure of inertia of the body. It is the measure of gravity. ‘Weight is not a constant quantity. It is different Mass is a constant quantity pipers Tt has magnitude as well as direction. It only has magnitude. Its $I unit is the same as the SI unit of force, Its SI unit is kilogram (kg). Newtan (ND; Prepared by. M.S. KumarSwamy. TGT(Maths) Page -61 - Sennen ee amlNUMERICAL, 1, Calculate the force of gravity acting on your friend of mass 60kg. Given mass of earth= 6x 10” kg and radius of Earth = 6.4 x 105m. Mass of an object is 10kg. What is its weight on Earth? 3. What is the mass of an object whose weight is 49N? 4. An object weighs 10N when measured on the surface of the earth. What would be its weight when measured on the surface of the Moon? 5. An object is thrown vertically upwards and rises to a height of 10m. Calculate (i) the velocity with which the object was thrown upwards and (ii) the time taken by the object to reach the highest point. 6. A force of 2 kg wt. acts on a body of mass 4.9kg. Calculate its acceleration. 7. A force of 20N acts upon a body weight is 9.8N. What is the mass of the body and how much is its acceleration? 8. A body has a weight of 10 kg on the surface of earth. What will be its mass and weight when taken to the centre of earth? Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TOT(Maths Page - 62 - 9. How much would a 70 kg man weigh on moon? What will be his mass on earth and moon? Given g on moon = 1.7 nv/s?. 10. The Earth’s gravitational force causes an acceleration of 5 m/s? in a 1 kg mass somewhere in space. How much will the acceleration of a 3 kg mass be at the same place? 11. A patticle is thrown up vertically with a velocity of 50m/s, What will be its velocity at the highest point of the journey? How high would the particle rise? What time would it take to reach the highest point? Take g = 10 mvs”. 12. If a planet existed whose mass was that of Earth and whose radius 3 times greater, how much will a Ikg mass weigh on the planet? 13.A boy on cliff 49m high drops a stone. One second later, he throws a second stone after the first. They both hit the ground at the same time. With what speed did he throw the second stone? 14.4 stone drops from the edge of a roof. It passes a window 2m high in 0.1s. How far is the roof above the top of the window? 15.A stone is dropped from the edge of a roof. (a) How long dogs it take to fall 4.9m ? (b) How fast does it move at the end of that fall? (c) How fast does it move at the end of 7.9m? (d) What is its acceleration after 1s and after 2s?WORK AND ENERGY WORK Work (W) is said to be done, when a force (F) acts on the body and point of application of the force is displaced (s) in the direction of force. Work done = force x displacement W=Fxs IF the body is displaced in the same direction of force, work is done by a force If the displacement is against a force, the work is done against the force. ii). If the displacement is perpendicular to the direction of the force, work done is zero Unit of work Unit of work is joule (J). One joule of work is said to be done when a force of 1 newton acting on a body displaci a distance of 1 m. Larger units of work are 3) kilojoule (1000 joule) ii) megajoule (10 lakh joule) NUMERICALS 1. A force of 10 N acts on an object. The object is displaced through 12 m, in the direction of the force. If the force acts all through the displacement, find the work done by the force. 2. A porter lifts a luggage of 15 kg from the ground and puts it on his head 1.5 m above the ground, Calculate the work done by him on the luggage. 3. A boy pushes a book by applying a force of 40 N. Find the work done by this force on the book is displaced through 25 cm along the path. 4, A ball of mass 1 kg thrown upwards, reaches a maximum height of 4 m. Calculate the work done by the force of gravity during the vertical displacement. (g = 10nv/s*) 5. Find the amount of work done by a labourers who carrier ‘n' bricks of ‘m’ kg each to the roof of a house “h’ metre high by climbing a ladder. 6. An engine pulls a train | km over a level track. Caleulate the work done by the train given that the frictional resistance is 5 x 10° N. Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 80 -7. A man weighing 70 kg carries a weight of 10 kg on the top of a tower 100 m high. Calculate the work done by the man (g = 10nvs’). 8. A boy of mass 55 kg runs up a flight of 40 stairs, each measuring 0.15m. Calculate the work done by the boy. 9. Calculate the work done in lifting 200 kg of water through a vertical height of 6 metres (g = 10nvs?), 10. A crane pulls up a car of mass 500 kg to a vertical height of 4 m. Calculate the work done by the crane. 11. A force of 5 N acts on an object. The object id displaced through 8 m, in the direction of the force. If the force acts all through the displacement, find the work done by the force. 12. A porter lifts a luggage of 15 kg from the ground and puts it on his head 1.5 m above the ground. Calculate the work done by him on the luggage. 13. Calculate the work done by a student in lifting 0.5 kg book from the ground and keeping it ona shelf 1.5m high. 14. A collie carries a load of 50 kg on his head and walks on a level road upto 100 m. What is the work done by him? 15. A car weighing 1000 kg and traveling at 30nvs stops at a distance of 50m decelerating uniformly. What is the force exerted on it by the brakes? What is the work done by the brakes? ENO. 148 1. A force of 10 N acts on an object. The displacement is, say 8 m, in the direction of the force. Let us take it that the force acts on the object through the displacement. What is the work done in this case?” ‘Ans: When a force F acts on an object to displace it through a distance $ in its direction, then the work done W on the body by the force is given by: Work done = Force x Displacement W=FxS where, F=7N,S=8m ‘Therefore, work done, W=7x8 =56Nm =56J UNTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 149 Prepared by: M.S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 81 -1, When do we say that work is done? Ans: Work is done whenever the given conditions are satisfied: Gi) A force acts on the body. (Gi) There is a displacement of the body caused by the applied force along the direction of the applied force. 2. Write an expression for the work done when a force is acting on an object in the direction of its displacement. ‘Ans: When a force F displaces a body through a distance S in the direction of the applied force, then the work done W on the body is given by the expression: Work done = Force x Displacement W=Pxs 3. Define 1 J of work. Ans: I J is the amount of work done by a force of 1 N on an object that displaces it through a distance of 1 m in the direction of the applied force. 4. A pair of bullocks exerts a force of 140 N on a plough. The field being ploughed is 15 m long. How much work is done in ploughing the length of the field? ‘Ans: Work done by the bullocks is given by the expression: Work done = Force x Displacement W=Fxd Where, Applied force, F = 140 N Displacement, d = 15 m W = 140 x 15 = 2100 Hence, 2100 J of work is done in ploughing the length of the field. ENERGY ‘The energy of the body is defined as its capacity to do work. Unit of energy Energy is measured in terms of work. Unit of energy is also joule. One joule of energy is required to do one joule of work. ERENT Ft We live in a world where we have energy in many different forms. Some important forms of energy are mechanical energy, chemical energy, light energy, heat energy, electrical energy, nuclear energy and sound energy. HANI ‘The energy used to displace a body or to change the position of the body or to deform the body is known as mechanical energy. Mechanical energy is of two types i) Kinetic energy ii) Potential energy KINETIC ENERGY Energy possessed by an object due to its motion is called kinetic energy. Kinetic energy of an object increases with its speed. Kinetic energy of an object moving with a velocity is equal to the work done on it to make it acquire that velocity. Prepared by: M.S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 82 -Example-1 Kinetic energy of a hammer is used to drive a nail into the wall. Example-2 Bullet fi red from a gun can penetrate into a target due to its kinetic energy. EXPRESSION FOR KINETIC ENERGY Let a body (ball) of mass m is moving with an initial velocity v. Ifit is brought to rest by applying a retarding (opposing) force F, then it comes to rest by a displacement S. Let, Ey = work done against the force used to stop it. But retarding force F = ma-----> (2) —- —— Vv Opposing force eV Rest Let initial velocity u = v, final yelocity v = 0 From III equation of motion, v* = u? + 2as applying, 0 =v - 2as ( ais retardation) ? displacement, s = ~— >) isplacement, = >(3) substituting (2) and (3) in (1), we get Beanie 2a ER ebm? 2 Kinetic Energy of a moving object is defined as half the product of the mass of the object square of the speed of the object. Work done (W) = Change in Kinetic energy(Ex) I 51m? — Sm? (when v> u) ows 3m" jim (when u > v) INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO, 152 1. What is the kinetic energy of an object? A Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body by the virtue of its motion. Every moving object possesses Kinetic energy. A body uses kinetic energy to do work. Kinetic energy of Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 83 -hammer is used in driving a nail into a log of wood, kinetic energy of air is used to run wind mills, ete 2. Write an expression for the kinetic energy of an object. Ans: ; Ifa body of mass m is moving with a velocity v, then its kinetic energy Ex is given by the expression, F, apm. Its ST unit is Joule (5). 3. The kinetic energy of an object of mass, m moving with a velocity of 5 ms“ is 25 J. ‘What will be its kinetic energy when its velocity is doubled? What will be its kinetic energy when its velocity is increased three times? Ans: Expression for kinetic energy is E, m = Mass of the object v= Velocity of the object = 5 mvs Given that kinetic energy, Ek = 253 i If the velocity of an object is doubled, then v = 5 x 2 = 10 ms. Therefore, its kinetic energy becomes 4 times its original value, because it is proportional to the square of the velocity. Hence, kinetic energy = 25 x 4 = 100 J. (ii) If velocity is increased three times, then its kinetic energy becomes 9 times its original value, because it is proportional to the square of the velocity. Hence, kinetic energy = 25 x 9= 225). NUMERICALS 21, How far should a man of mass 60 kg run so that his kinetic energy is 750 J? 22, Find the mass of the body which has 5 J of kinetic energy while moving at a speed of 2 ms. 23. A player kicks a ball of mass 250 g at the centre of 4 field. The ball leaves his foot with a speed of 10nvs. Find the work done by the player on the ball 24. A body of mass 5 kg, initially at rest, is subjected to a force of 20 N. What is the kinetic energy acquired by the body at the end of 10 s? 25. A bullet of mass 20g moving with a velocity of 500nvs, strikes a tree and goes out from the other side with a velocity of 400nv/s. Calculate the work done by the bullet in joule in passing through the tree. 26. An object of mass 15 kg is moving with a uniform velocity of 4n/s, What is the kinetic energy possessed by the object? 27. What is the work done to increase the velocity of a car from 30 knvhr to 60 knvhe if the ‘mass of the car is 1500kg? 28. A bullet of mass 0.03kg moving with a velocity of 400nvs, penetrates 12 cm into fixed a constant resistive force of 1000 N to the motion of the bullet, find (a) the i energy of the bullet (b) the distance through which the bullet has penetrated. Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 84 -29. Two bodies of equal masses move with uniform velocities v and 3v respectively. Find the ratio of their kinetic energies. 30. The mass of a ball A is double the mass of another ball B. The ball A moves at half the speed of the ball B. Calculate the ratio of the kinetic energy of A to the kinetic energy of B. 31. A truck weighing 5000 kgf and a cart weighing 500 kgf are moving with the same speed. Compare their kinetic energies. 32. A bullet of mass 20g is found to pass two points 30m apart in 4s? Assuming the speed to be constant find its kinetic energy. POTENTIAL ENERGY The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or due to state of strain, is called potential energy. The work done to lift a body above the ground level gives the potential energy of the body. Eg. weight lifting. Example: Water stored in teservoir has large amount of potential energy due to which it can drive a water turbine when allowed to fall down. This is the principle of production of hydro- electric energy. EXPRESSION FOR POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A BODY ABOVE THE GROUND LEVEL Work is done in raising an object from the ground to certain height against the gravity is stored in the body as a potential energy. Consider an object of mass m. It is raised through a height h from the ground. Force is needed to do this. Higher level Ground level ‘The downward force acting on the body due to gravity = mg. The work has to be done to lift the body through a height h against the force of gravity as shown in above figure. The object gains energy to do the work done (w) on it. work done = force x displacement xh w=mgh [Since F=ma and a=g, therefore F=mg] Work done is equal to potential energy of an object. Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 85 -Ep=mgh. NOTE: The potential energy of an object at a height depends on the ground level or the zero level you choose, An object in a given position can have a certain potential energy with respect to one level and a different value of potential energy with respect to another level NUMERICALS 1. A body of mass 4 kg is taken from a height of 5m to a height 10m. Find the increase in potential energy. 2, An object of mass 1 kg is raised through a height “h’. Its potential energy increases by 1 J, find the height “h’, 3. AS kg bull is thrown upwards with a speed of 10nvs. (a) Find the potential energy when it reaches the highest point. (b) Calculate the maximum height attained by it. 4. AS kg ball is dropped from a height of 10m. (a) Find the initial potential energy of the ball (b) Find the kinetic energy just before it reaches the ground and (c) Calculate the velocity before it reaches the ground. 5. A body is thrown up with a kinetic energy of 10J. If it attains a maximum height of 5m, find the mass of the body. 6. A rocket of mass 3 x 10° kg takes off from a launching pad and acquires a vertical velocity of 1 kms and an altitude of 25 km. Calculate its (a) potential energy (b) kinetic energy. 7, Find the energy possessed by an object of mass 10 kg when it is at a height of 6m above the ground. Given, g = 9.8 nvs”, 8. An object of mass 12 kg is at a certain height above the ground. If the potential energy of the object is 480 J, find the height at which the object is with respect to the ground. Given, g=10ms, 9. Calculate the increase in potential energy as a block of 2 kg is lifted through 2m. 10. A ball of mass | kg is dropped from a height of Sm. (a) Find the kinetic energy of the ball just before it reaches the ground (b) What is the speed at this instant? 11. A block of mass 30 kg is pulled up by a rope as shown in below figure with a constant speed by applying of 200 N parallel to the slope. A and B are the initial and final positions of the block. Calculate (a) work done by the force in moving the block from A to B. (b) the potential energy gained by the block (c) account for the difference in work done by the force and the increase in potential energy of the block. —— ee Prepared S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 86 -shy 1.5m 200N A Cc 12. A body of mass 5 kg falls from height of Sm. How much energy does it po: ‘$ at any instant? 13. A 800g ball is pulled up a slope as shown in the diagram. Calculate the potential energy it gains. 50cm 20cm %. Ss 14. A spring is compressed by a toy cart of mass 150g. On releasing the cart, it moves with a speed of 0.2nvs, Calculate the elastic potential energy of the spring. 15. An object of mass 40 kg i raised to a height of 5 m above the ground. What is its potential energy? If the object is allowed to fall, find its kinetic energy when it is half-way down, 16. A box has a mass of 5.8kg. The box is lifted from the garage floor and placed on a shelf. If the box gains 145 J of Potential Energy (Ep), how high is the shelf? 17. A man climbs on to a wall that is 3.6m high and gains 2268) of potential energy. What is the mass of the man? 18. Below figure shows a ski- jump. A skier of mass 60 kg stands at A at the top of the ski jump. He moves ftom A to B and takes off his jump at B. (a) Calculate the change in the gravitational potential energy of the skier between A and B (b) If 75% of the energy in part (a) becomes the kinetic energy at B, calculate the speed at which the skier arrives at B, Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 87 -75m Ground 19. Consider the case of freely falling body given in the figure: A Ata, Kinetic energy=0 and Potential energy=mgh AtB, Kinetic energy=mex x ALC, Kinetic energy=mgh and Potential energy=0 a) Find the potential energy of the body at B. h B b) Find the total energy at A,B and C. ) Is there any variation in total energy? What do you infer from the result? h 20.A bag of wheat weighs 200 kg. To what height should it be raised so that its potential energy may ‘be 9800 joules? (9.8 mvs") Ground level POWER Power is defined as the rate of doing work or the rate of transfer of energy. If an agent does a work W in time 1, then power is given by: Work _ Energy Time Time Power = w =P ? The unit of power is watt having the symbol W. 1 watt is the power of an agent, which does work at the rate of I joule per second. Power is 1 W when the rate of consumption of energy is 1 J/s. 1 watt = 1 joule/second or 1 W = 1 J/s. Larger Units of Power 1 kilowatt = 1000 watts 1 kW = 1000W Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 88 -1 kW = 1000 Ws. Commercial unit of energy is kilo watt hour. A unit which is exclusively used in engineering is called a horse power (hp) T hp = 746 W Commercial unit of energy: kilowatt hour (kWh) 1kWh=1kW x 1h = 1000W x 3600s = 3600000) =3.6x 10°J = 3.6 MJ(Mega Joule) ‘One kilowatt hour is the amount of energy consumed by an agent in one hour working at a constant rate of one kilowatt. It is also called unit of electrical energy INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 156 1. Whatis power? Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of transfer of energy. If W is the amount of work done in time t, then power is given by the expression, Work _ Energy = pe¥ Time Time t 0s expressed in watt (W). Power = 2. Define 1 watt of power. Ans: 1 watt is the power of an agent, which does work at the rate of | joule per second. Power is 1 W when the rate of consumption of energy is 1 J/s. 1 watt = I joule/second or 1 W= 1 W/s. 3. A lamp consumes 1000 J of electrical energy in 10 s. What is its power? Ans: Here, electrical energy consumption, W = 1000 J, time, t = 10s. 1000 —— = 100W r 10 mS Powel 4, Define average power. ‘Ans: A body can do different amount of work in different time intervals. Hence, itis better to define average power. Average power is obtained by dividing the total amount of work done in the total time taken to do this work. total energy consumed Average power =: eB total time taken NUMERICAL 1, Two girls each of weight 400N, climb up a rope through a height of 8m. We name one of the girls A and the other B. Girl A takes 20s while B takes 50s to accomplish this task. ‘What is the power expended by each girl? 2. A boy of mass 50kg runs up a staircase of 45 steps in 9s. If the height of each step is 15cm, find his power. Take g = 10 m/s. 3. An electric bulb of GOW is used for 6 hr per day. Calculate the “units” of energy consumed in one day by the bulb. 4. A 60 kg person climbs stairs of total height 20 m in 2 min, Calculate the power delivered. eee Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 89 -5. The work done by the heart is I J per beat. Calculate the power of the heart if it beats 72 ‘times/min. 6. A man exerts a force of 200 N in pulling a cart at a constant speed of 16nV/s. Calculate the power spent by the man. 7. Calculate the power of an engine required to lift 10° kg of coal per hour from a mine 360m deep. 8. A man does 200 J of work in 10 s and a boy does 100 J of work in 4s. (a) Who is delivering ‘more power? (b) Find the ratio of the power delivered by the man to that delivered by the boy. 9. A boy of mass 40 kg runs up a flight of 50 steps, each of 10cm high in Ss. Find the power developed by the boy. 10. A car of mass 2000 kg is lifted up a distance of 30m by a crane in 1 min, A second crane does the same job in 2 min, What is the power applied by each crane? Do the carne consume the same or different amounts of fuel? Neglect power dissipation against friction. 11. What should be the power of an engine required to lift 90 metric tones of coal per hour from a mine whose depth is 200m? 12. How much time does it take to perform 500 J of work at a rate of 10 W? 13, Calculate the units of energy consumed by 100 W electric bulb in 5 hours. 14. A lift is designed to carry a Joad of 4000 kg through 10 floors of a building, averaging 6 m per floor, in 10s. Calculate the power of the lift. IERGY TRANSFERMATION Water from dam: Potential energy into Kinetic energy Microphone : Sound energy into Electrical energy ‘TV Camera : Light energy into Electrical energy Solar Cell : Light energy into Electrical energy Iron Box : Electrical energy into Heat energy Loud speaker : Electrical energy into Sound energy Fan : Electrical energy into Mechanical energy > > > > > > > > LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY Energy in a system may take on various forms (e. conservation of energy states that energy may neither be created nor destroyed. Therefore the sum of all the energies in the system is a constant. Light : Electrical energy into Light energy . kinetic, potential, heat, light). The law of ‘The most commonly used example is the pendulum: Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 90 -\ nT 4g Th The formula to calculate the potential energy is: ‘The mass of the ball = 10kg The height, h = 0.2m The acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s"2 Substitute the values into the formula and you get: PE = 19.6) (J = Joules, unit of energy) > The position of the blue ball is where the Potemial Energy (PE) = 19.61 while the Kinetic Energy (KE) = 0. As the blue ball is approching the purple ball position the PE is decreasing while the KE is increasing. At exactly halfway between the blue and purple ball position the PE = KE. > The position of the purple ball is where the Kinetic Energy is at its maximum while the Potential Energy (PE) = 0. At this point, theoretically, all the PE has transformed into KE> Therefore now the KE = 19.6) while the PE = 0. > The position of the pink ball is where the Potential Energy (PE) is once again at its maximum and the Kinetic Energy (KE) = 0. We can now say and understand that: ‘The sum of PE and KE is the total mechanical energy: [fotal Mechanical Energy = PE + COMMERCIAL UNIT OF ENERGY The unit joule is too small and hence is inconvenient to express large quantities of energy, We use a bigger unit of energy called kilowatt hour (kW h). The commercial unit of electric energy is kilowatt hour (kW h), commonly known as ‘unit’ 1 kWh is the amount of energy consumed by an electrical gadget in one hour at the rate of 1000 J/s or 1kW. TKWh=1kW x Th = 1000 W x 3600s = 3600000 J TkWh=3.6 x 10°. SEEEES Frenne oar eereeeese—===9ererenmenee ee Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 91 -The energy used in households, industries and commercial establishments are usually expressed in kilowatt hour. For example, electrical energy used during a month is expressed in ‘terms of ‘units’. Here, | ‘unit’ means | kilowatt hour. EXERCISE QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 158 AND 159 1. Look at the activities listed below. Reason out whether or not work is done in the light of your understanding of the term ‘work’. a). ‘Suma is swimming in a pond. b). A donkey is carrying a load on its back. ©}. A wind-mill is lifting water from a well. a). A green plant is carrying out photosynthesis. e). An engine is pulling a train. p. Food grains are getting dried in the sun. 2. A sailboat is moving due to wind energy. Ans: Work is done whenever the given two conditions are satisfied: (i) A force acts on the body. (ii) There is a displacement of the body by the application of force in or opposite to the direction of force. (a) While swimming, Suma applies a force to push the water backwards. Therefore, Suma swims in the forward direction caused by the forward reaction of water. Here, the force causes a displacement. Hence, work is done by Seema while swimming. (b) While carrying a load, the donkey has to apply a force in the upward direction, But, displacement of the load is in the forward direction. Since, displacement is perpendicular to force, the work done is zero. (©) A wind mill works against the gravitational force to lift water. Hence, work is done by the wind mill in lifting water from the well. (@) In this case, there is no displacement of the leaves of the plant. Therefore, the work done is zero. (e) An engine applies force to pull the train. This allows the train to move in the direction of force. Therefore, there is a displacement in the train in the same direction. Hence, work is done by the engine on the train. (f) Food grains do not move in the presence of solar energy. Hence, the work done is zero during the process of food grains getting dried in the Sun. (g)Wind energy applies a force on the sailboat to push it in the forward direction. Therefore, there is a displacement in the boat in the direction of force. Hence, work is done by wind on the boat. 2. An object thrown at a certain angle to the ground moves in a curved path and falls back to the ground. The initial and the final points of the path of the object lie on the same horizontal line. What is the work done by the force of gravity on the object? Ans: Work done by the force of gravity on an object depends only on vertical displacement. Vertical displacemem is given by the difference in the initial and final positions/heights of the object, which is zero. Work done by gravity is given by the expression, W = mgh, where, h = Vertical displacement = 0 W=mgx0=03 Therefore, the work done by gravity on the given object is zero joule. Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 92 -3. A battery lights a bulb. Describe the energy changes involved in the process. Ans: When a bulb is connected to a battery, then the chemical energy of the battery is transferred into electrical energy. When the bull receives this electrical energy, then it converts it into light and heat energy. Hence, the transformation of energy in the given situation can be shown as: Chemistry Energy —> Electrical Energy —> Light Energy + Heat Energy 4. Certain force acting on a 20 kg mass changes its velocity from 5 ms to 2m s“, Calculate the work done by the force. 1 Ans: Kinetic energy is given by the expression, (E,), = 0m where, E, = Kinetic energy of the object moving with a velocity, v m= Mass of the object (i) Kinetic energy when the object was moving with a velocity 5m s-1 (Es =F x2055 = 2505 Kinetic energy when the object was moving with a velocity 2 ms-I (r= $x 20%2" = 407 Work done by force is equal to the change in kinetic energy. Therefore, work done by force = (E,), - (E,), = 40-250 The negative sign i the object. 2105 tes that the force is acting in the direction opposite to the motion of 5. A mass of 10 kg is at a point A on a table. It is moved to a point B. If the line joining A and B is horizontal, what is the work done on the object by the gravitational force? Explain your answer. Ans: Work done by gravity depends only on the vertical displacement of the body. It does not depend upon the path of the body. Therefore, work done by gravity is given by the expression, W=mgh where, Vertical displacement, h = 0 Therefore, W = mg x 0=0 Hence, the work done by gravity on the body is zero. 6. The potential energy of a freely falling object decreases progressively. Does this violate the law of conservation of energy? Why? Ans: No. The process does not violate the law of conservation of energy. This is because when the body falls from a height, then its potential energy changes into kinetic energy progressively. A decrease in the potential energy is equal to an increase in the kinetic energy of the body. During the process, total mechanical energy of the body remains conserved. Therefore, the law of conservation of energy is not violated. 7. What are the various energy transformations that occur when you are riding a bicycle? Ans: While riding a bicycle, the muscular energy of the rider gets transferred into heat energy and kinetic energy of the bicycle, Heat energy heats the rider's body. Kinetic energy Provides a velocity to the bicycle. The transformation can be shown as: Mechanical Energy —> Kinetic Energy + Heat Energy During the transformation, the total energy remains conserved. Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 93 -8. Does the transfer of energy take place when you push a huge rock with all your might and fail to move it? Where is the energy you spend going? Ans: When we push a huge rock, there is no transfer of muscular energy to the stationary rock. Also, there is no loss of energy because muscular energy is transferred into heat energy, which causes our body to become hot. 9. A certain household has consumed 250 units of energy during a month. How much energy is this in joules? Ans: | unit of energy is equal to I kilowatt hour (kWh). Lunit = 1 kWh 1 kWh = 3.6 x 10°J Therefore, 250 units of energy = 250 x 3.6 x 10°=9 x 10°J 10, An object of mass 40 kg is raised to a height of 5 m above the ground. What is its potential energy? If the object is allowed to fall, find its kinetic energy when it is half- way down, Ans: Gravitational potential energy is given by the expression, W=mgh Where, fetical displacement = 5 m Mass of the object = 40 kg g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9,8 ms-2 Therefore, W = 40 x 5 x 9.8 = 1960 J. 1960 ‘At half way down, the potential energy of the object will be —— = 980 J At this point, the object has an equal amount of potential and kinetic energy. This is due to the law of conservation of energy. Hence, half-way down, the kinetic energy of the object will be 980 J 11. What is the work done by the force of gravity on a satellite moving round the earth? Justify your answer. Ans: Work is done whenever the given two conditions are satisfied: {i) A force acts on the body, Gi) There is a displacement of the body by the application of force in or opposite to the direction of force. If the direction of force is perpendicular to displacement, then the work done is zero. When a satellite moves around the Earth, then the direction of force of gravity on the satellite is perpendicular to its displacement. Hence, the work done on the satellite by the Earth is zero. 12. Can there be displacement of an object in the absence of any force acting on it? Think. Discuss this question with your friends and teacher. Ans: Yes. For a uniformly moving object Suppose an object is moving with constant velocity. The net force acting on it is zero. But, there is a displacement along the motion of the object. Hence, there can be a displacement without a force. 13. A person holds a bundle of hay over his head for 30 minutes and gets tired. Has he done some work or not? Justify your answer. Ans: Work is done whenever the given two conditions are satisfied: (i) A force acts on the body. Prepared by: M, S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 94-ii) There is a displacement of the body by the application of force in or opposite to the direction of force. When a person holds a bundle of hay over his head, then there is no displacement in the bundle of hay. Although, force of gravity is acting on the bundle, the person is not applying any force on it. Hence, in the absence of force, work done by the person on the bundle is zero. 14, An electric heater is rated 1500 W. How much energy does it use in 10 hours? ‘Ans: Energy consumed by an electric heater can be obtained with the help of the expression, P=™ T where, Power rating of the heater, P = 1500 W = 1.5 kW Time for which the heater has operated, T = 10 h Work done = Energy consumed by the heater Therefore, energy consumed = Power x Time = 1.5 x 10= 15 kWh Hence, the energy consumed by the heater in 10 h is 15 kWh, 15. Illustrate the law of conservation of energy by discussing the energy changes which occur when we draw a pendulum bob to one side and allow it to oscillate. Why does the bob eventually come to rest? What happens to its energy eventually? Is it a violation of the law of conservation of energy? ‘Ans: The law of conservation of energy states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed. It can only be converted from one form to another. Consider the case of an oscil When a pendulum moves from its mean position P to either of its extreme positions A or B, it rises through a height h above the mean level P. At this point, the kinetic energy of the bob changes completely into potential energy. The kinetic energy becomes zero, and the bob possesses only potential energy. As it moves towards point P, its potential energy decreases progressively. Accordingly, the kinetic energy increases. As the bob reaches point P, its potential energy becomes zero and the bob possesses only kinetic energy. This process is repeated as long as the pendulum oscillates. ‘The bob does not oscillate forever. It comes to rest because air resistance resists its motion. The pendulum loses its kinetic energy to overcome this friction and stops after some time. ‘The law of conservation of energy is not violated because the energy lost by the pendulum to overcome friction is gained by its surroundings. Hence, the total energy of the pendulum and the surrounding system remain conserved. 16. An object of mass, m is moving with a constant velocity, v. How much work should be done on the object in order to bring the object to rest? Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 95 -