University of the People
Math 1281-01 Statistical Inference - Ay2025-T3
Math Assignment Unit 3
Mihir Panchal (Instructor)
02/03/2025
PART 1:
a) Hypotheses:
The research question is whether barking deer prefer to forage in certain habitats over others. To
test this, we can formulate the following hypotheses:
H0: The proportion of barking deer foraging in different habitats is equal to the proportion of
each habitat type in the region.
H1: The proportion of barking deer foraging in different habitats is not equal to the proportion of
each habitat type in the region.
b) Type of test:
To answer this research question, we can use a chi-squared goodness-of-fit test. This test is used
to determine whether the observed frequencies of different categories differ from the expected
frequencies under a null hypothesis of equal proportions.
c) Assumptions and conditions
The chi-squared goodness-of-fit test assumes that:
The data are categorical and mutually exclusive.
The sample size is sufficiently large (at least 5 observations per category).
The observations are independent.
In this case, the data meet these assumptions. The categories are mutually exclusive (each site
can only be classified as one habitat type), and the sample size is large enough (at least 6
observations per category).
d) Hypothesis test:
To conduct the chi-squared goodness-of-fit test, we need to calculate the expected frequencies
under the null hypothesis of equal proportions. Since the proportions of each habitat type in the
region are known (4.8% woods, 14.7% cultivated grassplot, 39.6% deciduous forests, and 40.9%
other), we can calculate the expected frequencies as follows:
Expected frequencies:
Woods: 530 x 0.048 = 25.44
Cultivated grassplot: 530 x 0.147 = 78.01
Deciduous forests: 530 x 0.396 = 209.88
Other: 530 x 0.409 = 216.77
Next, we calculate the chi-squared statistic:
χ² = Σ [(observed frequency - expected frequency)^2 / expected frequency]
χ² = [(6-25.44)^2 / 25.44 + (18-78.01)^2 / 78.01 + (71-209.88)^2 / 209.88 + (435-216.77)^2 /
216.77]
χ² ≈ 143.13
The degree of freedom is k-1, where k is the number of categories. In this case, k = 4, so the
degree of freedom is 3.
Given that the p-value < 0.001, we reject the null hypothesis. This means that there is convincing
evidence that barking deer prefer to forage in certain habitats over others.
PART 2:
a) Actual number of site visitors:
To calculate the actual number of site visitors in each of the six response categories, we can
multiply the proportion of site visitors in each category by the total number of site visitors (501).
Position 1 - Download: 16.0% x 501 ≈ 80.16
Position 1 - No Download: 20.9% x 501 ≈ 104.69
Position 2 - Download: 14.8% x 501 ≈ 74.15
Position 2 - No Download: 21.2% x 501 ≈ 106.23
Position 3 - Download: 11.9% x 501 ≈ 59.46
Position 3 - No Download: 15.2% x 501 ≈ 76.25
b) Test for imbalance:
The research question is whether the groups were actually imbalanced. To test this, we can
formulate the following hypotheses:
H0: The proportion of site visitors in each group is equal.
H1: The proportion of site visitors in each group is not equal.
We can use a chi-squared goodness-of-fit test to answer this research question. The assumptions
and conditions for this test are the same as in Part 1.
The expected frequencies under the null hypothesis of equal proportions are:
Position 1: 501 / 3 ≈ 167.00
Position 2: 501 / 3 ≈ 167.00
Position 3: 501 / 3 ≈ 167.00
Next, we calculate the chi-squared statistic:
χ² = Σ [(observed frequency - expected frequency)^2 / expected frequency]
χ² = [(80.16-167.00)^2 / 167.00 + (104.69-167.00)^2 / 167.00 + (74.15-167.00)^2 / 167.00 +
(106.23-167.00)^2 / 167.00 + (59.46-167.00)^2 / 167.00 + (76.25-167.00)^2 / 167.00]
χ² ≈ 13.13
The degree of freedom is k-1, where k is the number of categories. In this case, k = 3, so the
degree of freedom is 2.
REFERENCES
The Organic Chemistry Tutor. (2019a, October 28). Hypothesis testing - solving
problems with proportions. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=76VruarGn2Q
The Organic Chemistry Tutor. (2019b, November 15). Hypothesis testing with two
proportions. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pCbNUnZ98oE
Introduction to Statistics at SLCC. (2021, June 18). Chapter 3.5 - lesson 1/3 - inference
for a single proportion. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=VB8kttv9hoY
