Reproductive system

I. General

a) Characteristics

i. Not active until puberty

b) Common goals

i. Form gametes

1. Sperms and ova

ii. Bring gametes together through sexual intercourse

iii. Combine genetic information through fertilization

iv. Support development of fetus (gestation) and birth of

baby(parturistion)

c) Gonads

i. Primary source of sex hormones

ii. Male

1. Intestitial cells

2. Testosterone

3. produce sperm

4. Secondary sex characteristics

iii. Female

1. Theca folliculi secretes androgens

2. Convert to estrogen

3. Secondary sex characteristics

i. Male testes/female ovaries

e) Primary sex organs (gonads)

i. Testes and ovaries produce

1. Gametes and sex hormones

f) Accessory organs

i. Ducts, glands

II. Male reproductive

a) The Male Perineum

i. The urogenital triangle

b) Scrotum

i. Function

1. Produce sperm - travels through the ductus deferens - to

the accessory glands - to the urethra

a) Sperm must be produced and stored under 3 celcius

i. When cold, testes are pulled closer by the Dartos

muscle

ii. Cremaster - pulled them closer to the body

ii. Compartments

1. Spermatic cord, sperms goes to

2. ductus deferens

3. Three parted urethra

b) Membranous

c) Spongy / penile - between the corpus spongiosum

d) Conveys both urine and semen

iii. Two testes with septum separating them

1. About 250 lobules - where the sperms are produced

2. Epididymis

3. Blood supply

a) Arteris arise from abdominal aorta

b) Veins arise from pompiniform venous plexus

iv. Pathway of sperm

1. Seven Up - from origin to ejaculation

2. Seminiferous tubule to straight tubule - rete testis -

efferent ductules - epididymis

3. Produced in the seminiferous tubule

4. Matured in epididymis

a) Head, body and tail

b) About 6 m that allows many sperms and long period of

masturation

c) Take about 20 days to be able to swim - develop

mobility

5. Vas deference joins seminal vescile to form

6. Ejaculatory duct

v. Prostate - enlargement may cause disorder in urinary system

vi. Coverings

1. Tunica vaginalis

2. Tunica albuginea

vii. Duct system

1. Carry sperm from testes to body exterior

viii. Spermatic cord - ingulnal canal - from abdominopelvic

cavity - neurovasc. + ductus deferens

ix. Seminiferous tubule is where sperm is produced

c) Penis

i. Root and shaft that ends in glans penis

ii. Prepuce, or foreskin, allows circumcision

iii. Two corpora cavernosa and one corpus spongiosum

1. Crura is the proximal ends of corpora cavernosa

d) Accessory glands

i. Seminal vesicles

1. Produce slkaline seminal fluid that contains 70% of semen

ii. Prostate gland

1. Size of peach pit

2. Contains citrate, enzymes, and prostate specific antigen

iii. Bulbo-urethral gland (cowper’s gland)

1. Clear mucus during sexual arousal

2. Protect sperm

e) Semen

i. Milky-white mixture

ii. 2-5 ml semen are ejaculated containing 20-150 million

sperm/ml

iii. Contains fructose for ATP production that facilitates sperm

movement

iv. Has alkaline fluid

v. Characteristics of semen - dual purpose of maturity and

fertilization

1. Prostaglandins - promote fertilization

2. Hormone Relaxin

3. ATP

f) Cells

i. Spermatogonium (stem cells)

1. Primary spermatocyte

2. Secondary spermatocyte

3. Spermatids

4. Spermatozoa
 a) Head, midpiece, and flagellum

ii. Sustentacular cells

1. Nourish sperm-producing cells

iii. Interstital cells - Leydig cells

1. Produce testosterone

III. Female

a) Ovaries - female gonads

i. Size of a walnut, almond shaped

b) Orifices

i. Anal orifice

ii. Vaginal orifice

iii. External urethral orifice

c) External genitalia

i. Mons pubis -

ii. Labia majora - hair-covered lips

iii. Labia minora

iv. Greater vestibular glands

v. Clitoris - counterparts of penis - glans and prepuce

d) Internal genitalia

e) Oogenesis - female version of gametogenesis

i. Becomes primary oocyte, secondary oocyte

f) Duct system
 i. Uterine tubes - oviducts

ii. Vagina - birth canal

1. 8-10 cm long

2. Passageway for menstrual flow,

3. Between Bladder and rectum

4. Layers

a) Stratified squamous mucosa with rugae

b) Muscularis - smooth

c) Fibroelastic adventitia

5. Acidic secretions in adult, but alkaline in adolescents

g) Uterus

i. Function is to receive, retain, and nourish fertilized ovum

1. Secrete mucus that blocks sperm during fertilization

ii. Three layers

1. Endometrium

a) Stratum functionalis

i. Shed during menstruation

ii. Guided by hormones

b) Stratum basalis

i. Thinner and not responsive to hormones

c) Blood supply

i. Abd aorta, gonadal artery, ovarian artery, common

2. Myometrium

3. Perimetrium

a)

iii. Superior border is fundus

iv. Os - opening

v. Mammary Glands

1. Milk production

2. Lactation influenced by hormones. Only

a) Galactorrhea

3. Areola - pigmented skin surrounding nipples

4. Milk pass through the lactiferous ducts then to lactiferous

sinuses

5. 15-25 lobes

6. Breast size is dependent on fat deposits , not indicative