DNA and Genes

1. What is the primary function of DNA?

A) Transporting proteins
B) Encoding the instructions for protein synthesis
C) Providing structural support to cells
D) Generating energy in cells

2. What are proteins composed of?

A) Lipids
B) Polypeptide chains
C) Simple sugars
D) Nucleotides

3. Where is DNA located in eukaryotic cells?

A) Cytoplasm
B) Ribosomes
C) Nucleus
D) Mitochondria

4. What process allows DNA’s instructions to reach the cytoplasm?

A) Replication
B) Transcription
C) Translation
D) Exon splicing

5. What type of bond links amino acids together in a protein?

A) Hydrogen bonds
B) Covalent bonds
C) Peptide bonds
D) Ionic bonds

RNA and its Types

6. Which type of RNA carries genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm?
A) rRNA
B) mRNA
C) tRNA
D) Small nuclear RNA
 7. What is the nitrogenous base unique to RNA?
A) Thymine
B) Guanine
C) Adenine
D) Uracil

8. What is the function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

A) Translate codons into proteins
B) Link amino acids into a growing protein chain
C) Form the structure of ribosomes
D) Serve as a template for protein synthesis

9. Which RNA has a cloverleaf structure and carries amino acids to the ribosome?
A) tRNA
B) mRNA
C) rRNA
D) hnRNA

10. What does the anticodon on tRNA bind to?

A) Ribosome
B) DNA codon
C) mRNA codon
D) Amino acid

Transcription

11. What is produced during transcription?

A) DNA strand
B) Amino acids
C) mRNA
D) Protein

12. Which enzyme is responsible for transcription?

A) DNA polymerase
B) RNA polymerase
C) Ligase
D) Helicase
 13. Where does transcription occur in eukaryotic cells?
A) Ribosome
B) Cytoplasm
C) Mitochondria
D) Nucleus

14. What marks the start of transcription?

A) Start codon
B) Promoter sequence
C) Exons
D) Introns

15. Which segments of eukaryotic RNA are spliced out before translation?
A) Exons
B) Introns
C) Codons
D) Anticodons

Translation

16. What is the main purpose of translation?

A) To produce DNA
B) To synthesize proteins
C) To generate mRNA
D) To modify introns

17. Where does translation occur in the cell?

A) Nucleus
B) Cytoplasm
C) Mitochondria
D) Golgi apparatus

18. What is the start codon in mRNA?

A) UGA
B) UAA
C) AUG
D) UAG
 19. Which ribosomal site holds the growing polypeptide chain?
A) E site
B) P site
C) A site
D) Binding site

20. What type of bond forms between amino acids during elongation?
A) Ionic bond
B) Peptide bond
C) Hydrogen bond
D) Phosphodiester bond

Genetic Code

21. What is the term for a three-base sequence on mRNA?

A) Codon
B) Anticodon
C) Exon
D) Nucleotide

22. How many codons code for amino acids?

A) 20
B) 64
C) 61
D) 3

23. Why is the genetic code considered degenerate?

A) It has no punctuation marks.
B) Multiple codons can specify the same amino acid.
C) It changes in response to mutations.
D) It allows reverse transcription.

24. What is the role of stop codons?

A) Start the transcription process
B) Terminate the translation process
C) Signal RNA splicing
D) Attach ribosomes to mRNA
 25. Which amino acid is encoded by AUG?
A) Glycine
B) Methionine
C) Lysine
D) Leucine

Mutation and Its Effects

26. What is a mutation?

A) A change in DNA sequence
B) A mistake in protein folding
C) A duplication of chromosomes
D) A misalignment during translation

27. What is the result of a nonsense mutation?

A) Substitution of one amino acid for another
B) Formation of a premature stop codon
C) Deletion of an entire codon
D) Frameshift in translation

28. Which mutation type results in a shift of the reading frame?

A) Substitution
B) Missense
C) Frameshift mutation
D) Silent mutation

29. A silent mutation occurs when:

A) A stop codon is introduced.
B) A single base change does not alter the amino acid sequence.
C) A codon is skipped.
D) A base pair is deleted.

30. What is the cause of most point mutations?

A) Errors in DNA replication
B) RNA misfolding
C) Protein denaturation
D) Ribosome defects

Central Dogma
 31. The flow of genetic information in the central dogma is:
A) RNA → DNA → Protein
B) DNA → RNA → Protein
C) Protein → RNA → DNA
D) DNA → Protein → RNA

32. Which process directly converts DNA to RNA?

A) Replication
B) Transcription
C) Translation
D) Splicing

33. What does reverse transcription involve?

A) RNA is converted into DNA
B) RNA translating into proteins
C) DNA replicating
D) Proteins coding for RNA

34. What molecules participate in both transcription and translation?

A) RNA polymerase
B) Ribosomes
C) tRNA
D) mRNA

35. What is required for transcription termination?

A) Stop codon
B) Termination sequence
C) Release factor
D) Helicase

RNA Processing and Post-Transcriptional Modifications

36. What is the purpose of adding a 5’ cap to eukaryotic mRNA?

A) To signal the start of transcription
B) To protect mRNA from degradation
C) To allow tRNA to bind
D) To initiate translation
 37. What happens during RNA splicing?
A) Exons are removed and introns are joined.
B) Introns are removed and exons are joined.
C) RNA nucleotides are added to the 5’ end.
D) Amino acids are linked to the mRNA.

38. What is the poly-A tail’s primary function?

A) Guides RNA polymerase
B) Signals the end of protein synthesis
C) Enhances mRNA stability and facilitates export from the nucleus
D) Assists ribosome assembly

39. Which of the following is unique to eukaryotic mRNA processing?

A) 5’ capping
B) RNA polymerase activity
C) Codon usage
D) DNA unwinding

40. What is the result of improper splicing during mRNA processing?

A) Accurate protein synthesis
B) Frameshift mutations
C) Nonfunctional proteins
D) Increased ribosome activity

Translation: Advanced Concepts

41. Which ribosomal site does the first charged tRNA bind to during initiation?
A) A site
B) P site
C) E site
D) Binding site

42. What happens to tRNA after it delivers an amino acid?

A) It is degraded.
B) It detaches from the ribosome and is reused.
C) It binds to another ribosome.
D) It adds another amino acid to the polypeptide chain.
 43. Which of the following proteins assists in the folding of newly synthesized
polypeptides?
A) Ribosome
B) Chaperone proteins
C) Antibodies
D) Spliceosome

44. The elongation phase of translation requires energy in the form of:
A) ATP
B) NADPH
C) GTP
D) FADH2

45. What ensures the correct pairing between mRNA codon and tRNA anticodon?
A) Ribosomal rRNA
B) tRNA’s aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
C) Polypeptide chain
D) 5’ cap

Mutations: Advanced Understanding

46. What distinguishes a missense mutation from a nonsense mutation?

A) Missense mutations result in no amino acid change, while nonsense mutations
truncate the protein.
B) Missense mutations alter the amino acid sequence, while nonsense mutations create
a premature stop codon.
C) Missense mutations are frameshift mutations, while nonsense mutations are point
mutations.
D) Missense mutations affect DNA only, while nonsense mutations affect mRNA.

47. Which of the following can lead to a frameshift mutation?

A) Base substitution
B) Insertion of one nucleotide
C) Silent mutation
D) Transversion of codons

48. A single base substitution results in a codon change from UAC (tyrosine) to UAG
(stop codon). This is an example of:
A) Silent mutation
B) Missense mutation
 C) Nonsense mutation
D) Frameshift mutation

49. What type of mutation has no effect on the protein produced?

A) Missense mutation
B) Frameshift mutation
C) Silent mutation
D) Nonsense mutation

50. Which type of mutation is most likely to cause a dramatic change in protein
structure?
A) Silent mutation
B) Nonsense mutation
C) Substitution mutation
D) Frameshift mutation