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Definition:
The batteries in which lithium ions are used instead of lithium metal and movement of lithium ion
through electrolyte takes place from one electrode to another electrode , such batteries are called lithium
ion battery.
Eg Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) battery
In this metal oxide is used as cathode (+) porous carbon as anode(-) and elcrolyte as conductor.
During discharge lithium ion flows from anode to cathode through electrolyte and separator whereas
charging reverses the direction and flow from cathode to anode.
Construction of Lithium-Ion Battery:
A typical Lithium-Ion battery consists of the following main components:
1. Anode:
Typically made of graphite (carbon), with thin Cu foil as current collector. During discharging, the anode
releases lithium ions to the electrolyte.
2. Cathode:
It is usually it is made from a lithium metal oxide (like lithium cobalt oxide or lithium iron phosphate).
3. Electrolyte:
A lithium salt (often lithium) dissolved in an organic solvent that enables the flow of lithium ions between
the anode and cathode.
4. Separator:
A porous material (typically made of polymer like polyethylene or polypropylene) that keeps the anode
and cathode from coming into direct contact, preventing short circuits while allowing the passage of
lithium ions.
5. Current Collectors:
Thin metal foils (aluminum for the cathode and copper for the anode) that facilitate the movement
of electrons from the electrodes to the external circuit during discharging and vice versa during charging.
Advantages of Lithium-Ion Batteries:
1. High Energy Density:
Li-ion batteries can store more energy in a smaller space compared to other types of rechargeable
batteries, making them ideal for compact devices like smartphones, laptops, and electric vehicles.
2. Long Cycle Life:
Li-ion batteries can endure hundreds to thousands of charge-discharge cycles, making them long-lasting.
3. Lightweight:
Lithium is a lightweight metal, so Li-ion batteries are much lighter than traditional rechargeable batteries
such as nickel-cadmium (NiCd) or lead-acid batteries.
4. Low Self-Discharge Rate:
Li-ion batteries retain their charge for longer periods, even when not in use, compared to other battery
types.
5. No Memory Effect:
Unlike NiCd batteries, Li-ion batteries do not suffer from the memory effect, meaning they do not lose
capacity if they are charged before being fully discharged.
6. Fast Charging: & discharge rate:
Many lithium-ion batteries are capable of being charged faster than other types of rechargeable batteries.
7. No liquid electrolyte means they are immune to leakage.
8. Produce high voltage about 4V as compare to other battery.
Disadvantages:
They are expensive
They are not available in standard cell types.
Applications of Lithium-Ion Batteries:
1. Consumer Electronics:
Smartphones, Tablets, and Laptops: Li-ion batteries power most modern portable
electronic devices due to their compact size and high energy capacity.
2. Electric Vehicles (EVs):
Li-ion batteries are the standard for electric vehicles, providing long-range capabilities
and quick charging times.
3. Renewable Energy Storage:
Used for storing energy in solar power and wind power systems, helping to balance
supply and demand.
4. Power Tools:
Many cordless power tools, such as drills and saws, use Li-ion batteries because of their
high power output and lightweight nature.
5. Medical Devices:
Li-ion batteries are used in portable medical devices, including pacemakers, hearing aids,
and insulin pumps, due to their small size and reliability.
6. Military and Aerospace:
Used in drones, satellite systems, and military devices where high energy capacity and
low weight are critical.
7. Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS):
Lithium-ion batteries are also used in UPS systems for backup power, due to their
efficiency and long lifespan.
