Chapter # 04: Heating & Cooling Load Calculation
Types of Space Cooling Loads
External Cooling Loads: Heat gains in the conditioned space from external
sources.
1. Heat gain entering from the exterior walls and roofs
2. Solar heat gain transmitted through the fenestrations (transparent surfaces)
3. Conductive heat gain coming through the fenestrations (the arrangement of
windows in a building)
4. Heat gain entering from the partition walls and interior doors
5. Infiltration of outdoor air into the conditioned space
Internal Cooling Loads: Heat gains from sources inside the conditioned space.
1. People
2. Electric lights
3. Equipment and appliances
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Chapter # 04: Heating & Cooling Load Calculation
External Cooling Load
Roofs and Walls
U = design heat transfer coefficient (Table 4-4)
A = area of roof or wall
CLTD = cooling load temperature difference (Tables 4-14 & 4-15)
The CLTD value obtained from the table is adjusted as follows:
CLTDadj = CLTD + (25 – ti) + (tav – 29)
ti = indoor design temperature, tav = average outdoor temperature. The cooling load
is then calculated using the following equation:
= UACLTDadj
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Chapter # 04: Heating & Cooling Load Calculation
Conduction and radiation load through transparent surfaces
cond = UA(to ti) and sg = (SHGFmax)(SC)(CLF)A
U = design heat transfer coefficient (Table 4-4)
A = area of transparent surface
to = outdoor design temperature
ti = indoor design temperature
SHGFmax = maximum solar-heat gain factor (Table 4-10)
SC = shading coefficient (Table 4-11)
CLF = cooling-load factor (Table 4-12)
Thus the total heat gain through a transparent surface will be given as
= cond + sg
Cooling load from partitions, ceilings, floors
= UA(ta ti)
U = design heat transfer coefficient for partition, ceiling, or floor
A = area of partition, ceiling, or floor
ta = temperature in adjacent space
ti = indoor design temperature
Internal Cooling Load
People
sensible = N (Sensible heat gain) CLF
latent = N (Latent heat gain)
Sensible and latent heat gains from occupants are given in Table 4-7
N = number of people in space
CLF = cooling load factor (Table 4-9)
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Chapter # 04: Heating & Cooling Load Calculation
Lights
= W Fu Fb (CLF)
W = lighting fixture rating in watts
Fu = utilization factor or factor of installed wattage in use
Fb = ballast factor for fluorescent lamps (Fb = 1.2 for most commonly used
fluorescent fixtures)
CLF = cooling load factor (Table 4-6)
Appliances & Equipment
These include both sensible and any latent loads.
= W (CLF) for sensible loads
W = Appliance/Equipment rating in watts
CLF = cooling load factor (use Table 4-6)
Infiltration Air
Infiltration is the uncontrolled introduction of outside air into a building.
Air-Change Method: = (ACH)(V)/3600
= infiltration rate, m3/s
ACH = number of air changes per hour, h1
V = gross space volume, m3
The sensible and latent loads due to infiltration air are determined using:
is = 1.23 (to ti)
il = 3000 (Wo Wi)
= infiltration rate, L/s
to, ti = outside, inside air temperature, °C
Wo, Wi = outside, inside air humidity ratio, kg/kgda
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Chapter # 04: Heating & Cooling Load Calculation
Ventilation Air
Acceptable indoor air quality: Air in which there are no known contaminants at
harmful concentrations and with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the
people exposed do not express dissatisfaction.
To achieve acceptable IAQ, ventilation is carried out for which the outdoor-air
requirements are given in Table 4-1. Use of recirculated air conserves energy and
the allowable rate of recirculation is determined as follows.
= r + m
where = rate of supply air for ventilation purposes, L/s
r = recirculation air rate, L/s
m = minimum outdoor-air rate, L/s
Also r =( o m)/E
where = outdoor-air rate, L/s
o
E = efficiency of contaminant removal by air cleaning device
The sensible and latent loads due to ventilation air are determined using:
vs = 1.23 (to ti)
vl = 3000 (Wo Wi)
where = rate of supply air for ventilation purposes, L/s
to, ti = outside, inside air temperature, °C
Wo, Wi = outside, inside air humidity ratio, kg/kgda
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Chapter # 04: Heating & Cooling Load Calculation
Solution
From Table 4-1
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Chapter # 04: Heating & Cooling Load Calculation
Problem:
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Chapter # 04: Heating & Cooling Load Calculation
Problem:
Solution:
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Chapter # 04: Heating & Cooling Load Calculation
Problem:
Solution:
Thermal Transmission:
Wall:
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Chapter # 04: Heating & Cooling Load Calculation
Problem:
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Chapter # 04: Heating & Cooling Load Calculation
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