Class 7

Foundation Math – MATH001

Sets
 Review

1. Two friends, Natasha and Tricia share a sum of money in the ratio 5:3 respectively. If
Tricia’s share was 126.75, calculate the total sum of money shared.

2. A sum of money was to be shared among three persons A, B, and C in the ratio 3:2:5.
If C received $420 more than B, determine the sum of money shared.

3. 35% of a number is 24, what is the number?

4. The meal at a restaurant cost $528.63 inclusive of a 12% service fee. What was the
price exclusive of the service fee?

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 Review

1. Two friends, Natasha and Tricia share a sum of money in the ratio 5:3 respectively. If
Tricia’s share was $126.75, calculate the total sum of money shared.
3 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 = $126.75
1 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 = $42.25
8 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = $338.00

2. A sum of money was to be shared among three persons A, B, and C in the ratio 3:2:5.
If C received $420 more than B, determine the sum of money shared.
3 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 = $420 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑑
1 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 = $140
10 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = $1400
3. 35% of a number is 24, what is the number?
35% 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 24 ⇒ 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 24 ÷ 35% = 68.57
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 Review
4. The meal at a restaurant cost $528.63 inclusive of a 12% service fee.
What was the price exclusive of the service fee?

𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑥 = $528.63 = 112%

1% = $528.63 ÷ 112 = $4.7199
Price exclusive of tax 100% = $4.7199 × 100 = $471.99

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 What is a Set?

• A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects.

• Curly brackets are used to represent a set.
• Example:
{natural numbers less than 10} means the set of natural numbers less
than 10 can also be represented as {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

• Capital letters A,B,C,… usually denote sets.

A={𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 800}

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 What is a Set?

• The objects in a set are called the elements or members of the set.
• The Symbol ∈ denotes an element of a set and ∉ denotes not an
element of.
• Example: 2 ∈ {𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 8} means 2 is an element of the set of
factors of 8.
𝐵 = {𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧} then 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 but 𝑎 ∉ 𝐵
• Statements with elements can be true or false.
5 ∈ ℚ is false since 5 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜 5 ∉ ℚ
• Lowercase letters a,b,c,… denote the elements of a set.
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 Examples
• The set of the vowels in the word “probability”.

• The collection of real numbers that satisfy the equation 𝑥 2 = 9 .

• The set of two-digit positive integers divisible by 5.

• The collection of great football players in the Premier League.

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 The Empty Set
• The set with no elements is called an empty set also called the null set.
• Denoted by the symbols ∅ or { }.
Examples:
The set of real numbers x that satisfy the equation 𝑥 2 = −4

The set of Prime numbers between 90 and 96

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 Finite and Infinite Sets
• A finite set is one which has a finite number of elements.
• Examples:
The set of two-digit positive integers has 90 elements.
P={a, b, c, d}
{ factors of 124}
• An infinite set is one which has an infinite number of elements.
• Examples:
The set of multiples of the number 5.
The set of Natural numbers
The set of real numbers
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 The Universal Set
• A set U that includes all the elements under consideration in a particular
discussion.
• Depends on the context.
• Examples: The set of Latin letters, the set of natural numbers, the set of
points on a line.

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 Equality of Sets
• Two sets A and B are equal, denoted A=B, if they have the same elements.
• Otherwise, A≠B.

• Example: The set A of odd positive integers is not equal to the set B of prime
numbers.

• Example: The set of odd integers between 4 and 8 is equal to the set of prime
numbers between 4 and 8.

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 Equivalent Sets
• Two sets are said to be equivalent if they have the same number of
elements.
Examples:
A={1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B={a, b, c, d, e}
So, the sets A and B are equivalent since they both have 5 elements.
(Notice though that they are not equal)

{factors of 8} is equivalent to the {positive integers less than 5} but not

equivalent to { 2, 4, 8, 10, 12}

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 Subsets

• The set A is a subset of the set B if every element of A is an element

of B.
• Notation: 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵
• For each set A, 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐴. i.e every set is a subset of itself.
• For each set B, ∅ ⊆ 𝐵 i.e the empty set is a subset of every set.
• A is proper subset of B if 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 and 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵. We represent a proper
subset by A ⊂ B
• If the set A has exactly n elements, then A has 2𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠.

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 Subsets
• Let A={1, 2, 4} list all the distinct subsets of A
Subsets: {}, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1,2}, {1, 3}, {2, 3}, {1, 2, 3}
Exactly 23 = 8 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠

• How many subsets does the set {m, n} have?

• How many subsets will the set {a, e, i, o, u} have?

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 Unions
• The union of two sets A and B is a set containing all the elements in both
sets.
Notation: 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 A  B =  x x  A or x  B

• Examples:
A={1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B={10, 15, 25} then
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 25
P={a, i, n, t} V={a, e, i, o, u} then
𝑃 ∪ 𝑉 = {𝑎, 𝑐, 𝑒, 𝑖, 𝑛, 𝑜, 𝑡, 𝑢}
Notice we do not repeat common elements
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 Intersections

• The intersection of A and B is a set containing the elements that are in both A and B
• Notation: 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
• Examples: A  B =  x x  A and x  B
M={Carl, Jim, Joanna, Trisha} and N={Joanna, Trisha, Steve}
𝑀 ∩ 𝑁 = {𝐽𝑜𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑎, 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑎}

Let A be the set of even integers and B the set of prime integers then
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {2}

F={factors of 10} and S={multiples of 7} then

𝐹∩𝑆 =∅
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 Disjointed sets

• Definition: A and B are disjoint if they have no common

elements. i.e 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = ∅
Examples:
F={factors of 10} and S={multiples of 7} then 𝐹 ∩ 𝑆 = ∅ so
F and S are disjoint sets.

Let A be the set of even integers and B the set of prime

integers. Then 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {2} so A and B are not disjoint

17
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 Complements
• If A is a subset of the universal set U, then the complement of A
is the set containing the elements that are in U but not in A.
• Notation: 𝐴𝑐 Ac =  x  U x  A 
• Note: A  Ac =  A  Ac = U
• Examples:
U={factors of 24} and A={factors of 12} then
𝐴𝑐 = {8, 24}
U=ℕ and B={even numbers} then
𝐵𝑐 = {𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠}
18
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 Try
U={Whole numbers less than 21},
A={factors of 12}, B={multiples of 4 less then 21}, C={prime numbers less
than 20}
What are the following:
a) 𝐴 ∪ 𝐶
b) 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
c) 𝐴𝑐
Is the following true or false
a) 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐴 b)16 ∈ 𝐵 c)B and C are disjoint

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 Try
U={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20},
A={1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12}, B={4, 8, 16}, C={2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
What are the following:
a) 𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 17, 19}
b) 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {4}
c) 𝐴𝑐 = {5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14,15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}
Is the following true or false
a) 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐴 False b)16 ∈ 𝐵 True c)B and C are disjoint True

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 Next Class
• Venn Diagrams and Problems involving sets

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