Q.

1 Calculate the average bonus paid per member from the following data:

Bonus 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100

(in Rs.)
No. of 1 3 5 7 6 2 1
persons

Ans.

Calculations for Average Bonus

X f fX d=X Fd X  800 fu
-800 u
100
500 1 500 -300 -300 -3 -3
600 3 1800 -200 -600 -2 -6
700 5 3500 -100 -500 -1 -5
800 7 5600 0 0 0 0
900 6 5400 100 600 1 6
1000 2 2000 200 400 2 4
1100 1 1100 300 300 3 3
Tota N   f  25  fX  19900  fd  100  fu  1
l

(i) Direct method: X 

 fX 19900
  796
N 25

(ii) Short-cut Method: X  A 

 fd  800  (100)  796
N 25

(iii) Step-deviation Method: X  A 

 fu  h  800  (1)  100  796
N 25

Q.2 The following table gives the male population (in lakhs) of city X and city Y in
certain year:
Age-group (years) City X City Y
0-5 14 9
5-10 13 8
10-15 13 8
15-20 13 7
20-30 33 15
30-40 29 12
40-50 17 9
50-60 7 6
60-80 4 4
Calculate the average of males at city X and city Y separately.
Ans. Computation of average in city X and city Y
Age Mid-value d = m - Population (in lakhs)
Group (m) 25 City X City Y
f1 f1d f2 f2d
0-5 2.5 -22.5 14 -315 9 -202.5
5-10 7.5 -17.5 13 -227.5 8 -140
 10-15 12.5 -12.5 13 -162.5 8 -100
15-20 17.5 -7.5 13 -97.5 7 -52.5
20-30 25 0 33 0 15 0
30-40 35 10 29 290 12 120
40-50 45 20 17 340 9 180
50-60 55 30 7 210 6 180
60-80 70 45 4 180 4 180
Total N1=143  f1 d  217 .5 N2=78  f 2 d  165

The average age of makes in City X is:

X1  A 
 f1d  25  217.5  26.5
N1 143
The average age of makes in City Y is:

X2  A
 f 2 d  25  165  27.1
N2 78
The average age of males at City X is 26.5 and the average age of males at City Y is 27.1.
Therefore, the average age of males at City X is more than that of the males at City Y.
Q.3 Find the class intervals if the arithmetic mean of the following distribution is 20 and
assumed mean 22.
Step -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
deviation:
Frequency: 11 13 16 14 9 17 6 6 4
x A
Ans. Here the given step deviation is the deviation u  .
h

 X  A
 fu  h , A=22 (given) (1)
N
Computation of Class Intervals
Step Deviation (u) Frequency (f) Fu X Class Interval
-4 11 -44 6 4-8
-3 13 -39 10 8-12
-2 16 -32 14 12-16
-1 14 -14 18 16-20
0 9 0 22 20-24
1 17 9 26 24-28
2 6 34 30 28-32
3 6 18 34 32-36
4 4 16 38 36-40
Total N=104  fu  52
(52)
From eq. (1), 20  22   h  22  0.5h , 2  0.5h  h  4.
104
Q.4 The following table shows the number of workers in various trade categories who
worked from Monday to Friday in a week for varying number of hours each day. If the
hourly pay for categories A, B, C, D and E workers be respectively Rs. 0.97, Rs. 077, Rs.
1.01, Rs. 0.67 and Rs. 0.75, calculate the average wage per hour per worker for the whole
week for all categories together.
NUMBER OF WORKERS
Categories Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri.
of workers (7 hours) (6 hours) (5 hours) (4 hours) (5 hours)
A 30 20 25 15 30
B 25 25 30 20 20
C 30 25 30 25 20
D 20 20 20 20 25
E 25 20 25 15 25

Ans. Total hours under category A=30×7+20×6+25×5+15×4+30×5=665

Similarly, we can obtain the total hours under categories B, C, D and E.

Category Hourly Rate (Rs.) Total hours wX

X W
A 0.97 665 645.05
B 0.77 655 504.35
C 1.01 710 717.10
D 0.67 565 378.55
E 0.75 605 453.75
Total  w  3200  wX  2698 .80
The average wage per hours per worker for the whole week for the workers of all categories
is given by:

Xw 
 wX  2698 .80  Re . 0.84 per hours
 w 3200
Q.5 (a) Milk is sold at the rates 8, 10, 12 and 15 rupees per litre in four different months.
Assuming that equal amounts are spent on milk by a family in the four months, find the
average price in rupees per month.
(b) An individual purchases three qualities of pencils. The relevant data are given below:
Quality Price Per Pencil (Rs.) Money Spent (Rs.)
A 1.00 50
B 1.50 30
C 2.00 20
Calculate the average price per pencil.
Sol. (a) Since equal amounts of money are spent by the family for each of the four months, the
average price of milk per month is given by the harmonic mean of 8, 10, 12 and 15.
 Average price of milk per month
1 4  120 4  120
 Rs.  Rs.  Rs.  Rs.10.67
1 1 1 1 1  15  12  10  8 45
    
4  8 10 12 15 

(b) Here we are given: Total expenditure=Rs. (50+30+20) = Rs. 100

50 30 20
Total number of pencils purchased     80
1 1.50 2
 Total Expenditure 100
Average price per pencil    Rs.1.25
Total No. of pencils 80

Note: Average price of Rs. 1.25 can also be obtained by finding the weighted harmonic mean
(H.M.) of 1, 1.5 and 2 with corresponding weights 50, 30 and 20 respectively.
Q.6 The average salary of male employees in a firm was Rs. 5200 and that of female was
Rs. 4200. The mean salary of all the employees was Rs. 5000. Find the percentage of male
and female employees.

Sol. Let n1 and n 2 denote respectively the number of male and female employees in the firm,
and x1 and x1 denote respectively their average salary (in rupees). Let x denote the average
salary of all the workers in the firm.
We are given that: x1  5200 , x 2  4200 and x  5000.
n x  n2 x 2
Also we know, x  1 1  5000 (n1  n2 )  5200 n1  4200 n2
n1  n2
n1 4
 (5200  5000 )n1  (5000  4200 )n 2  20n1  80n 2  
n2 1
4
 The percentage of male employees in the firm = 100  80
4 1
1
and The percentage of female employees in the firm =  100  20
4 1
Q.7 Twenty passengers were found ticketless on a bus. The sum of squares and the S.D.
of the amount found in their pockets were Rs. 2000 and Rs. 6 respectively. If the total fine
imposed on these passengers is equal to the total amount recovered from them and fine
imposed is uniform, what is the amount each one of them has to pay as fine? What
difficulties do you visualize if such a system of penalty were imposed?

Sol. Let x i , i  1, 2, ..., 20 be the amount (in Rs.) found in the pocket of the ith passenger. Then
we are given:
20
n  20,  x i2  Rs. 2000 and S .D.( )  Rs. 6 (i)
i 1
The total fine imposed on the ticketless passengers is given to be equal to the total
amount recovered from them.
20
 Total fine imposed on the 20 passengers   x i
i 1
Further, since the fine imposed is uniform among all the 20 passengers,
1 n
 Fine to be paid by each passenger   xi  x
20 i 1
(ii)

1 1
We have:  2   xi2  x 2  x2   xi2   2
n 20
 2000 
 x 2  Rs. 2   6 2   Rs. 2 (100  36)  Rs. 2  x  Rs. 8 [ From (i )]
 20 
Hence, using (ii), the fine paid by each of the passengers is Rs. 8.
 If among these ticketless passengers, there are a few rich persons with large sums of
money in their pockets, then an obvious shortcoming of this system of imposing penalty is that,
it will give undue heavy penalty to the poor passengers (with smaller amounts of money in
their pockets).
Q.8 The average salary paid to 100 employees of an establishment was found to be Rs.
5424. Later on, after disbursement of salary, it was discovered that the salary of two
employees was wrongly entered as Rs. 8910 and Rs. 4950. Their correct salaries were Rs.
5910 and Rs. 5550. Find the correct arithmetic average.
Sol. Let the variable X denote the salary (in Rs.) of an employee. Then we are given:

X
X 
100
 5424 or  X  Rs.542400
Thus the total salary disbursed to all the employees in the establishment is Rs. 542400.
After incorporating the corrections, we have corrected

 X = 542400 - (Sum of wrong salaries) + (Sum of correct salaries)

= 542400 – (8910+4950) + (5910+5550)
= 5,40,000

5,40,000
Correct average salary = = Rs. 5400.
100

Q.9 The following table gives the weekly wages (in rupees) in a certain commercial
organization:
Find (i) The median and the first quartile.
(ii) The percentage of wage-earners receiving between rupees three seventy and four
seventy per week.
Weekly wages (Rs.) Frequency
300-320 3
320-340 8
340-360 24
360-380 31
380-400 50
400-420 61
420-440 38
440-460 21
460-480 12
480-500 2
N N
Ans. (i) Here  125 and  62.5
2 4
N
The c.f. just greater than  125 is 177 and therefore, the corresponding class 400-420
2
contains median.
125  116
 Md  400   20  400.295
61
 N
The c.f. just greater than  62.5 is 66 and therefore, the corresponding class 360-380
4
contains median Q1 .
62.5  35
 Q1  360   20  361.774
31
Computation of first Quartile and Median
Class-boundary Frequency (f) Less than (c.f)
300-320 3 3
320-340 8 11
340-360 24 35
360-380 31 66
380-400 50 116
400-420 61 177
420-440 38 215
440-460 21 236
460-480 12 248
480-500 2 250=N

(ii) Number of persons with wages between Rs. 370 and Rs. 470 is given by

 380  370   470  460 

  31  50  61  38  21    12 
 2  20   2  20 

1 31 1 12
  50  61  38  21   191.5
2 2

Hence the percentage of workers getting wages between Rs. 370 and Rs. 470 is:

191.5
 100  76.6
250

Q.10 From the following data, calculate mean deviation from median and its coefficient:
Age (in years) No. of persons
1-5 7
6-10 10
11-15 16
16-20 32
21-25 24
26-30 18
31-35 10
36-40 5
41-45 1

Ans.

Computational of Mean Deviation from Median

Age Mid-value No. of Cumulative m 18  d Total
(in years) (m) persons Frequency Deviations
(f)
 f d
1-5 3 7 7 15 105
6-10 8 10 17 10 100
11-15 13 16 33 5 80
16-20 18 32 65 8 0
21-25 23 24 89 5 120
26-30 28 18 107 10 180
31-35 33 10 117 15 150
36-40 38 5 122 20 100
41-45 43 1 123 25 25
Total 123 860

1
Median item = (123)  61.5th which lies in 16-20 class.
2
N
C
2 61.5  33
Md  l1   h  15.5   5  15.5  4.453  19.953.
f 32
Since median value comes out to be in fractions, we can do the same question conveniently by
taking the deviations from any arbitrary point A=18 (say), lying in the median class.
M .D. (about Md )  
1
N

 f d  (Md  M ' )( N1  N 2 ) ,
Where N1 =Number of items smaller than actual median, i.e., sum of the frequencies before
and including the median class = 7+10+16+32 = 65
N 2  N  N1  123  65  58
 Md (about Md ) 
1
860  (19.95 18)(65  58)
123
860  1.95  7 873.65
   7.103
123 123
Mean deviation (about Md ) 7.103
Coeff . of M .D.    0.356
Md 19.95

Q.11 The mean, median and the coefficient of variation of 100 observations are found to
be 90, 84 and 80 respectively. Find the coefficient of skewness of the above system of 100
observations.

S.D.
Ans. We know, Coefficient of variation =  100  80
Mean

S.D. 80  90
Or 100  80  S.D.   72
90 100

Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skewness is:

3( Mean  Median) 3(90  84)

Sk    0.25
S.D. 72
Q.12 Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skewness for a distribution is -0.4 and its coefficient of
variation is 40%. Its mean is 50, find standard deviation, median and mode.
Ans. Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skewness is:
Mean  Mo 50  Mo
Sk    0.4 ( given) (i)
 
 
C.V .  100  100  40 ( given)
Mean 50
50  40
   20
100
Substituting in (i), we get
50  Mode
 0.4   Mode  50  20  0.4  58.
20
Finally, the median is obtained from the empirical relationship, viz.,
Mean- Mode = 3(Mean - Median)
Or 50-38 = 3(50 - Median)
Or 12 = 150 - 3Median
Median = 52.67

Q.13 An analysis of production rejects resulted in the following figures:

No. of rejects per operator No. of operators
21-25 5
26-30 15
31-35 28
36-40 42
41-45 15
46-50 12
51-55 3
Compute mean, mode, standard deviation and coefficient of skewness and comment on
the results.

Ans.

Computation of Mean and S.D.

No. of reject No. of Mid-value X  38 fu fu2
per operator Operators (X) u
5
(f)
21-25 5 23 -3 -15 45
26-30 15 28 -2 -30 60
31-35 28 33 -1 -28 28
36-40 42 38 0 0 0
41-45 15 43 1 15 15
46-50 12 48 2 24 48
51-55 3 53 3 9 27
Total 100 -25 223

Mean ( X )  A 
 fu  h  38  5  (25)  36.75
N 100
Here the maximum frequency is 42. Thus the corresponding class 36-40 is modal class, the
class boundaries of which are 35.5-40.5. (Grouping would also give the same results).
1 (42  28)
Mode ( Mo)  l1   h  35.5  5
1   2 (42  28)  (42  15)
14
 35.5   5  37.207
14  27
1/ 2

  fu   fu  
2 2
  2 1/ 2
 243   25  

S .D. ( )  h       5    
 N  N   
100  100   
 
= (2.35  0.0625 )  5 =1.506×5 = 7.53
Hence, Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skewness based on mean, mode and S.D. is given by:
X  Mo 36.75  37.207
Sk    0.0607
 7.53
Q.14 The first two moments of a distribution about the value 1 are 2 and 25 respectively.
Find the mean and standard deviation of the distribution.
Ans. In the usual notations, we are given that:
A=1, 1'  2 and  2'  25
We know that: Mean ( X )  A  1'  1  2  3
 
var iance ( 2 )   2   2'  1'
2
 25  4  21
And  S.D. ( )  21  4.5825
Q.15 The first three moments of distribution about the value 4 are -1.5, 17, -30. Find the
value of mean, Standard deviation and the moment measure of skewness.
Ans. Given 1'  1.5,  2'  17, 3'  30 and A  4.

  X1  4  1.5 or
1 1
Now, 1' 
n n
 X1  4  1.5
 Mean ( X )  4  1.5  2.5

2   2  2'  1'   17  (1.5) 2  17  2.25  14.75

2

 S.D. ( )  14.75  3.84

Further, 3  3  3 2' 1'  21' 

3

  30  3 17  (1.5)  2(1.5)3  39.75

Moment measure of skewness:  1  1

32 (39.75) 2
Where, 1  3   0.4924
 2 (14.75)3

  1  0.4924  0.7014
Q.16 The first four moments of a distribution about the value 5 are 7, 70, 140 and 175,
calculate  1 and  2 . Comment on the nature of the distribution.

Ans. Let  r' be the rth order raw moment about the value 5 and  r be the rth central moment.
Given:
1'  7, 2'  70, 3'  140 and 4'  175
2  2'  1'   70  49  21,
2

3  3'  31'  2'  21' 

3

 140  3  7  70  2  73  644

 4   4'  43' 1'  6 2' 1'   31' 

2 4

 175  4  7 140  6  70  7 2  3  7 4  9632 .

32 414736 
 1  3   44.7831; 1  42  21.8413
2 9261 2

Skewness:
 1  1  6.692, kurtosis , :  2   2  3  18.8413

Since  1  0 the distribution is negatively skewed; and  2  0, the distribution is leptokurtic.