SYLLABUS (6042) REQUIREMENTS
illustrate relationship amongst the graphs of
sketch graphs of the form y = f (x), where
and or is an integer, and where f(x) is a
quadratic or cubic polynomial
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Common Functions
The different types of functions to be considered are: Linear; Quadratic; Power; Rational;
Exponential & Logarithmic
General Graphs of Functions
(a) Linear
Linear functions are of the form , where is the gradient and is the
axis intercept.
When is positive When is negative
(b) Quadratic
Quadratic functions are of the form .
Example:
When is positive When is negative
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(c) Power
Power functions are of the form .
When is positive When is negative
Example: Example:
NB: ‘ ’ is positive in both cases
When is fractional
Example:
(d) Rational
Rational functions are of the form , where .
Example:
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NB: The axes becomes the asymptotes
(e) Exponential
Exponential functions are of the form .
Example:
NB:
(f) Logarithmic
Logarithmic functions are of the form .
Example:
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NB: and
Sketching Graphs
o Sketching is different from plotting
o When sketching graphs we only show critical points i.e. the points where the graphs cuts
the axes (intercepts)
(a) The graph cuts the axis when
(b) The graph cuts the axis when
o When asked to show the turning/stationary points we apply differentiation i.e.
(a) At turning points
(b) When we have a minimum turning point
(c) When we have a maximum turning point
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Sketch Graphs
Graphs of Factorised functions
Question One
Sketch the graphs of the following functions. [No need to show the turning points on (b), (c)
and (d)]
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Solution
NB:
(i) Every graph cuts the when and the when .
(ii) If is a critical value then use any value between the critical values to inspect
whether is negative or positive.
(a)
When and when .
Finding turning points
At turning points .
Now when the coordinates of the turning points are .
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NB: You also need to observe symmetry.
(b)
When and when .
Since is a critical point, thus consider any value between and , say :
.
c)
When and when .
d)
When and when .
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Since is a critical point, thus consider any value between and or between and , say
: .
TRANSFORMATIONS
To transform means to change in shape (size) and position.
There are three types of transformations which are: Translation, Reflection and Stretch.
[1] TRANSLATION
(i)
: This is translation along the with translation vector or
simply moving units to the right side.
: This is translation along the with translation vector or
simply moving units to the left side.
(ii)
: This is translation along the with translation vector or
simply moving units downwards.
: This is translation along the with translation vector or
simply moving units upwards.
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[2] REFLECTION
(i)
: This is reflection along the
(ii)
: This is reflection along the
[3] STRETCH
(i)
: This is stretch along the with factor or simply divide every
by .
(ii)
: This is stretch along the with factor or simply multiply every
by .
EXAMPLES
Question One
Given that . Sketch on separate diagrams, without showing
turning points, graphs of the following functions:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
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Suggested solution
a) When , and when
b)
c)
Translation, with translation vector , or simply moving unit leftwards
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d)
Stretch, with factor , or simply dividing every .
e)
Translation, with translation vector , or simply moving unit downwards.
f) Combined Transformations:
(i) Stretch, with factor , or simply dividing every .
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(ii) Translation, with translation vector , or simply moving unit
rightwards. [
(iii)Reflection along the .[
(iv) Translation, with translation vector , or simply moving unit
downwards. [
Question Two
State the sequence of transformation which the graph of undergoes
to produce the graph of . Hence sketch the graph of
Suggested solution
Performing the long division for yields .
The resultant transformations are:
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(i) Translation, with translation vector , or simply moving unit
rightwards. [
(ii) Stretch, with factor , or simply multiply every .
[
(iii)Reflection along the .[
(iv) Translation, with translation vector , or simply moving unit
downwards. [
Question Three
Express the in the form
Hence state the sequence of transformation which the graph of undergoes
to produce the graph of .
Suggested solution
Now
The resultant transformations are:
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(i) Translation, with translation vector , or simply moving unit
rightwards. [
(ii) Stretch, with factor , or simply multiply every .
[
(iii)Translation, with translation vector , or simply moving unit
upwards. [
Question Four
The graph of undergoes the following transformations:
(i) Translation along the with translation vector ,
(ii) Stretch, with factor and
(iii)Translation, with translation vector
Write down the equation of the resultant graph.
Suggested solution
The resultant transformations are:
(i) [
(ii) [
(iii)[ .
The resultant graph is
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Question Five
Sketch on separate diagrams, graphs of the following functions, showing clearly coordinates
of the intercepts and turning points:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Suggested solution
(i)
Translation -axis moving unit rightwards
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(ii)
Stretch -axis with factor .
(iii)
Reflection along the -axis and Translation -axis moving unit upwards
(iv)
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Question Six
Sketch the graph of .
Hence on separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of the following functions and state the
resultant transformation.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Suggested solution
i)
Reflection along the
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ii)
Stretch along the with factor
Reflection along the -axis
Translation -axis moving unit upwards
iii)
Translation along the with translation vector .
iv)
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