Behaviorism?
Behaviorism is a psychological
approach that focuses on
observable behaviors and
dismisses internal mental
states, asserting that all
behaviors are acquired
through environmental
interactions.
Who is considered the father John B. Watson
of behaviorism?
What did B.F. Skinner The concept of operant
introduce? conditioning, including
reinforcement and punishment
What was Ivan Pavlov known Classical
for? conditioning,
demonstrated with his
experiments on dogs.
Classical Conditioning A learning process where a
neutral stimulus becomes
associated with an
unconditioned stimulus to elicit
a conditioned response.
What are the key components ● Unconditioned
of Classical Conditioning? Stimulus (US)
● Unconditioned Response
(UR)
● Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
● Conditioned
Response (CR)
Unconditioned Stimulus A stimulus that naturally
(US): triggers a response (e.g., food
causing salivation).
Unconditioned Response The natural response to the
(UR): US (e.g., salivating when food
is present).
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus
that, after association with the
US, triggers a learned
response (e.g., a bell that,
after pairing with food, causes
salivation).
Conditioned Response (CR): The learned response to the
CS (e.g., salivating when
hearing the bell).
Operant Conditioning A learning process based on
the consequences of behavior,
which includes reinforcement
and punishment.
Positive Reinforcement Adding a desirable stimulus
to increase a behavior.
Negative Reinforcement Removing an
aversive stimulus to
increase a behavior.
Reinforcement Increases the behavior
Punishment Decreases the behavior
Positive Punishment Adding an aversive stimulus to
decrease a behavior.
Negative Punishment Removing a desirable
stimulus to decrease a
behavior.
Unconditioned Reinforcemen Primary reinforcers like food,
water, and warmth that are
naturally rewarding.
Conditioned Reinforcement Secondary reinforcers that
become rewarding through
learning, such as money
or praise.
Schedules of reinforcement specific patterns or rules
determining when and how a
behavior will be reinforced
Ratio Number of responses
Interval Time period
Continuous Reinforcement Reinforcement given every
(FR1) time the behavior occurs.
Variable Random, changes
fixed Constant, specific
Variable Ratio (VR) Reinforcement after a varying
number of responses.
Fixed Ratio (FR) Reinforcement after a fixed
number of responses.
Fixed Interval (FI Reinforcement after a fixed
amount of time has passed.
Variable Interval (VI) Reinforcement after a varying
amount of time has passed.
Components of the three-part Antecedents, Behaviors,
contingency Consequences
Antecedent A: An event or situation that
occurs before a behavior.
Behavior The observable action or
reaction in response to an
antecedent.
Consequence the outcome that after a
behavior, which can be
positive, negative, or neutral.
Extinction The process of reducing a
behavior by withholding
reinforcement.
Extinction Burst A temporary increase in
behavior frequency or intensity
after extinction is first
implemented.
Spontaneous Recovery The reappearance of an
extinguished behavior after a
period of non-exposure to the
conditioned stimulus
Deprivation The absence of a reinforcer
that increases its effectiveness
Satiation The decrease in effectiveness
of a reinforcer after repeated
exposure.
Discriminative Stimulus (SD) A stimulus that signals the
availability of reinforcement or
punishment.
Stimulus Control The degree to which behavior
is influenced by a
discriminative stimulus
Motivating Operations Environmental variables that
alter the effectiveness of a
reinforcer or punisher.
Establishing Operations Conditions that increase the
effectiveness of a reinforcer.
Setting Events Contextual factors that
influence behavior.
stimulus is any object, event, or
situation that elicits a
response from an organism. It
can be anything in the
environment that causes a
reaction, such as a sound,
light, or food.
Applied Verbal Behavior is an approach to teaching
(AVB) communication that is based
on the principles of Applied
Behavior Analysis (ABA). It
focuses on the functional use
of language and categorizes
verbal behavior into different
types or "operants," each
serving a specific purpose in
communication.
Mand A verbal request or demand to
obtain something the speaker
wants or needs.
Tact A verbal behavior used to
comment on or label the
environment.
Intraverbal A verbal response influenced
by previous verbal behavior,
such as answering questions
Echoic Behavior Repeating or imitating what
another person has said.
Listener Behavior Actions or responses in
reaction to someone else’s
verbal behavior.
Imitation Reproducing or mimicking
another person's behavior.
