Measurement

5
This chapter at a glance
Stage 5.1/5.2
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:

state the limits of accuracy for a given measurement

convert between units of length, mass, capacity and time

solve problems involving length, mass, capacity and time

perform time calculations with and without the use of a calculator

convert between 12-hour time and 24-hour time

find the length of a side in a right-angled triangle using Pythagoras’ theorem

Measurement

solve problems using Pythagoras’ theorem

calculate the perimeter of a polygon

calculate the circumference of a circle

calculate the perimeters of sectors and composite figures

solve practical problems involving perimeter

convert between units of area

use area formulae to find the areas of triangles and the special quadrilaterals

calculate the area of a circle

calculate the areas of sectors and composite figures

solve practical problems involving area.

141
142 Mathscape 9

5.1 Length, mass and capacity

■ Length
The basic unit of length in the metric system is the metre. Originally, the metre was defined
as one ten-millionth of the distance from the North Pole to the equator along the line of
longitude that runs through Paris. This definition was revised in 1960, with the metre being
defined in terms of the wavelength of light.
Other units of length in common use are the millimetre (mm), centimetre (cm) and kilometre
(km). Each unit of length can be compared to the metre by referring to its prefix. For example,
the prefix milli- means ‘one-thousandth of’, so 1 millimetre literally means ‘one-thousandth of
a metre’. Similarly, the prefixes centi- and kilo- mean ‘one-hundredth of ’ and ‘one thousand
times’ respectively. Hence, 1 centimetre means ‘one-hundredth of a metre’ and 1 kilometre
means ‘one-thousand metres’.

Prefix Meaning
milli- 1 The common conversions for length are:
------------
1000
10 mm = 1 cm (i.e. 10 millimetres = 1 centimetre)
centi- 1
100 cm = 1 m (i.e. 100 centimetres = 1 metre)
---------
1000 m = 1 km (i.e. 1000 metres = 1 kilometre)
100
kilo- 1000

■ Mass
The mass of an object is the amount of matter that it contains. Mass is not the same as weight,
although the two terms are commonly used interchangeably. Weight refers to the force with
which an object is being attracted to the Earth due to gravity. In the metric system, the base unit
for mass is the kilogram.

The common conversions for mass are:

1000 mg = 1 g (i.e. 1000 milligrams = 1 gram)

1000 g = 1 kg (i.e. 1000 grams = 1 kilogram)

1000 kg = 1 t (i.e. 1000 kilograms = 1 tonne)

■ Capacity
Capacity refers to the amount of liquid that a container can hold. In the metric system, the base
unit for capacity is the litre.

The common conversions for capacity are:

1000 mL = 1 L (i.e. 1000 millilitres = 1 litre)

1000 L = 1 kL (i.e. 1000 litres = 1 kilolitre)

1000 kL = 1 ML (i.e. 1000 kilolitres = 1 megalitre)
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 143

To convert to a smaller unit, multiply by the conversion factor.

To convert to a larger unit, divide by the conversion factor.

Example 1
EG Convert:
+S
a 8 cm to mm b 5.2 m to cm c 0.04 km to m
d 70 mm to cm e 129 cm to m f 2300 m to km

Solutions
a 8 cm = (8 × 10) mm b 5.2 m = (5.2 × 100) cm c 0.04 km = (0.04 × 1000) m
= 80 mm = 520 cm = 40 m
d 70 mm = (70 ÷ 10) cm e 129 cm = (129 ÷ 100) m f 2300 m = (2300 ÷ 1000) km
= 7 cm = 1.29 m = 2.3 km

Example 2
EG Convert:
+S
a 0.57 m to mm b 98 000 cm to km

Solutions
a 0.57 m = (0.57 × 100) cm b 98 000 cm = (98 000 ÷ 100) m
= 57 cm = 980 m
= (57 × 10) mm = (980 ÷ 1000) km
= 570 mm = 0.98 km
Example 3
EG Convert:
+S
a 5 L to mL b 6.8 kL to L c 910 L to kL

Solutions
a 5 L = (5 × 1000) mL b 6.8 kL = (6.8 × 1000) L c 910 L = (910 ÷ 1000) kL
= 5000 mL = 6800 L = 0.91 kL

Example 4
EG Convert:
+S
a 4 kg to g b 3.72 g to mg c 9100 g to kg d 384 kg to t

Solutions
a 4 kg = (4 × 1000) g b 3.72 g = (3.72 × 1000) mg
= 4000 g = 3720 mg
c 9100 g = (9100 ÷ 1000) kg d 384 kg = (384 ÷ 1000) t
= 9.1 kg = 0.384 t
144 Mathscape 9

Exercise 5.1

1 Choose the most appropriate unit (mm, cm, m, km) that could be used to measure:
a the length of a fly
b the height of a 4-year-old girl
c the length of a caravan
d the distance between Sydney and Canberra
e the height of a table
f the distance run in a sprint race
g the width of a postage stamp
h the distance between two bus depots
i the length of a biro
j the distance between a baseball batter and the pitcher
k the thickness of a cover of a hardback book
l the distance between Mercury and the Sun

2 Choose the most appropriate unit (mg, g, kg, t) that could be used to measure the mass of:
a an orange b a bee’s wing c a railway carriage
d a television set e a clump of hair f a calculator
g a baby h a truck i a box of pencils
j a shipping container k a sheet of tissue paper l a microwave oven

3 Choose the most appropriate unit (mL, L, kL) that could be used to measure the capacity of:
a a glass of water b a backyard fountain c a swimming pool
d Sydney Harbour e a bird bath f a tea cup
g a teaspoon h the petrol tank of a bus i a small dam
j a hypodermic needle k a reservoir l a cow’s drinking trough

4 Convert:
a 6 km to m b 300 cm to m c 9 cm to mm d 2500 m to km
e 0.46 m to cm f 4 mm to cm g 178 m to km h 2.3 cm to mm
i 0.8 km to m j 0.1 m to cm k 200 cm to mm l 16 m to km
m 30 m to cm n 0.07 mm to cm o 2 cm to m p 0.3 m to km

5 Complete each of the following conversions.

a 5 m = mm b 2 km = cm c 4000 mm = m
d 900 000 cm = km e 3.8 km = mm f 1 650 000 mm = km
g 0.6 m = mm h 24 900 cm = km i 81 mm = m
6 Complete each of these conversions.
a 4 g = mg b 8000 kg = t c 1.5 kg = g
d 14 500 mg = g e 2790 g = kg f 70 000 kg = t
g 12.4 g = mg h 1.82 kg = g i 375 g = kg
j 140 mg = g k 0.87 t = kg l 0.046 kg = g
m 20 kg = t n 6 mg = g o 0.005 47 g = mg
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 145

7 Complete each of these conversions.

a 4 L = mL b 3000 mL = L c 8 kL = L
d 7500 L = kL e 2.4 L = mL f 1950 L = kL
g 3610 mL = L h 5.07 kL = L i 0.73 L = mL
j 195 L = kL k 11 mL = L l 0.0068 kL = L

■ Consolidation
8 Simplify, giving the answer in metres.
a 1 m + 37 cm + 9 mm b 3.6 m + 228 cm + 15 mm
c 12.7 km + 83 m + 54 cm d 1 km + 455 m + 38 cm
e 2.84 m + 64 cm + 195 mm f 7.6 km + 155 m + 712 cm

9 a Which distance is greater, 15.8 m or 14 950 mm, and by how many metres?
b How many toothpicks of length 65 mm can be cut from a 1.3 m strip of wood?
c A snooker table is to have 6 legs made and each leg is to be 72 cm long. How many
metres of wood are needed?
d How many laps of a 400 m running track must an athlete complete in order to finish a
10 km run?
e From a 3.6 m piece of timber, 5 pieces of equal length are cut, leaving 28 cm. What
lengths of timber were cut?
f The average length of Lucy’s walking stride is 38 cm. How far, in kilometres, would
Lucy walk if she took 9500 strides?
g Fourteen cars each of width 1.65 m are parked side by side in a car park. The distance
between each car is 85 cm. Find, in metres, the total distance taken up by the cars.
10 a Find, in kilograms, the mass of 24 tins of soup, if each tin has a mass of 535 g.
b The total mass of 8 small cars in a shipping container is 7.6 t. What is the mass, in
kilograms, of each car?
c Find the mass, in kilograms, of 3000 pumpkin seeds if each seed weighs 450 mg.
d A bunch of 64 grapes has a mass of 430 g. Find the average mass of each grape, correct
to 1 decimal place.
e How many 225 g bags of lollies can be filled completely from a container that holds
12 kg of lollies?
f A builder wants to construct a brick wall consisting of 18 layers, with 15 bricks in each
layer. Calculate, in kilograms, the total mass of bricks needed for the job if each brick
weighs 2150 g.
g A box of 15 fresh pineapples has a mass of 58.6 kg and each pineapple has a mass of
3680 g. Determine the mass of the box when empty. Give your answer in kilograms.
h If 7 containers of wheat have a total mass of 980 kg, find, in tonnes, the mass of
19 containers of wheat.
146 Mathscape 9

11 a A 300 mL bottle of salad dressing contains enough dressing for 15 serves. What is the
serving size?
b i How many 250 mL glasses can be filled from a juice container that holds 20 L?
ii How many 300 mL glasses can be filled completely?
c Cary purchased a 250 mL bottle of cough medicine. The adult dosage is 10 mL, three
times a day. How many full days will the cough medicine last?
d The local council pool has a capacity of 1500 kL. During a hot spell, 15 000 L of water
was lost due to evaporation. How many kilolitres of water remain?
e The dam on old Henry’s farm has a capacity of 8.3 ML. How many litres is this?
(1 ML = 1000 kL)
f A recipe requires 1--2- cup of water for each person. Find, in litres, the amount of water
that is needed for 11 people if 1 metric cup is equivalent to 250 mL.
g i Amber’s garden tap is dripping at the rate of 16 drops per minute, with each drop
of water having a volume of 0.5 mL. How many litres of water will be lost in one
day?
ii If on a subsequent day the tap drips at the rate of 10 drops per minute and loses 36 L
over the course of a day, find the volume of water in each drop.

■ Further applications
12 At a school fundraising event, two groups of students place 10c coins along the ground in
a straight line. The group that forms the longer line claims all of the money raised for their
particular charity. The Year 9 students placed coins to the value of $38 and the length of
the Year 10 coin line was 7.82 m. If the diameter of a 10c coin is 23 mm, find:
a the length, in metres, of the Year 9 coin line
b the amount of money raised by the Year 10 students
c the difference in length of the two coin lines, in centimetres

13 The carat is a unit of mass that is used to measure precious stones and some expensive
metals such as gold. If a certain amount of gold is described as 24 carat, it means that the
entire mass is composed of 100% pure gold with no impurities. The purity of the gold can
be worked out by expressing the number of carats as a fraction of 24. For example, a 10 kg
ingot of 12 carat gold is only 50% pure, because 12 is one-half or 50% of 24. Therefore, in
this 10 kg ingot, 5 kg of the mass is pure gold and the other 5 kg is made up of impurities
(such as other metals).
How many grams of gold are there in:
a a 1 kg ingot of 12 carat gold? b a 2 kg ingot of 18 carat gold?
c a 1.5 kg ingot of 8 carat gold? d a 6 kg ingot of 14 carat gold?
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 147

TRY THIS Bags of potatoes

Jill had four bags of potatoes to weigh. Each bag
weighed less than 100 kg, but the scales only
weighed objects greater than 100 kg. She
cleverly decided to weigh 2 bags at a time. The
first pair weighed 105 kg, which did not tell her
much! She discovered she needed to make
5 more weighings—103 kg, 106 kg, 106 kg,
107 kg and 109 kg—before she could calculate
the masses of the bags. What were their
masses?

5.2 Accuracy and precision

It is not possible to measure any length, mass, time, temperature or other quantity exactly. The
value read off a measuring instrument is affected by physical factors, such as the thickness of
the ink that is used in the markings on the instrument. However, we know that the exact value
of the quantity being measured lies between two adjacent markings. The accuracy of a
measurement refers to how close the reading is to the exact value of the quantity. The degree
of accuracy in any measurement depends very much on the accuracy of the measuring
instrument that is being used. Before measuring something, we need to consider the following
questions:
1 Why are we conducting the measurement?
2 How precise does the measurement have to be?
3 What measuring instrument would be the most appropriate to use?
The precision of a measuring instrument refers to the smallest unit that is marked on it. For
example, a metre ruler that is marked in 1 cm intervals has a precision of 1 cm. It is not possible
to be more precise than the smallest unit that is marked on the instrument.

All measurements are accurate to within ± 1

of the smallest unit marked on the
---
2
measuring instrument.

The smaller limit of accuracy is called the lower bound.

The greater limit of accuracy is called the upper bound.

The exact value is greater than or equal to the lower bound but less than the
upper bound.

Example 1
EG State the limits of accuracy for each of the following measurements.
+S
a The temperature of a sick child is 39°C, correct to the nearest 1°C.
b The height of a man is 180 cm, correct to the nearest 10 cm.
148 Mathscape 9

Solutions
a The temperature is given correct to the nearest 1°C, so the possible error is ± ( 1--2- × 1°C ) ,
i.e. ±0.5°C.
Therefore, the limits of accuracy are 39 ± 0.5°C, i.e. 38.5°C and 39.5°C. The actual
temperature of the child must lie between 38.5°C and 39.5°C.
b The height is given correct to the nearest 10 cm, so the possible error is ± ( 1--2- × 10 cm ) ,
i.e. ±5 cm.
Therefore, the limits of accuracy are 180 ± 5 cm, i.e. 175 cm and 185 cm. The actual height
of the man must lie between 175 cm and 185 cm.

Example 2
EG State the upper and lower bounds for each measurement.
+S
a 6.2 kg b 4.18 m

Solutions
a The mass is given correct to the nearest tenth of a kilogram, so the possible error is
± ( 1--2- × 0.1 kg ) , i.e. ±0.05 kg.
Therefore, the limits of accuracy are 6.2 ± 0.05 kg.
Lower bound = 6.2 kg − 0.05 kg Upper bound = 6.2 kg + 0.05 kg
= 6.15 kg = 6.25 kg
b The length is given correct to the nearest hundredth of a metre, so the possible error is
± ( 1--2- × 0.01 m ) , i.e. ±0.005 m.
Therefore, the limits of accuracy are 4.18 ± 0.005 m.
Lower bound = 4.18 m − 0.005 m Upper bound = 4.18 m + 0.005 m
= 4.175 m = 4.185 m

Exercise 5.2

1 Within what limits are the following instruments accurate?

a A dressmaker’s tape marked in millimetres.
b A speedometer with 20 km/h markings.
c A metre ruler marked in centimetres.
d A trundle wheel with a circumference of 1 m and no other markings.
e A clock with only hours marked.
f A flood sign marked in intervals of 50 cm.
g A thermometer marked in intervals of 2°C.
h A measuring tape with 1 cm markings.
i A set of balance scales marked in intervals of 1 kg.
j An altimeter marked in intervals of 1250 m.

2 The length of the hem of a pair of trousers is measured as 4 cm, correct to the nearest
centimetre.
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 149

a What is the lower bound for this measurement?

b What is the upper bound?

3 The size of a television screen is quoted as being 64 cm.

a Between what limits does the actual size lie?
b Which one of these limits could not possibly be the size of the screen?

■ Consolidation
4 The following measurements are given correct to the nearest kilogram. Between what
limits does the actual mass lie?
a 2 kg b 9 kg c 14 kg d 48 kg

5 The following measurements are given correct to the nearest 10 cm. Between what limits
does the actual length lie?
a 30 cm b 50 cm c 120 cm d 260 cm

6 Peter asked his English teacher, ‘how many pages are there in our next novel?’. His teacher
replied, ‘there are about 300 pages’. Between what limits could the actual number of pages
lie if the teacher’s estimate was given correct to the nearest:
a 100 pages? b 50 pages? c 10 pages?

7 In the year 2000 an archaeologist carbon dated a piece of pottery and found that it was
approximately 1800 years old, correct to the nearest 100 years. Between what years was the
pottery probably made?
8 The capacity of a rainwater tank is 8700 L, correct to the nearest 100 L. Within what limits
does the actual capacity of the tank lie?
9 State the lower and upper bounds for each of the following.
a The height of a child is 140 cm, correct to the nearest 10 cm.
b The time required to fly from Sydney to Perth is 3 h 50 min, correct to the nearest
20 min.
c The capacity of a swimming pool is 1500 kL, correct to the nearest 50 kL.
d The mass of a woman is 84 kg, correct to the nearest kilogram.
e The length of a beetle is 12 mm, correct to the nearest millimetre.
f The mass of a cargo container is 46 t, correct to the nearest tonne.
g The length of an envelope is 16 cm, correct to the nearest centimetre.
h The height of a building is 135 m, correct to the nearest metre.

10 a The masses of a set of objects are given as 15.2 g, 13.7 g, 9.4 g and 20.1 g. What do you
think were the smallest intervals on the measuring instrument used?
b Would it be appropriate to give a measurement of 10.63 g using this instrument?

11 State the lower and upper bounds for each of these measurements.
a 7 mm b 2 cm c 8 km d 15 m
e 1.6 cm f 4.3 km g 6.8 m h 12.1 mm
i 2.8 m j 17.3 mm k 23.6 cm l 30.0 km
150 Mathscape 9

12 State the limits between which each measurement lies.

a 6 kg b 6.5 L c 22.36 t d 25°C
e 5.1 mL f 0.8 kL g 160.4 cm h 11.7 g
i 10.0 L j 103 dB k 4.9 kg l 0.05 Hz

■ Further applications
13 A rectangular piece of glass is to be cut with dimensions 72 cm × 85 cm.
a Find the greatest possible length and width.
b Find the least possible length and width.
c Within what limits should the area of the glass lie?

5.3 Time
We use time to order the events that take place in our everyday lives. Without time, it would
not be possible to say which event came before or after another event. We often measure the
degree of change in a particular situation according to the amount of time that passes; for
example, when calculating the speed of a moving object. The speed is, in fact, a measure of the
change in distance with respect to the elapsed time.

The common conversions for time are:

60 s = 1 min (i.e. 60 seconds = 1 minute)

60 min = 1 h (i.e. 60 minutes = 1 hour)

24 h = 1 day (i.e. 24 hours = 1 day)

We use instruments such as watches and clocks to tell the time. These are either analog or
digital. Time pieces with rotating hands are called analog, whereas those that display digits
only are called digital. Many digital watches and clocks operate in 24-hour time; that is, from
00:00 to 24:00 hours, rather than in am or pm time.

To convert from 12-hour time to 24-hour time:

add 12 hours to the time if it is 1 pm or greater

write the time using 4 digits.

Many time calculations can be more easily performed with the use of the degrees and minutes,
or DMS and ° ' '' keys on the calculator. It may first be necessary to express one of the given
times in 24-hour time.

Example 1
EG Use the degrees and minutes key on the calculator to convert:
+S
a 1.25 h to hours and minutes b 3 h 21 min to hours
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 151

Solutions
a Press 1.25 2nd F DMS . The display of 1°15′ is then interpreted as 1 h 15 min.
b Press 3 DMS 21 DMS 2nd F DMS . Therefore, 3 h 21 min = 3.35 h.

Example 2
EG Express each of these 12-hour times in 24-hour time.
+S
a 5:30 am b 3:48 pm

Solutions
a To express 5:30 am in 24-hour time, add a 0 at the beginning. That is, 5:30 am is written
as 05:30.
b To express 3:48 pm in 24-hour time, add 12 to the number of hours. That is, 3:48 pm is
written as 15:48.

Example 3
EG Express each of these 24-hour times in 12-hour time.
+S
a 07:00 b 16:32

Solutions
a The time is before 12 noon, ∴ 07:00 = 7 am.
b The time is after 12 noon, so we must subtract 12 h, ∴ 16:32 = 4:32 pm.

Example 4
EG How long is it in hours and minutes from 8:45 am to 2:12 pm?
+S
Solution
Since one of the times is am and the other is pm, we change the times to 24-hour time, then
find the difference using the degrees and minutes key on the calculator.
Press 14 DMS 12 DMS − 8 DMS 45 DMS = . The display of 5°27′ is then interpreted
as 5 h 27 min.

Exercise 5.3

1 Convert:
a 1 min = s b 1 h = min c 1 day = h
d 3 h = min e 2 days = h f 5 min = s
g 1--2- h = min h --- min =
3
4
s i --- day =
2
3
h
j 1 1--2- min = s k 3 --4- days = h
1
l 2 --6- h = min
5

m 180 s = min n 72 h = days o 420 s = min

p 90 s = min q 75 min = h r 32 h = days
152 Mathscape 9

2 a Explain why 1.25 h does not mean 1 h 25 min.

b Express 1.25 h in hours and minutes.

■ Consolidation
3 In simplest form, what fraction is:
a 20 min of 1 h? b 45 s of 1 min? c 3 h of 1 day?
d 36 s of 2 min? e 4 h of 2 days? f 100 min of 3 h?
g 28 h of 1 1--2- days? h 55 s of 1 2--3- min? i 42 min of 2 4--5- h?

4 Express each time in minutes and seconds, without the use of a calculator.
a 1.1 min b 2.4 min c 3.25 min d 4.75 min
5 Use the degrees and minutes key on your calculator to express each time in hours and
minutes.
a 1.9 h b 0.35 h c 3.45 h d 2.8 h

6 Use the degrees and minutes key on your calculator to express each time in hours.
a 1 h 24 min b 2 h 42 min c 4 h 45 min d 36 min

7 Simplify:
a 1 h 45 min + 1 h 15 min b 2 h 35 min + 1 h 50 min
c 3 h 10 min − 1 h 24 min d 7 h 30 min − 3 h 52 min
e 3 × 1 h 25 min f 5 h 16 min × 5
g 1 h 36 min ÷ 3 h 4 h 20 min ÷ 8
i 33 min ÷ 6 j 41 min ÷ 12
k 1 h 33 min + 48 min 15 s l 3 h 24 min − 1 h 45 min 37 s
8 Express each of these in 24-hour time.
a 2 am b 7 pm c 12 midnight d 12 noon
e 4:30 am f 1:45 pm g 11:59 pm h 12:24 am
9 Express each of these in standard 12-hour time.
a 04:00 b 07:30 c 13:00 d 15:20
e 08:15 f 16:35 g 20:00 h 23:47

10 How long is it, in hours and minutes, from:

a 5:30 am to 12 noon? b 8 am to 2:15 pm? c 7:40 am to 7:30 pm?
d 4:45 am to 10:30 am? e 9:48 am to 5:22 pm? f 11:19 am to 10:08 pm?

11 Calculate the time difference between:

a 7:20 pm Saturday and 2:05 am Sunday b 9:12 am Thursday and 12 noon Friday
12 What will the time be:
a 6 h 40 min after 9:20 am? b 9 h 26 min after 12:57 am?
c 3 h 10 min before 8:05 pm? d 11 h 23 min before 5:16 pm?
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 153

13 The timetable below shows a section of the weekday timetable for trains running between
North Sydney and Emu Plains.
NORTH SYDNEY – RICHMOND/EMU PLAINS (MONDAY – FRIDAY)
am am am am am am am am am am am am am am am am am am
NORTH SYDNEY 7:57 8:00 8:12 8:16 8:24 8:33 8:39 8:54 9:02
Milsons Point 7:59 8:02 8:14 8:17 8:26 8:35 8:41 8:56 9:04
WYNYARD
8:02 8:05 8:17 8:20 8:29 8:38 8:44 8:59 9:07
TOWN HALL
8:05 8:08 8:20 8:23 8:32 8:41 8:47 9:02 9:10
CENTRAL arr. 8:08 8:11 8:23 8:26 8:35 8:44 8:50 9:05 9:13
dep. 7:32 8:07i 8:09 8:12 8:22i 8:24 8:27 8:10 8:36 8:45 8:51 9:02i 8:31 9:06 9:14
REDFERN 7:34 8:10 8:13 8:25 8:28 8:12 8:37 8:46 8:52 8:33 9:07 9:15
BURWOOD VIA 8:20 8:23 8:35 8:38 VIA 8:47 8:56 9:02 VIA 9:25
STRATHFIELD arr. BWU 8:18 8:22 8:25 8:33 8:37 8:40 BWU 8:49 8:58 9:04 9:13 BWU 9:18 9:27
dep. 8:19 8:23 8:26 8:34 8:38 8:41 8:50 8:59 9:05 9:14 9:19 9:28
Flemington
Lidcombe
8:32 8:43 8:46 8:55 9:10 9:33
Auburn 8:17 8:34 8:48 8:54 9:16 8:35
Clyde 8:21 8:37 8:51 8:57 9:20 9:38
Granville 8:24 8:28 8:33 8:39 8:48 8:53 8:59 9:01 9:09 9:16 9:22 9:29 9:40
Harris Park 8:26 8:41 8:55 9:00 9:17 9:24 9:42
PARRAMATTA arr.
8:28 8:30 8:35 8:43 8:44 8:50 8:56 9:02 9:03 9:11 9:19 9:24 9:26 9:31 9:43
dep. 8:29 8:31 8:36 8:40 8:44 8:45 8:51 8:57 9:03 9:04 9:10 9:12 9:20 9:25 9:27 9:31 9:32 9:44
Westmead 8:32 8:38 8:42 8:46 8:53 9:00 9:05 9:12 9:14 9:22 9:27 9:30 9:33 9:34 9:46
Wentworthville 8:34 8:48 8:55 9:07 9:24 9:35
Pendle Hill 8:36 8:51 8:57 9:09 9:27 9:37
Toongabbie 8:38 8:53 9:00 9:12 9:29 9:40

Seven Hills 8:41 8:44 8:48 8:56 9:03 9:05 9:15 9:18 9:20 9:32 9:35 9:43 9:40 9:52
BLACKTOWN arr.
8:45 8:52 9:07 9:19 9:14 9:36 9:39 9:47
dep. 8:41 8:48 9:00 9:08 9:09 9:22 9:24 9:37 9:36 9:44 9:56
Marayong 9:10 9:40
Quakers Hill 9:14 9:43
Schofields 9:19 9:48
Riverstone 9:22 9:51
Vineyard UA 9:25 9:54
Mulgrave 9:29 9:58
Windsor 9:32 10:02
Clarendon 9:36 10:06
East Richmond 9:38 10:08
Richmond 9:40 10:10
Doonside 8:51 9:03 9:12 9:27 9:47 9:59
Rooty Hill 8:54 9:06 9:15 9:30 9:50 10:02
MOUNT DRUITT 8:56 9:08 9:17 9:28 9:33 9:52 10:04
St Marys
9:01 9:13 9:22 9:33 9:37 9:57 10:09
Werrington 9:05 9:15 9:24 9:39 9:59 10:11
Kingswood 9:09 9:19 9:28 9:37 9:43 10:03 10:15
PENRITH
8:54 9:12 9:23 9:07 9:31 9:41 9:46 9:49 10:06 10:18
Emu Plains 8:57 9:34 9:52 10:21
Proceeds to SGD LTH KTO

Station has wheelchair access and elevators to platforms. Source: 21 May 2000 timetable Cityrails (NSW)

a When does the 8 am train from North Sydney reach Strathfield?

b Roger got off the train at Pendle Hill at 8:51 am. At what time did he board the train at
Lidcombe?
c How long does the 8:41 am train from Town Hall take to reach:
i Burwood? ii Parramatta? iii Penrith?
d How much quicker is the 8:54 am train trip from North Sydney to Strathfield than the
9:02 trip? Why?
154 Mathscape 9

e Alana arrived at Lidcombe station at 8:57 am. How long must she wait for the next
train to:
i Wentworthville? ii Clyde?
f Gary is confined to a wheelchair and can only use train stations that have wheelchair
access. Can he catch a train from Granville to Blacktown?
g Drew arrived at Town Hall station at 8:10 am and bought a ticket for Toongabbie. Give
a brief description of her trip.

■ Further applications

14 Tina’s 12-hour alarm clock loses 3 minutes every hour. If she sets the clock to the correct
time at 2 pm on Wednesday, 10 May, find when the clock will next show the correct time.

TRY THIS Overseas call

You have planned an overseas trip and you have promised that you will telephone your
parents at 8 pm Melbourne time every day. What local time would you ring your
parents if you were in the following places: Auckland, Singapore, Hong Kong, New
York, London, Athens, Los Angeles, Santiago, Cape Town, Bombay, Tokyo, Jakarta?
(Your telephone book should help. Use Eastern Standard time.)

5.4 Pythagoras’ theorem

Pythagoras’ theorem describes the relationship between the lengths of the sides in any right-
angled triangle.

In any right-angled triangle, the

square on the hypotenuse is equal a c c2 = a2 + b2
to the sum of the squares on the
other two sides
b

For example, in this diagram we can see that the areas are:
A 1 = 52 A 2 = 32 A 3 = 42
= 25 =9 = 16
A1
Now, 25 = 9 + 16
A3
∴ A1 = A2 + A3 5 4
3

A2
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 155

A Pythagorean triad is a set of three positive integers, a, b and c, for which c2 = a2 + b2. That
is, they are integral dimensions of a right-angled triangle. All multiples of Pythagorean triads
are also triads. For example, we know that {3, 4, 5} is a Pythagorean triad. Hence, {6, 8, 10},
{9, 12, 15} and {12, 16, 20} are also Pythagorean triads.

■ The converse of Pythagoras’ theorem

The converse of Pythagoras’ theorem can be used to show that a triangle is right angled.

If the square on one side of a triangle is equal to the sum of the squares on the
other two sides, then the angle between the two shorter sides is a right angle.

Example 1 Q
EG State Pythagoras’ theorem for this triangle using: p
+S r
a side notation b angle notation
P q R
Solutions
a p 2 = q 2 + r2 b QR2 = PQ2 + PR2

Example 2
EG Determine whether each of the following are Pythagorean triads.
+S
a 5, 12, 13 b 7, 8, 9

Solutions
a 132 = 52 + 122 b 92 = 7 2 + 8 2
169 = 25 + 144 81 = 49 + 64
169 = 169 81 = 113
This is a true statement, This is not a true statement,
∴ 5, 12, 13 is a Pythagorean triad. ∴ 7, 8, 9 is not a Pythagorean triad.

Example 3
EG Find the length of the hypotenuse in each of the following, correct to 1 decimal place where
+S necessary.
a 12 cm b
y cm
6 cm
35 cm
a cm

9 cm
156 Mathscape 9

Solutions
a a2 = 122 + 352 b y2 = 6 2 + 9 2
= 144 + 1225 = 36 + 81
= 1369 = 117
∴ a = 1369 ∴ y = 117
= 37 = 10.8 (1 decimal place)
∴ The length of the hypotenuse is 37 cm. ∴ The length of the hypotenuse is 10.8 cm.

Example 4
EG Find the value of the pronumeral in each of these, correct to 1 decimal place where necessary.
+S
a b 11 cm
25 cm
k cm
w cm
19 cm
7 cm

Solutions
a k2 + 72 = 252 b w2 + 112 = 192
k2 + 49 = 625 w2 + 121 = 361
−49 −49 −121 −121
k2 = 576 w2 = 240
∴ k = 576 ∴ w = 240
= 24 = 15.5 (1 decimal place)

Exercise 5.4

1 Write down Pythagoras’ theorem for each triangle using:

i side notation ii angle notation
a b g
P F E c C

q f b a
r e

Q R G A B
p c

2 Write true (T) or false (F) for each of these.

W a XY 2 = XW 2 + WY 2 b XW 2 = WZ 2 + XZ 2
X Z
c YZ 2 = ZW 2 + WY 2 d WY 2 = XW 2 + XY 2
e YZ 2 = WY 2 + XZ 2 f XZ 2 = XY 2 + YZ 2

Y
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 157

3 Draw a right-angled triangle in which: GH 2 = FG2 + FH 2.

4 Use Pythagoras’ theorem to determine which of the following triangles, not drawn to scale,
are right-angled. If the triangle is right-angled, name the hypotenuse.
a C b X 5 c 17
Z R T

4 3 8 15
6 7
A B S
5
Y

d N e F f P
26
9 10
H 40
13 24 42
L G

11 R
M Q 18

5 Which of the following are Pythagorean triads?

a 6, 8, 10 b 3, 5, 7 c 12, 35, 37 d 10, 15, 20

6 Explain, without calculation, why 2, 3, 6 could not be a Pythagorean triad.

7 Find the length of the hypotenuse in each triangle.

a 4m b
pm
5m
3m
xm
12 m
c d tm
em
1.3 m
2m
4.8 m
8.4 m

8 Find the length of the unknown side in each triangle.

a b 53 cm
41 cm
40 cm 28
cm y cm

p cm
158 Mathscape 9

c d
10.1 cm
1.6 cm 2 cm

6.5 cm v cm

k cm

■ Consolidation

9 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of the following. Give your answers correct to
1 decimal place.
a b p mm c
11 mm 28 mm
5 mm
7 mm 23 mm
12 mm
x mm z mm

d e 51 mm f 36 mm

k mm 18 w
mm 69
mm mm
44 mm a mm
18 mm

10 Calculate the length of the diagonal in each figure, correct to 1 decimal place.
a b
x cm 11 cm
xc
m

18 cm
22 cm

11 Calculate the length of the unknown side in each figure, correct to 1 decimal place.
a 27 b
mm
m

q mm
m

x mm
10

14 mm

12 a In ∆QRS, ∠R = 90°, QR = 25 km and RS = 38 km. Find the length of QS, correct to

4 significant figures.
b In ∆XYZ, ∠Z = 90°, XZ = 16.4 m and YZ = 43.7 m. Find the length of XY, correct to the
nearest metre.
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 159

c In ∆ABC, ∠A = 90°, AC = 41 cm and BC = 75 cm. Find the length of AB, correct to the
nearest centimetre.
d In ∆UVW, ∠W = 90°, UV = 62 m and UW = 49 m. Find the length of VW, correct to
4 significant figures.
13 Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the possible lengths of the third side of a right-angled
triangle in which two of the sides measure 6 m and 14.4 m.

14 a A non-right-angled isosceles triangle has a base length of 66 cm and a height of 56 cm.

How long are the equal sides?
b A non-right-angled isosceles triangle has equal sides of length 75 mm and a height of
21 mm. How long is the base?
15 Find the value of d in each figure.
a 5.8 km b 7.7 km

12.2 km 10.1 km
d km d km

8 km 8.5 km

16 Find the length of the chord UV in this circle. V

7.2
3.9 c

cm
m

U W
O

17 In ∆PQR, S is a point on PR such that QS is

15 cm 20 cm
perpendicular to PR.
12 cm
If QS = 12 cm, PQ = 15 cm and QR = 20 cm,
prove that ∠PQR is a right angle.
P R
S
18 Find the value of w. w cm
26 cm 25 cm
m
5c
12.
S 7 cm

19 58
104
km In the diagram, TU = 9 km, SU = 41 km,
41

km SV = 58 km and SW = 104 km.

km

Find the length of VW.

T W
9 km U V
160 Mathscape 9

20 A chord AB of length 30 mm is drawn in a circle, centre O.

C is a point on AB such that OC is perpendicular to AB,
OC = 8 mm and AC = CB. Find the length of the diameter. D
O

m B
8m C
mm
30
A
■ Further applications

21 A In the diagram, AB = 35 mm,

DE = 15 mm and AE = 130 mm.

35 13
0m
a Find the length of BD.
mm m
b Find the length of CD if
D AC = 91 mm.
B C 15 mm
E
22 A ladder of length 8.5 m is placed against a wall and just reaches a window 7.7 m above
the ground. The foot of the ladder slips slightly and causes the top of the ladder to drop by
a distance of 20 cm. How far did the base of the ladder move as a result?
23 If a, b, c are the sides of a right-angled triangle and c is the hypotenuse, prove that any
multiple of a, b, c will also be the sides of a right-angled triangle.
24 The expressions p2 − q2, 2pq, p2 + q2, where p and q are positive integers and p > q can
be used to generate Pythagorean triads. By substituting values for p and q, find at least
10 Pythagorean triads.

TRY THIS Pythagorean proof by Perigal

M
The mathematician Perigal produced this proof for
Pythagoras’ theorem. Try it!
L
1 Draw a right-angled triangle, ABC.
2 Draw squares on all three sides. A
3 Find the centre of square BCDE. Call it F.
1
4 Draw a line GH such that GH is parallel to AC and B J
2 C
passes through F. G
F
5 Draw a line JK such that JK is perpendicular to GH. 4
3
6 Cut pieces 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 out and use them to H
5
cover totally square ACLM. E D
K
7 Can you find your own way of proving Pythagoras’ theorem?
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 161

5.5 Solving problems with

Pythagoras’ theorem
Example 1 Solution N
EG A ship sailed 45 nautical x2 = 452 + 722
+S miles (nm) due north, then x2 = 2025 + 5184
72 nm

turned and sailed 72 nautical x2 = 7209 45 nm

x nm
miles due west. How far is ∴ x = 7209 W E
the ship then from its
= 84.9 nm (1 decimal place) S
starting point?

Example 2
EG Find values for a and b, 20 b
+S correct to 1 decimal place. a

Solutions 13 9.5

i a2 + 132 = 202 ii b2 = 15.22 + 9.52

a2 + 169 = 400 b2 = 231.04 + 90.25
–169 –169 b2 = 321.29
a2 = 231 ∴ b = 321.29
∴a = 231 = 17.9 (1 decimal place)
=15.2
(1 decimal place)

Exercise 5.5

1 Find the values of the pronumerals in each of these. All measurements are in kilometres.
a 3.6 8.4 b 2.1 c 1.8 6.6
y
a
11.1 b x u 8.2
7.2 v

12.5

2 a A ladder reaches 7.5 m up a wall and the foot of the ladder is 2.4 m away from the base
of the wall. Find, correct to the nearest centimetre, the length of the ladder.
b A ladder of length 4.5 m leans against a wall. The foot of the ladder is 1.2 m away from
the base of the wall. How far up the wall does the ladder reach, correct to 1 decimal
place?
162 Mathscape 9

■ Consolidation
3 Answer each of the following, correct to 1 decimal place.
a A ship sailed 6 km due north, then changed course and sailed 14 km due east. How far
is the ship from its starting point?
b A pilot flew a light plane 45 km due south, then turned and flew 72 km due west. How
far is the pilot from his starting point?
c Harry cycled due west from C to D for 8 km, then cycled due north to E. If E is 21 km
from C, find how far north he cycled.
d Emilia drove due east from J to K, then turned and drove 15 km due south to L. If L is
48 km from J, find how far east she drove.
4 d cm A cone has a slant height of 45 cm and a perpendicular height
of 12.6 cm. Find the length of the diameter.
12.6 45 cm
cm

5 A straight stretch of inclined road to a mountain

cabin rises 3 m vertically for every 14 m
horizontally. Find in kilometres, correct to
1 decimal place, the length of the road if the
cabin is 750 m higher than the surrounding area.

6 A guy rope 6 m long is drawn from the top of a tent and

A makes an angle of 45° with the ground. How high is the
tent, to the nearest tenth of a metre? (HINT: Does
h AB = BC? Why?)
B
45°
6m
C
7 A hot air balloon is tethered to the ground at A by a
9 m long rope. The balloon is 5.4 m horizontally from A.
How far above the ground is the balloon?
9m
hm
A
5.4 m

8 While out orienteering a group of students walked 350 m due west, 290 m due north and
560 m due east. How far, to the nearest metre, are the students from their starting point?
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 163

9 The height of a roof truss is 1.6 m and the

sloping width of the roof is 6.5 m. Find the
1.6 m 6.5 m length of the span.

span

■ Further applications
10 Two air force jets took off from the same airport at 3 pm. One jet flew due south at
320 km/h while the other flew due west at 370 km/h. How far apart are the jets at
5:30 pm if each maintains the same course and speed? (Answer correct to the nearest whole
kilometre.)
11 The Mountain Top Ski Resort is situated on top of a 3.6 km high mountain. A cable car
from the resort travels along the cable at 5 m/s and takes 13 min to reach the ground station
from the resort.
a How long is the cable?
b How far is the ground station from the foot of the mountain?

12 Find the length of the longest rod that will fit

completely inside this rectangular prism.
50.4 cm

23.1 cm
39.2 cm

TRY THIS The box and the wall

A square box of side 5 cm is leaning against a vertical wall P
as shown, with R 4 cm from the wall. Find the height of P
above the floor. S

m Q
5c
R
164 Mathscape 9

5.6 Perimeter
The perimeter of a two-dimensional figure is the total distance around its boundary.
The formulae below can also be used to find the perimeter of some common figures.
Square Rectangle Equilateral triangle

s
s B

P = 4s L P = 3s
P = 2L + 2B

To find the perimeter of general figures:

find the lengths of any unknown sides

add the lengths of all sides that form part of the boundary.

Example 1
EG Find the perimeter of each figure.
+S
a 18.7 cm b
12.4 cm
13.5 cm

15.8 cm
Solutions
a P = 2L + 2B b P = (2 × 12.4) + 15.8
= (2 × 18.7) + (2 × 13.5) = 24.8 + 15.8
= 37.4 + 27 = 40.6 cm
= 64.4 cm

Example 2
EG Find the total perimeter of this figure. 6.7 cm
+S A B

9.4 cm
E F 16.9 cm
10.3 cm
D C
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 165

Solution
To do this, you first need to find the lengths of
the unknown sides. 6.7 cm
i AF = BC − ED A B
= 16.9 − 10.3 6.6 cm
= 6.6 cm
9.4 cm
ii DC = EF + AB E F
16.9 cm
= 9.4 + 6.7
10.3 cm
= 16.1 cm
iii P = 6.7 + 16.9 + 16.1 + 10.3 + 9.4 + 6.6 D C
16.1 cm
= 66 cm

Example 3 B
EG a Find the length of AB.
+S
b Hence, find the perimeter of ∆ ABC.

Solutions 9 cm
a i AD = 9.6 ÷ 2 ii =
AB2 +
AD2 BD2
= 4.8 cm = 4.82 + 92 A D C
= 104.04 9.6 cm
∴ AB = 104.04
= 10.2 cm
b Perimeter = AB + BC + AC
= 10.2 + 10.2 + 9.6
= 30 cm

Exercise 5.6

1 Find the perimeter of each figure. (All dimensions are in cm.)

a b 12 c
8 13
7.8
5.7

10.4

d e 31 f
18.3 60°
27.15
26.4 60° 60°

20.6
166 Mathscape 9

g h 11.4 i 17.5
12.4
6.3
9.2

16.9

2 a Find the perimeter of a rhombus whose sides are 14.8 mm.

b A rectangle has a length of 10 cm and a width of 6.5 cm. Find the perimeter.
c A regular octagon has sides of length 7.1 m. What is its perimeter?
d An isosceles triangle has a base of length 19.4 cm and equal sides of length 23.55 cm.
Find its perimeter.

■ Consolidation
3 a A square has a perimeter of 52 mm. How long are the sides?
b A regular dodecagon has a perimeter of 105 mm. Find its side length.
c An isosceles triangle has a base length of 16.2 cm and a perimeter of 35.8 cm. What
length are the equal sides?
d A parallelogram has a perimeter of 48 m and the longer parallel sides each have a length
of 15 m. How long are the shorter sides?
4 a Find the side length of a square whose perimeter is equal to that of an equilateral
triangle with sides 12 cm.
b Find the width of a rectangle whose length is 18.5 cm and perimeter is the same as that
of a regular hexagon of side length 9 cm.
c Find the perimeter of a rhombus whose sides are the same length as those of a regular
heptagon whose perimeter is 56 cm.
5 Calculate the total perimeter of each figure. All angles are right angles and all
measurements are in millimetres.
a 9 b c 6.4
11 5.8
15 7 2
22 4.3
13
4 2.7

2.1

12.5
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 167

d 16.8 e 15.4 f 5.9

8.2 4.8 2.4
9 1.6
7.2 6.7

8.5
17.6 14.4
5.6 4.7 13.6
8.2 5.1 10.6
2.8
19.8 12.9 23.8

g 12.4 h 14.9 i 14.6

8.3 5.5 3.3
5.7 2.9 7.2
3.1
2
3.2 3.6 12 3.5
9.3 5.7
7.6 14.5
8.3 8
3.7
2.5
10.5

6 An athletics field is 130 m long and 45 m wide. How far, in kilometres, will an athlete run
if she completes 15 laps of the field?

7 A 3.5 cm wide frame is made to surround a print measuring 45 cm by 18 cm. Find the
perimeter of the framed print.
4370 1520
8 Find the cost to replace the guttering around 5210 5210
the roof of this house at $36.25 per metre.
(All measurements are in millimetres)
11 840
8060

9 The frieze shown is to be placed around the top of the walls

in Tamara’s bedroom, which measures 4.2 m by 2.75 m.
The frieze is sold in 4 m rolls at $16.80 per roll.
a What length of frieze is required?
b How many rolls of frieze are needed?
c Calculate the total cost.

10 Rebecca walks once around the boundary of a square park every morning for exercise.
Her average walking speed is 3.2 km/h and it takes her 45 min to complete one lap of the
park. Find, in metres, the side length of the park.
168 Mathscape 9

11 Find values for p and q, then find the perimeter of each figure.
a b 10.6 cm

51 cm
40 cm
p cm 7.2 cm p cm
5.6 cm

45 cm q cm q cm

12 a A rectangle has a perimeter of 51 mm and a length of 18 mm. Find the length of its
diagonals.
b A square has a perimeter of 12 m. Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the length of its
diagonals.
13 Find the perimeter of each figure.
a b 17.2 m c E F
60 mm

12.8 m EG = 7.2 km
FH = 15.4 km
64 mm H G
7.6 m
Y
14 In the isosceles triangle XYZ, XY = YZ and XZ = 10 cm.
The perimeter of the triangle is 36 cm.
Find the height h cm. h cm

X Z
10 cm
27.2 m

15 24 m A square-based pyramid has a perpendicular height of 24 m

and a slant height of 27.2 m. Find the perimeter of the base.

16 Find, correct to 3 significant figures, the altitude of an equilateral triangle whose perimeter
is 300 mm.
17 The rhombus QRST has a perimeter of 388 mm and the diagonal QS = 130 mm.
Find the length of the other diagonal RT.

■ Further applications
24 cm
18 A rectangle with dimensions 5 cm by 24 cm is cut into
a triangle and a trapezium as shown. The pieces are then
rearranged to form a right-angled triangle. How much 5 cm
greater is the perimeter of the resulting triangle than that
of the rectangle?
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 169

19 Three circles with centres O, P and Q are drawn so that each circle touches the other two.
Two of these circles have diameters of length 12 cm and 18 cm. The perimeter of ∆OPQ is
46 cm. Find the length of the radius in the third circle.

20 The length and perimeter of a rectangle are in the ratio 5 : 16. Find the length and perimeter
of the rectangle if the width is 72 cm.
21 The perpendicular sides of a right-angled triangle have lengths in the ratio 3 : 4.
The perimeter of the triangle is 168 cm. Find the lengths of the sides. (HINT: Let the
perpendicular sides have lengths 3x and 4x, then show that the length of the hypotenuse
is 5x.)

5.7 Circumference
■ Circumference
Circumference is the perimeter of a closed curve. The irrational number π (pronounced pi) is
defined as the length of the circumference (C ) divided by the length of the diameter (d ). That is,
C
π = ---- . This ratio is the same for any circle, no matter the size, and its approximate value is
d
3.142 (3 decimal places).

The circumference of a
circle with diameter d units
or radius r units is given by: d r

C = πd C = 2πr

■ Length of an arc
The length of an arc which l
subtends an angle θ at the
centre of a sector is given by:
θ
l = 2πr × ---------
360 r r

θ
170 Mathscape 9

Example 1
EG Calculate the circumference of each circle, correct to 1 decimal place.
+S
a b
9m mm
m 21

Solutions
a C = πd b C = 2πr
=π×9 = 2 × π × 21
= 28.3 mm (1 decimal place) = 131.9 mm (1 decimal place)
NOTE: In these examples, the exact circumferences would be 9π mm and 42π mm.

Example 2 Solution
EG Find, correct to 2 decimal C = πd
+S places, the length of the 35 = πd
diameter in a circle whose 35
circumference is 35 m. ∴ d = ------
π
= 11.14 m (2 decimal places)

Example 3 Solutions
EG θ
Find the total perimeter of each a i l = 2πr × ---------
+S figure, correct to 1 decimal place.
360
45
= 2 × π × 15 × ---------
a 360
= 11.8 cm (1 decimal place)
ii P = 11.8 + 15 + 15
= 41.8 cm
15 cm 45° b 50 cm

b 50 cm
24 cm

24 12 cm l
cm

24
cm 38 cm
i l = πd × 1
---
2
= π × 24 × 1--2-
= 37.7 cm (1 decimal place)
ii P = 37.7 + 24 + 38 + 38
= 137.7 cm
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 171

Exercise 5.7

1 Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the circumference of each circle using the formula C = πd.
a b c d
32
6 cm cm .8
cm
11 47.5
cm

2 Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the circumference of each circle using the formula
C = 2πr.
a b c d

4 mm mm 40.2 mm
17 23.5
mm

3 Find, correct to 3 significant figures, the circumference of a circle whose:

a diameter is 9.6 cm b diameter is 13.45 m
c radius is 22.7 mm d radius is 51.8 cm

■ Consolidation
4 Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the diameter of a circle whose circumference is:
a 20 m b 35.5 m c 42.74 m

5 Find the length of the radius in a circle whose circumference is 24.1 cm. Give your answer
correct to 3 significant figures.

6 Determine, in terms of π, the circumference of a circle with:

a diameter 7 cm b diameter 13 cm c radius 10 cm d radius 31 cm

7 Write down the length of the diameter and radius in a circle whose circumference is:
a 8π mm b 22π mm c 36π mm d 50π mm

8 The wheels in Goran’s jeep have a diameter of 42 cm. How far will the jeep travel if the
wheels rotate through 50 000 revolutions? Give your answer correct to the nearest
kilometre.
9 The diameter of a bicycle wheel is 25 cm. How many complete revolutions are needed for
the bicycle to travel a distance of 400 m?
172 Mathscape 9

10 A 37.7 km motor race is to be conducted around a circular race track with an average radius
of 60 m.
a Find the circumference of the track, correct to the nearest metre.
b How many laps of the track must be completed by each car?

11 The second hand in a clock is 5 cm long. How far would the tip of the hand travel in
2 h 25 min? Give your answer in metres, correct to the nearest centimetre.
12 A wire square of side 32 cm is re-formed into the shape of a circle. Find the length of the
radius, correct to 1 decimal place.
13 Find, correct to the nearest centimetre, the perimeter of the smallest square into which a
circle with circumference 75.4 cm can be inscribed.

14 Calculate the total perimeter of each figure, correct to 1 decimal place.

a 32 m b c

12 m

74.6 m

d e f 8m

72°
120°
60° 11.3 m
4.7 m

g h i
29 m 63.2 m

150° 225°
19.4 m

15 Find the total perimeter of each figure, correct to 1 decimal place.

a 33 cm b c

8c 8c
m m 4.8 cm
10 cm 2.5
cm
10 cm
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 173

d e f 7.2 cm

31.4
A B C D cm

AB = BC = CD,
AD = 12 cm
18.7 cm

g h i

P S
36.4 cm
10 cm Q R
120° 80°

6 cm O

18 cm
OP = 26 cm

j k l

11.8 cm
6.6 cm 4 cm 4 cm

20 cm
7 cm

16 Use Pythagoras’ theorem to help you find the perimeter of each figure, correct to 1 decimal
place.
a 77 m b c 6m
m
12

m 31 m 17 m
85 12 m

25 m 18 m

■ Further applications
17 A chord AB of length 30 cm is drawn inside a circle centre O with circumference 78π cm
and parallel to a diameter CD. How far is the chord from the centre of the circle?
174 Mathscape 9

18 The circumference of an ellipse can be approximated using

2 2 a b a
a +b
the formula C ⯐ 2π ----------------- , where a, b are the semi-major
2 b
and semi-minor axes respectively.
Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the approximate circumference of each ellipse.
a b c
6 cm
8 cm 8 cm
7 cm
6 cm 10 cm

cm
24
11
cm

TRY THIS Command module

Humans first stepped on the Moon in 1969. While Neil R
Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin stepped out of the Apollo 11
lunar landing craft, Michael Collins remained in the Moon

140°
command module circling the Moon. When the Earth O shad
command module passed behind the Moon as ow
viewed from the Earth, it lost contact with mission
control. This was quite a worrying time. The point L
represents where the signal was lost and the point R L
Orbit
represents where the signal was regained.
The crucial question is:
For how long was the lunar craft out of contact with the Earth?
Given that the speed of the command module was 5960 km/h, the height of orbit
above the Moon’s surface was 110 km, the diameter of the Moon is 3477 km and
angle LOR = 140°, find how long the command module was out of contact with Earth.

5.8 Converting units of area

■ Units of area
Consider a square with side length 1 cm, or 10 mm. 10 mm
Taking the side length as 1 cm, area = 1 cm × 1 cm
= 1 cm2
1 cm
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 175

Taking the side length as 10 mm, area = 10 mm × 10 mm

= 100 mm2
Equating these results, we see that 1 cm2 = 100 mm2. Similarly, it can be shown that
1 m2 = 10 000 cm2 and 1 km2 = 1 000 000 m2. In each case, we could have converted to the
smaller unit of area by multiplying by the square of the linear conversion factor—10 2, 1002
or 10002.

To convert between units of area:

multiply or divide by the square of the linear conversion factor.

Units such as square millimetres (mm2), square centimetres (cm2) and square metres (m2) are
used to describe small areas. However, large areas are more conveniently measured in square
kilometres (km2) or hectares (ha), where 1 ha = 10 000 m2.

1 ha = 10 000 m2 (i.e. 1 hectare = 10 000 square metres)

Example 1
EG Convert:
+S
a 3.7 m2 to cm2 b 45 mm2 to cm2

Solutions
a 3.7 m2 = (3.7 × 1002) cm2 b 45 mm2 = (45 ÷ 102) cm2
= (3.7 × 10 000) cm2 = (45 ÷ 100) cm2
= 37 000 cm2 = 0.45 cm2

Example 2
EG Convert:
+S
a 18 ha to m2 b 53 000 m2 to ha

Solutions
a 18 ha = (18 × 10 000) m2 b 53 000 m2 = (53 000 ÷ 10 000) ha
= 180 000 m2 = 5.3 ha

Exercise 5.8

1 Complete each of the following conversions.

a 1 cm2 = mm2 b 1 m2 = cm2 c 1 km2 = m2
d 1 mm2 = cm2 e 1 cm2 = m2 f 1 m2 = km2

2 Convert each of the following by multiplying by the square of the linear conversion factor.
a 3 m2 to cm2 b 7 km2 to m2 c 6 cm2 to mm2
d 1.24 km2 to m2 e 4.5 m2 to cm2 f 9.7 cm2 to mm2
176 Mathscape 9

g 2.56 m2 to cm2 h 18.75 cm2 to mm2 i 0.16 km2 to m2

j 0.4 cm2 to mm2 k 0.057 km2 to m2 l 0.0013 m2 to cm2

3 Convert each of the following by dividing by the square of the linear conversion factor.
a 400 mm2 to cm2 b 90 000 cm2 to m2 c 5 000 000 m2 to km2
2
d 28 000 cm to m 2 2
e 650 mm to cm 2 f 7 400 000 m2 to km2
g 198 mm2 to cm2 h 3 280 000 m2 to km2 i 43 390 cm2 to m2
2
j 7000 cm to m 2 2
k 15 mm to cm 2 l 1 095 600 m2 to km2

■ Consolidation
4 Copy and complete each of these conversions.
a 5 cm2 = mm2 b 700 mm2 = cm2 c 8 m2 = cm2
d 6 400 000 m2 = km2 e 150 000 cm2 = m2 f 9 km2 = m2
g 56.7 m = cm
2 2 h 37 mm2 = cm2 i 0.9 cm2 = mm2
j 816 000 m = km
2 2 k 0.02 m2 = cm2 l 0.045 km2 = m2
m 0.3 mm = cm
2 2 n 6 cm2 = m2 o 0.000 78 cm2 = mm2

5 Complete each of the following conversions.

a 1 ha = m2 b 4 ha = m2 c 9.5 ha = m2
d 20 000 m = ha
2 e 75 000 m2 = ha f 360 000 m2 = ha
g 0.5 ha = m2 h 6000 m2 = ha i 900 m2 = ha
j 1.26 ha = m 2 k 3 m2 = ha l 0.02 ha = m2

■ Further applications
6 Convert:
a 3 m2 to mm2 b 0.0005 m2 to mm2 c 169 000 mm2 to m2
d 750 000 mm2 to m2 e 21 700 000 cm2 to km2 f 0.000 000 744 km2 to mm2

7 Convert:
a 0.004 75 ha to cm2 b 120 000 cm2 to ha

5.9 Calculating area

The area of a plane figure is the amount of space enclosed by its boundary. It can be calculated
by finding the number of unit squares that will fit inside the figure. For common figures,
however, the following formulae may be used.
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 177

Rectangle Square Triangle

b s h

l b
A = lb A = s2 A= 1–
bh
2

Parallelogram Rhombus and kite Trapezium

a
x x
h
h y
y
b
b
A = bh A= 1–
xy A = h (a + b)
2 2

These last three formulae can be derived by dividing each figure into rectangles and triangles.

■ Proofs
1 Rectangle
Divide the rectangle into l columns and b rows, each of width D C
1 unit. The rectangle has now been divided into small
b
squares, each of which has an area of 1 unit2. As there are
l squares in each of the b rows, the total number of unit
squares inside the rectangle must be l × b. A B
l
∴ The area of rectangle ABCD = l × b.
2 Triangle
E A1 = 1
--- area of ABEF
B C 2

A2 = 1
---
2
area of FECD
h
A1 A2
A1 + A2 = 1
---
2
(area of ABEF + area of FECD)
A F D
b = 1
---
2
× area of ABCD

= 1
---
2
× bh

∴ area of ∆AED = 1--2- bh

178 Mathscape 9

3 Parallelogram
B C Area = A 1 + A 2
bh bh
A2 h = ------ + ------
2 2
A1
2bh
= ---------
A D 2
b
∴ area of parallelogram ABCD = bh

4 Rhombus
B C Let AC = x and BD = y.
y
BE = DE = --- (diagonals bisect each other in a rhombus)
2
A1
Area = A 1 + A 2
E A2 = ( 1--2- × AC × BE ) + ( 1--2- × AC × DE )

= ⎛ 1--2- × x × ---⎞ + ⎛ 1--2- × x × ---⎞

y y
A D ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
xy xy
= ----- + -----
4 4
2xy
= ---------
4
∴ area of rhombus ABCD = --2- xy
1

5 Trapezium
a Area = A 1 + A 2
ah bh
A1 = ------ + ------
h 2 2
A2
h
∴ area of trapezium ABCD = --- (a + b)
b
2
NOTE: The proof for the area of a square obviously follows directly from that of the rectangle.
The proof for the area of a kite is similar to that of the rhombus.

Example
EG Find the area of each figure.
+S
a b 9 cm c

5 cm 8 6.4 cm
cm

10.5 cm
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 179

d E F e 6.3 cm f Q

P R
12 cm

H G
15.4 cm
S
EG = 9.2 cm
FH = 14.6 cm PR = 8.5 cm
QS = 21 cm

Solutions
bh
a A = s2 b A = ------ c A = bh
2
= 52 = 10.5 × 6.4
9×8
∴ A = 25 cm2 = ------------ ∴ A = 67.2 cm2
2
∴ A = 36 cm2
h
d A = 1--2- xy e A = --- (a + b) f A = 1--2- xy
2
= 1
---
2
× 9.2 × 14.6 12
= ------ (6.3 + 15.4) = 1
---
2
× 8.5 × 21
2
∴ A = 67.16 cm2 ∴ A = 89.25 cm2
= 6 × 21.7
∴ A = 130.2 cm2

Exercise 5.9

1 Write down the area of each figure, in square units.

a b

2 Find the area of each figure.

a b c 5 cm d 11.2 cm

4.3 cm
13 cm
7 cm 5.6 cm
180 Mathscape 9

3 Find the area of each triangle.

a b c

10.8 m
9m 8m

10 m 18 m 7m
4 Find the area of each parallelogram.
a b c
4c
m cm
14 cm 6.1 8.4
cm

m
5c
16.
20 cm

d e f
cm
.6
11
12 cm

2 cm 5.5 cm
13.6 cm

5 cm

5 Find the area of each rhombus.

a A B b Q c J K

P R
D C M L
AC = 8 m PR = 12 m JL = 9.1 m
BD = 11 m S QS = 16.5 m KM = 7.3 m
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 181

d e f
6m
9m 10
.8

m
m 17.4 m

5.1
7.3 m
6 Find the area of each trapezium.
a 6 mm b 7.5 mm c 18.3 mm

12.8 mm
4 mm 15 mm

10 mm 8.2 mm
19.5 mm

d e f 13.3 mm
10.5 mm
8 mm
6 mm 6.9 mm
7 mm 3 mm

18.1 mm
15.7 mm

7 Find the area of each kite.

a Q b U c F

P R EG = 10.3 cm
T V FH = 15.6 cm

PR = 11 cm TV = 21.5 cm
W
QS = 16 cm UW = 9 cm E G

S H
182 Mathscape 9

d e f

8.2
cm
25
12 cm 4 cm cm
m
4. 8c
1

cm
.3
19
■ Consolidation
8 Calculate the area of:
a a square of side 8.5 m
b a rectangle with length 17 cm and width 9.5 cm
c a triangle whose base is 24 mm and height is 15.2 mm
d a rhombus with diagonals measuring 16 m and 21 m
e a parallelogram with a base of 11.3 m and a perpendicular height of 6.5 m
f a trapezium with parallel sides of length 15 cm and 23 cm and a perpendicular height
of 10.5 cm
g a kite whose diagonals are of length 8.6 mm and 19.5 mm

9 A rectangle has a length of 1.2 m and a breadth of 40 cm. Calculate the area in square
metres.
10 a What fraction of this rectangle has been shaded?
b State the area of the shaded triangle if the area of the
rectangle is 66 cm2.
c State the area of the rectangle if the area of the shaded
triangle is 24 cm2.

11 a Find the area of a square whose perimeter is 68 m.

b Find the perimeter of a square whose area is 196 m2.
c Find the side length of a square whose area is equal to that of a rectangle with
dimensions 18 m by 8 m.
12 a The length of a rectangle is 14 m and its area is 112 m2. Find the width.
b The width of a rectangle is 6 m and its perimeter is 44 m. Find the area.
c The length of a rectangle is 22 m and its area is 198 m2. Find the perimeter.

13 a Explain why a rhombus is also a parallelogram.

b Hence, find the area of this rhombus.
5.2 cm

14 Find the area of ∆ABC in which ∠B = 90°, 10 cm

BC = 9 mm and AC = 41 mm.
15 Find the area of a rectangle with a width of 10 mm and
diagonals of 26 mm.
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 183

16 a Find the perpendicular height, h cm, of this isosceles

58 cm triangle.
h cm b Hence, calculate the area.
84 cm 8 cm
17 a Find the value of x.
b Hence, calculate the area of the trapezium. 15 cm
x cm

17 cm
18 The shorter sides in a parallelogram have a length of 5 cm and the perpendicular distance
between the longer sides is 4 cm. Find the area of the parallelogram given that its perimeter
is 38 cm.
19 A rhombus EFGH has a perimeter of 180 mm and the longer diagonal FH is 72 mm long.
a Find the length of the shorter diagonal EG.
b Hence, calculate the area of the rhombus.

20 A rhombus CDEF has an area of 384 mm2 and the shorter diagonal DF is 24 mm long.
a Find the length of the longer diagonal CE.
b Hence, calculate the perimeter of the rhombus.

21 Find, in hectares, the area of each of these fields.

a b c
44

900 m
0m

0m
510 m

85 210 m
1250 m
150 m

22 Find, in simplest form, an algebraic expression for the area of each figure.
a b 2a + 3 c
8n
3y
5a n + 10
184 Mathscape 9

d T U e 3x + 7 f

6x
W V 2d
TV = 6p 5x + 3
UW = 4p + 7 c+3

23 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of these.

a b c F

7 cm x cm
G
E
13 cm
t cm
EG = a cm
Area = 133 cm2 Area = 39 cm2 FH = 26 cm
H
Area = 195 cm2

d 6 cm e f X Y

k cm 27 cm

W Z
18 cm
y cm XZ = p cm, WY = 26 cm

Area = 84 cm2 Area = 243 cm2 Area = 195 cm2

g h 15 cm i L
dc
m
10 cm

K M

28 cm
KM = 14 cm N
m cm LN = u cm
Area = 126 cm2 Area = 130 cm2 Area = 63 cm2
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 185

■ Further applications
24 The sides of a right-angled triangle are in the ratio 8 : 15 : 17. If the perimeter of the triangle
is 160 cm, find the area.
25 Heron’s formula states that the area of any
c triangle with sides a, b, c is given by
a a+b+c
A = s ( s – a ) ( s – b ) ( s – c ) , where s = --------------------- .
2
a Show that a triangle with sides of length 5 cm,
b
12 cm and 13 cm is right-angled.
b Find the area of the triangle using Heron’s formula.
bh
c Verify this answer using A = ------ .
2
26 Use Heron’s formula to find the area of each triangle. Answer correct to 1 decimal place.
a b c
7 mm
5 mm 12 mm 20 mm
12 mm
14 mm
8 mm
11 mm
8 mm

TRY THIS The area of a circle

One of the most difficult problems in mathematics is to find the area of a circle whose
radius is known. Archimedes (c. 287–212 BC), a famous Greek mathematician,
discovered one method which is similar to that given below.
Step 1 Draw a circle of any radius and accurately draw 4 diameters at 45° to one
another to form 8 equal sectors.

r
186 Mathscape 9

Step 2 Cut out the 8 sectors and arrange them as shown. The figure is roughly a
parallelogram. What is its length and vertical height?

r Area of parallelogram =
h
base × vertical height

1
–C
2

Step 3 Cut each sector exactly in half to form 16 sectors. Place the sectors side
by side. The figure is now much closer to a parallelogram. What is its area?

1 Describe the problems with assuming the shape is a parallelogram.

2 How could you reduce these problems?
3 What do you think of the following argument?
If the sectors are made very very very narrow, then the shape becomes very very
very close to a parallelogram. If we imagine the sectors to be so thinly sliced that
their width could not be measured, then the shape becomes an exact
parallelogram.
Area of circle = area of parallelogram
= base × vertical height
= 1---2- circumference × radius

5.10 Area of a circle

■ Area of a circle
The activity above should have convinced you that the area of a circle can be found using the
formula below.

The area of a circle with radius r units

is given by:
r
A = πr2
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 187

■ Area of a sector

The area of a sector which subtends an angle

θ at the centre is given by:
r r
θ
A = πr2 × ---------
360 θ

Example 1
EG Find the area of each circle, correct to 1 decimal place.
+S
a b

14
5 cm

Solutions cm
a A = πr2 b A = πr2
= π × 52 = π × 72
= 78.5 cm2 (1 decimal place) = 153.9 cm2 (1 decimal place)
NOTE: In these examples, the exact areas would be 25π cm2 and 49π cm2.

Example 2 Solution
EG Find, correct to 2 decimal A = πr2
+S
places, the length of the 150 = πr2
radius in a circle whose area 150
is 150 m2. r2 = ---------
π
150
∴ r = ---------
π
= 6.91 m (2 decimal places)

Example 3 a b
EG Find the total area of each
+S
figure, correct to 4
A1 A2
significant figures.
10.7 mm
72° 36 mm
188 Mathscape 9

Solutions
θ
a A = πr2 × ---------
360
72
= π × 10.72 × ---------
360
= 71.94 mm2 (4 significant figures)
θ
b i A1 = 1
---
2
× 18 × 18 ii A2 = πr2 × --------- iii A = A1 + A2
360
= 162 mm2 90 = 162 + 254.5
= π × 182 × --------- = 416.5 mm2
360
= 254.5 mm2 (4 significant figures)

Exercise 5.10

1 Find the area of each circle, correct to 1 decimal place.

a b c d
13

cm
11.4
cm

8 cm
7.5 cm

e f g h
51

117.3 cm
36 cm m .6
2 5c cm

2 Calculate the area of a circle with:

a radius 5 cm b radius 95.3 mm c diameter 42 cm d diameter 19.6 m

■ Consolidation
3 Find, correct to the nearest millimetre, the radius of a circle whose area is:
a 153.9 mm2 b 452.4 mm2 c 4300.8 mm2

4 Determine, correct to the nearest centimetre, the diameter of a circle whose area is
1722 cm2.

5 Find the exact area of a circle with radius:

a 3 cm b 7 mm c 19 m

6 Find the exact area of a circle with diameter:

a 8m b 18 cm c 32 mm

7 a Find the radius of a circle whose area is 9π cm2.

 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 189

b Find the diameter of a circle whose area is 64π cm2.

8 Find the exact area of a circle whose circumference is:

a 10π cm b 16π cm c 26π cm

9 Find the exact circumference of a circle whose area is:

a 36π cm2 b 121π cm2 c 289π cm2

10 Calculate the area of each figure, correct to 1 decimal place. All measurements are in
metres.
a 20 b c

15

d e f 9.4

15°
120°
72° 22.6
12.5

g 51.25 h i
7.8
135° 11.2
140°

11 Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the radius of a circle whose area is equal to that of:
a a square of side 8 cm
b a rhombus with diagonals 28 cm and 52 cm

12 Which has the greater area, a semicircle with diameter 12 cm or a parallelogram with base
8 cm and perpendicular height 7 cm?
8c
m
m

13 a Find the length of the diameter.

6c

b Hence, find the area of the circle, correct to 1 decimal place.

■ Further applications

14 In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle and OP is a

O perpendicular bisector of the chord LM. If LM = 8 cm and
OP = 9.6 cm, find the area of the circle, correct to the
nearest square centimetre.
L P M
190 Mathscape 9

15 The area of an ellipse is given by the formula A = πab,

b
where a, b are the semi-major and semi-minor axes
respectively. Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the area a
of each ellipse.
a b 3 c
cm
8 cm

12
cm

cm
15
cm

10
12 cm

16 Find the length of the diameter in a circle whose area is equal to that of an ellipse with axes
of length 18 cm and 8 cm.

5.11 Composite areas

Not all figures have a single formula that can be used to calculate their area.

To calculate the area of a composite figure, use one of the following methods.
Method 1
When the figure can be subdivided into smaller figures:

divide the figure up into smaller standard figures

calculate the area of each part

add the areas.
Method 2
When a figure(s) has been cut out from a larger figure:

calculate the area of the larger figure

calculate the areas of any smaller figures that have been cut out

subtract the smaller areas from the large area.

Example 1
D A
EG Find the total area, correct to 1 decimal place, if
+S
AC = 20 mm, BD = 48 mm, AD = 26 mm. A1
A2

C B
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 191

Solution
i A1 = 1--2- xy ii A2 = πr 2 × 1
---
2
iii A = A1 + A2
= 480 + 265.5
= 1
--- × 20 × 48 = π × 132 × 1
---
2 2
= 745.5 cm2
= 480 cm2 = 265.5 cm2
(1 decimal place)

Example 2 17 cm
EG Find the shaded area.
+S
6c
m
10 cm

cm
14
A2 A1

22 cm

Solution
h
i A1 = --- ( a + b ) ii A2 = bh iii A = A1 − A2
2
= 14 × 6 = 195 − 84
10
= ------ ( 17 + 22 ) = 84 cm2 = 111 cm2
2
= 195 cm2

Exercise 5.11

1 Find the shaded area in each of the following. All measurements are in centimetres and all
angles are right angles.
a b c
2
6 5 3
8 5 14 3
9 8 11 4
5
8 7

d e 13 f 14

7 2 8 16
4 5 9
12
18 10 6
192 Mathscape 9

2 Calculate the total area of each quadrilateral by summing the areas of individual triangles.
a B b Q c K

N L
P U J
A E P

F
C T R

D AC = 15 cm QS = 30 mm JL = 7.9 m
S
ED = 6 cm PT = 17.5 mm KP = 3.8 m
BF = 8 cm UR = 12.3 mm M MN = 5.2 m

3 Find the shaded area in each of the following.

a 7 cm b c 4 cm

4 cm 8 cm
11 cm

5 cm 5 cm
5 cm

7 cm

12 cm 13 cm 8 cm 6 cm

d e 5 cm f 20 cm
3 cm 3 cm
4 cm
10 cm

20 cm
14 5 cm
4 cm 6 cm
cm
3 cm 7 cm

■ Consolidation

4 Find the shaded area in each figure.

a 4.5 m b 11 m c
7m

3.1 m
8m
10 m 6m
6m 8.3 m 1.5 m
17 m
12.5 m
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 193

d E F e 3.7 m f L

m
7.5 K M
8.1 m
4m

H G
KM = 2.5 m
N LN = 4 m
EG = 10 m, FH = 13.2 m JN = 6 m
10.4 m
J

g 20 m h T i A B
4m
W
6m 3m
11 m
S U 4m
8m
X
25 m SU = 20 m D C
V TV = 12 m
WX = 4 m AC = 15.4 m, BD = 8.5 m

5 Determine the shaded area in each of these, correct to 1 decimal place.

a b c 23 mm
7m
m
4m

6 mm
m

33 mm

d e 26 mm f
m
m
5
m

4.
m

16

mm
5
4.

mm

16 mm 30
194 Mathscape 9

g 22 mm h i

mm
W X

2.2
31 mm
1.3 mm 1.3 mm
Z Y
WY = 9 mm
XZ = 12 mm
WX = 7.5 mm
28 mm

j P Q k l
15 mm

3.5 mm
15 mm

S R
10.9 mm 1 mm
PR = 30 mm
1 mm
QS = 72 mm

■ Further applications
6 B Find the shaded area, correct to 1 decimal place,
given that AC = 24 mm, BC = 13 mm and CD = 37 mm.
A C

7 Find the shaded area in terms of π.

12 cm
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 195

TRY THIS Area

1 1
A
–
2
cm B –
2
cm C
Find the area of BHEG.
(HINT: Subtract areas that are fractions of the square.)

H
1 cm
G

F1 E 3
– cm D
–
4
cm 4

5.12 Problems involving area

Example 1
EG A rectangular patio measuring 7.3 m long and 3.4 m wide is to be concreted. Determine the
+S cost of concreting this patio if the concrete costs $22.50 per square metre.

Solution
i Area = 7.3 × 3.4 ii Cost = area × cost per square metre
= 24.82 m2 = 24.82 × $22.50
= $558.45

Example 2
EG A sheep farmer’s property is trapezoidal in shape. 50 m
+S He receives $125 for every sheep that he sells to the
abattoirs. If each sheep on the property has 15 m2 of land
60 m
on which to graze, calculate:
a the area of the property 140 m
b the number of sheep on the property
c the total value of the sheep when they are eventually sold

Solutions
h
a A = --- ( a + b ) b Number of sheep = 5700 ÷ 15 c Value of sheep = $125 × 380
2
= 380 = $47 500
60
= ------ ( 50 + 140 )
2
= 5700 m2
196 Mathscape 9

Exercise 5.12

1 Eliza has a poster of the pop group Savage Garden on her bedroom wall. The poster
measures 1.2 m by 40 cm and the wall measures 3 m by 2.4 m. What fraction of this wall
area is taken up by the poster?
2 A sprinkler is situated in the middle of a square garden of side 9 m. The sprinkler waters a
circular section of lawn with a radius of 1.5 m. What area of the lawn is not being watered?
Answer correct to 1 decimal place.
3 The pendulum of a grandfather clock is 90 cm long and swings through an angle of 60°.
Find the exact area swept out by the pendulum in one complete swing from left to right.

■ Consolidation
4 Street parking outside a small shopping centre is in the form of 14 diagonal car spaces, each
on an angle of 60° to the kerb. Each car space is 1.5 m wide and extends 3 m into the road
from the kerb. Calculate the total parking area.
1.5 m

60°
3m

5 A framed print measures 80 cm by 65 cm. The frame is 5 cm wide. Find the area of the
unframed print.
6 A roundabout is to be constructed at a busy road intersection. It is to have a diameter of
4.6 m and the road around it is to be 5.2 m wide. Calculate the area of the road, not including
the roundabout. Answer correct to the nearest square metre.
7 A stained-glass window consists of a semicircle above a rectangle. The total height of the
window is 1.6 m and the width is 50 cm.
a Calculate the total area of glass required for 4 windows, correct to 1 decimal place.
b Find the cost if stained glass costs $312 per square metre.

8 The four walls and ceiling in Robyn’s bedroom are to be painted. The dimensions of her
room are: length 4500 mm, width 3100 mm, height 2700 mm. The total area of the door
and windows is 6.3 m2.
a Calculate, in square metres, the total area that is to be painted.
b How many litres of paint are needed if 1 L of paint covers an area of 5 m 2?

9 The council is to lay an 80 cm wide footpath down one side of a 320 m long street. There
is a 5 m wide side street every 60 m.
a How many side streets are there?
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 197

b Find the total area of the footpath.

c Calculate the cost of laying the path if concrete and labour costs amount to $12 per
square metre.

10 Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the radius of a circle whose area is equal to that of a
rhombus with diagonals 18 mm and 13 mm.
100 m
11 A 5 m wide running track consists of
two straight sections each 100 m long
m
and a semicircular section at each end 32
with an inner radius of 32 m. Calculate
the area of the running track, correct to
the nearest square metre.
12 4.8 m Carpet is to be laid in the lounge room, dining
4.8 m
room and games room of this house. Find:
4.5 m
2.1 m a the total area to be carpeted
6.2 m b the cost of carpeting these rooms at
$22.50 per square metre

11.4 m
13 A farmer intends to buy this area of land
situated between two parallel highways 3.7 km
2.4 km apart with frontages of 1.1 km and 2.4
3.7 km. km
a Calculate, in hectares, the area of the 1.1 km
farm.
b Find the cost of the farm at $1400 per hectare.

14 A swimming pool measures 12 m by 7 m and has a

12 m
3m
heated spa of diameter 3 m at one end. The pool and
7m
spa is surrounded by a 1 m wide tiled path. Calculate
the total area of the path, correct to 1 decimal place.

■ Further applications
15 What fraction of this rectangle
has been shaded?

16 a Calculate the area of this figure and hence show that it is

independent of π.
16 cm b How could you explain this result without actually finding the
area?
 198 Mathscape 9

0FF OCUS ON
O R K I N M I CAAL LL LYY
O C U S O N W 0 R K I N G M AATTHHEEMMAATTI C
W G
G M A T YH E M A T I C A L L Y

THE MELBOURNE CUP

EMATICALL
F O C U S O N W O R K IHN

British units of measurement and the change to metric measures

MAT

Australia has not always had the system of measurement we use today. For example, we used
to buy petrol in gallons and meat by the pound. Long distances were measured in miles, shorter
distances in yards and feet, land area was measured in acres, and temperatures were reported
WORKING

as degrees Fahrenheit. Such units were cumbersome in comparison with the simpler metric
units based on 10, and so, in line with many other countries, Australia finally adopted the SI
(International System) system of metric measures.
Two important years in the history of this change were 1966, when decimal currency was
introduced, and 1970, when Australia passed the Metric Conversion Act, with the aim of
making the metric system the sole system of legal measurements in Australia. Over the period
ON

1971–1982, Australians changed from the British system we had inherited from England.
Although the old British units seem very strange today, they are rich in cultural significance.
FOCUS

Their names have long histories which tell us much about the development of measurement in
our culture, for example, trade, scientific and technological progress, and sport.
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 199

2L EARNING ACTIVITIES

Horses, furlongs, lengths, stones and hands

THEMATICALLY
Before the Norman conquest of England in 1066, land in England was measured by the rod.
It was about 20 ‘natural feet’. In the Saxon system, 40 rods made a furlong, the length of the
traditional furrow as ploughed by teams of oxen on Saxon farms. The word comes from the Old
English furlang (fuhr, furrow, and lang, long).
Over the centuries such units were passed down into the British system of measurement, and
so in primary schools of Australia in the 1960s children still learnt these units. A furlong was
defined as 220 yards, and used in horse racing. A mile race was over 8 furlongs. The Melbourne
Cup, a handicap race, was raced over 2 miles, that is, 16 furlongs. Today it is 3200 m.
1 Given that 1 furlong = 220 yards and that 1 yard = 0.9144 m, use a calculator to find the
distance originally raced for the Melbourne Cup in metres. Why do you think the distance
was changed?
2 If the winner of the Melbourne Cup won by ‘2 lengths’, what would this mean? Is the

ALLY
‘length’ a standard unit?
3 In 1930 Phar Lap won the Melbourne Cup carrying 9 stone 12 pounds. Given that 1 stone

FOCUS ON WORKING MA
= 14 pounds (lb), and 1 kg = 2.2 lb, what was his handicap weight in kilograms?

IC
NOTE: The pound (weight) was used by the Romans. The English word pound comes
from the Latin libra and is abbreviated lb.

MATHEMAT
4 In 1931, Phar Lap was handicapped 10 stone 10 pounds. Had he won, it would have been
a record, but he came eighth. The winner, White Nose, carried 6 stone 12 pounds.
Compared to the winner, what was the additional weight Phar Lap carried in kilograms?
5 Phar Lap stood 17 hands high (hh). What does this mean? Calculate the equivalent of
17 hands high in metres (1 hand = 10.16 cm).
6 The Melbourne Cup is held on the first Tuesday in November. In the year 2000 this was the
7th day of the month. In 2001 it was the 6th day of the month. Can you explain why? On
what date will the Cup be run in 2005? In 2007?

8E ¬ XTENSION ACTIVITIES WORKING

Rods and acres

Before we used metric units, land was measured in acres, a very old Saxon unit. The word acre
ON

means field. It was originally the size of a field that a farmer could plough in a single day with
a pair of oxen. In practice, this meant a morning’s work, as the oxen were rested in the
FOCUS

afternoon. The French word for acre is journal, derived from jour meaning ‘day’. The German
word is tagwerk—a day’s work. This links with furlong, which was the distance the farmers
ploughed before turning around.
 200 Mathscape 9

40 rods

4 rods

1 An acre is shown in the above diagram in the shape of a long narrow rectangle 40 rods in
HEMATICALLY

length and 4 rods wide. This was typical of Saxon fields. Calculate the equivalent of 1 acre
in square metres given that 1 rod = 20 feet and 1 yard = 3 feet = 0.9143 m.
2 In our metric measure of area we use the hectare. Given that 1 hectare is 10 000 m2,
calculate the area of a NSW country property of 20 000 acres in hectares. Use your result
from part 1 above.

E L ET’S COMMUNICATE

Discuss with your grandparents, parents and teachers the value of old units like the furlong, the
stone, the pound weight and old currency units like the pounds, shillings and pence. Why is it
important to know about them? What part do they play in the history of our country?

%R
LY

EFLECTING
A LT
ICA

The Melbourne Cup is part of the culture of Australia and its history is a source of great insight
GA TM

into the changes in the Australian way of life. The prize money each year since it was first run
in 1861 reflects the history of the economic state of the country, the difficult years of the
Depression and the years Australia was at war.
EM

In 1985 the Cup received its first sponsor and the prize was raised to $1 million. The total prize
KTIHN

money in 2001 was $4 million, with trophies to the value of $66 500. What does this say about
the prosperity of Australia today? How could these changes in prize money be investigated
mathematically?
MA
R

1 What do the following prefixes mean: estimate verb 1. to roughly work out the value, size
centi-, milli-, kilo-? or other qualities: We estimated the cost to be $20.
2 Write the following in words: –noun 2. a rough judgment: I think it will take two
100 mg × 10 = 1 g. hours to get there, but it’s only an estimate.
3 Explain the difference between accuracy  Word family: estimation noun
and precision. Why are good estimates important in
4 What is the mass of an object? business?
5 Read the Macquarie Learners Dictionary
entry for estimate:
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 201

VIEW
1 Choose the most appropriate unit that 9 Within what limits are the following
could be used to measure: instruments accurate?
a the time needed to boil an egg a A speedometer with 10 km/h
b the distance between Australia and markings.
the United States b A dressmaker’s tape with 1 cm
c the mass of a light bulb markings.
d the length of an eyelash c An altimeter marked in intervals of

CHAPTER RE
e the capacity of an eyedropper 1000 m.
f the mass of a washing machine 10 Within what limits will each of these
g the time needed to drive from Sydney measurements lie?
to Newcastle a The mass of a tomato is 80 g, correct
h the capacity of a petrol tanker to the nearest 10 g.
2 Convert: b The age of an ancient vase is
a 410 cm to m b 2.3 km to m 2800 years, correct to the nearest
c 106 mm to cm d 52 cm to m 100 years.
e 75 m to km f 0.06 cm to mm c The length of a dragonfly is 36 mm,
g 3480 cm to m h 0.02 m to cm correct to the nearest mm.
3 Convert: 11 State the upper and lower bounds for each
a 3.9 m to mm b 0.56 km to cm measurement.
a 5 cm b 9 mm
4 Simplify 4 m 27 cm 68 mm, giving the
c 52 kg d 206 L
answer in metres.
e 1.8 g f 17.1 m
5 Convert: 12 Convert:
a 3640 kg to t b 1.8 g to mg a 4 min to s
c 0.9 t to kg d 310 g to kg b 1 2--3- days to h
e 86 g to mg f 0.003 t to kg
c 90 min to h
6 Convert: d 3--5- h to min
a 1670 mL to L b 1.4 kL to L
c 420 L to kL d 5.671 L to mL e 75 s to min
e 0.0087 kL to L f 59 mL to L f 216 h to days
7 Complete each of these area conversions. 13 a Express 2 h 23 min 42 s in hours
b Express 7.205 h in hours, minutes and
a 6 cm2 = mm2
seconds.
b 3.9 m2 = cm2
c 580 mm2 = cm2 14 Simplify, using the degrees and minutes
d 0.004 km2 = m2 key on your calculator:
e 72 000 cm2 = m2 a 4 h 23 min − 1 h 38 min
f 41 000 m2 = km2 b 2 h 48 min × 7
c 45 min ÷ 12
8 Convert:
15 Express each of these in 24-hour time.
a 8 ha to m2 b 45 000 m2 to ha
2 a 5 am b 9 pm
c 0.64 ha to m d 7310 m2 to ha
c 1:50 am d 11:26 pm

CHAPTER REVIEW
 202 Mathscape 9
CHAPTER RE

16 Express each of these 24-hour times in a 39

standard 12-hour time.
a 0800 h b 1400 h
c 0620 h d 2238 h 40 28
17 How long is it in hours and minutes
between: 17
a 8:15 am and 12 noon?
b 3:27 am and 1:04 pm? b 26
c 9:25 pm Monday and 4:10 am
Tuesday? 9
18 What will the time be:
a 7 h 36 min after 5:52 am?
b 8 h 44 min before 5:30 am Monday? 14 11
19 How many 25 cm lengths of material can 6
be cut from a 6.75 m roll?
18
20 Nicole’s average stride when jogging is
VIEW

c 1.9
57 cm. How many strides will she take in
running a distance of 2.5 km? Answer 3.6
correct to the nearest 100 strides. 8.1
21 Find the mass in kilograms of 820 13.8
bananas if each banana has an average 15.7
mass of 93 g.
6.4
22 How many 350 g bags of popcorn can be
filled to the top from a machine that holds 9.2
25 kg of popcorn? 26 Find the side length of a rhombus whose
23 An empty industrial water tank is filled at perimeter is equal to that of an equilateral
the rate of 75 L/min. How long, in hours triangle of side 9.6 m.
and minutes, will it take to fill the tank if 27 A rug measuring 4.6 m by 5.4 m is placed
it has a capacity of 12 kL? in the centre of a lounge room floor. The
24 Warwick needs to take 15 mL of his rug is 180 cm away from the wall on each
medicine four times a day for 3 weeks. side. Find the perimeter of the lounge
Find, in litres, the amount of medicine room.
that he must take in order to finish the 28 Write down Pythagoras’ Q
course. theorem for this
25 Calculate the perimeter of each figure. triangle using: r p
(All measurements are in millimetres.) a side notation
b angle P R
notation q

CHAPTER REVIEW
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 203

VIEW
29 Which triangle is right-angled? Why? b P Q
A B 20
PR = 11.2 cm
37
12
21 QS = 38.4 cm
29 S R
34 34 Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the

CHAPTER RE
30 Find the value of the pronumeral in each circumference of a circle with:
of these. Answer correct to 1 decimal a diameter 16 cm b radius 51 cm
place where necessary. 35 a Find, correct to 2 decimal places,
the diameter of a circle with
a 36 cm b circumference 54 cm.
b Find, correct to 3 significant
15 21
65 cm figures, the radius of a circle with
k cm cm cm circumference 61 cm.
36 The diameter of a bicycle wheel is 46 cm.
t cm How many complete revolutions are
31 a In ∆FGH, ∠H = 90°, FG = 38 mm needed for a girl to cycle 2 km to school?
and GH = 20 mm. Find the length of 37 Calculate the total perimeter of each
FH, correct to 2 decimal places. figure, correct to 1 decimal place.
b In ∆XYZ, ∠X = 90°, XY = 72 mm and
a 22 mm b
XZ = 41 mm. Find the length of YZ,
correct to 3 significant figures. 80° 6 mm
32 Find values for x and y.

y x 3.4

c d
13

1.2 3 9.4 mm 140°

mm

20 mm
33 Calculate the total perimeter of each
figure.
a 28 cm

60 cm e 5 mm 5 mm

91 cm 12 mm

17 mm

CHAPTER REVIEW
 204 Mathscape 9
CHAPTER RE

38 Calculate the area of each figure. c d

a 8m
b
5m k cm
13.
21 m 19
15 cm cm 8 cm y cm
18.4 m

c 25 m d Area = 135 cm2 Area = 120 cm2

7m
12 m 43 Find, correct to 2 decimal places, the area
9.2 m
of a circle whose:
a radius is 11 cm
b diameter is 13 cm
e 6.3 m f 44 a Find the exact area of a circle whose
circumference is 14π cm.
10 m 19 m
b Find the exact circumference of a
VIEW

circle whose area is 25π cm2.

15.9 m 27.6 m 45 Find the total area of each figure.
a B
39 a Find the area of a square whose
perimeter is 76 cm.
b Find the perimeter of a square whose
area is 169 cm2. A E C
F
40 a Find the perimeter of a rectangle
whose area is 84 cm2 and width is
6 cm. D
b Find the area of a rectangle whose AC = 12.3 m, BF = 7.8 m,
perimeter is 71 cm and length is DE = 8.4 m
22.5 cm. b 4.6 m
41 Determine the area of a rectangle whose
length is 8.4 m and diagonals are 9.1 m.
42 Find the value of the pronumeral in each 13 m
of these. 8.2 m
a b
14.5 m
cm

ac
w m
13

cm

6 cm
Area = 27 cm2 Area = 104 cm2

CHAPTER REVIEW
 Chapter 5: Measu remen t 205

VIEW
46 Find the shaded area in each of these, c W X
correct to 1 decimal place.
m
a 3c

16 cm
24 cm
Z Y
WY = 9 cm, XZ = 13.4 cm

CHAPTER RE
47 Steven wants to lay new turf in his
b backyard.
15 cm 14.6 m
18.5 cm
5m

16.9 m 4m
30 cm
2m

a Determine the area of Steve’s

backyard.
b Calculate the cost of returfing if the
grass costs $21.40 per square metre.

CHAPTER REVIEW