BUILDING SERVICES IV

COURSE CODE : 3201950 (P) 3201951(SS) Third Year B.Arch

FIRE PREVENTION :
- Ar. Manjiri Mohabansi
UNIT VI
 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

- Fire extinguishers/fixed firefighting installations

- Static water storage tanks, Pump house

Smoke -Fire Extinguisher

Fire Alarm Sprinkler
Detector -Fire Hydrant

BUILDING SERVICES IV : FIRE PREVENTION

 SMOKE DETECTORS
Smoke alarms detect fires by sensing small particles in the air using a
couple of different kinds of technologies.

Once they detect those particles above a certain level, they signal the
alarm to sound

Smoke detectors in commercial office :

Compartmentation
SMOKE DETECTORS - working
 FIRE ALARM
Manually Operated System
break the glass cover and trigger the alarm.
This has got two essential components:
- Call points or triggering ends
- Alarm points

Automatic
When fire is sensed by a detector automatically, the circuit is triggered and audiovisual
alarm is given.
Essential ingredients of the system are:
- Fire Detectors
- Control Panel
- Response Indicators (Visual)
- Electric supply
- Audible Alarm
 FIRE SPRINKLER

• A fire sprinkler system is a type of automatic extinguishing system (AES) that

prevents fire growth and spread by releasing water through a series of sprinkler
heads connected to a distribution piping system
• Intense heat is really the trigger in most systems. Every sprinkler head is activated
separately by a specific temperature in its area

• Automatic sprinkler head is a combination of:

-Water sprinkler nozzle

-Its automatic triggering device

FIRE SPRINKLER WORKING

Most fire sprinklers are kept closed by either a fusible metal link or a small glass
bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid. In a typical sprinkler head, a pip cap
(also known as a “plug”) is held in place by one of these two trigger mechanisms.
 FIRE SPRINKLER-WET PIPE : Frangible Quartz-Oid Bulb Type
•
Sprinkler
When a blaze ignites, the air directly above the fire heats rapidly.

• The hot air is pushed toward the ceiling, walls, or other spots where the sprinkler heads are
located.

• When the air around them reaches a certain temperature – typically 135° F, 155° F, or 250° F
(57° C, 68° C, or 121° C) – the liquid inside the bulb expands until the pressure causes the glass
to break.

• In a wet sprinkler system, pressurized water in the sprinkler pipes then forces out the plug and
sprays over a deflector plate that disperses it in a uniform pattern throughout the space.
• The water continues to flow until the main valve is shut or the water supply runs out.

FIRE SPRINKLER WET SPRINKLER SYSTEM THERMAL SENSITIVITY OF BULB

 FIRE SPRINKLER-DRY PIPE : Fusible Link (Solder) Type

• Fusible link which melts at a predetermined temperature

• Heat absorbed by the link is conducted directly to soldered joint

• When the solder melts the link springs apart releasing the water that strikes the
deflector
 FIRE SPRINKLER-DRY PIPE
• Pressurized air or nitrogen holds back the water supply at a main dry pipe valve
located in a heated space.

• The pressurization is maintained via an air compressor or a closed, compressed

air system. When a fire breaks out and one or more of the sprinklers are
activated by rising temperatures, the compressed air in the pipe is released.

• The subsequent drop in gas pressure causes the dry pipe valve to open, letting
water flow into the pipes and out the open sprinklers

WHY THIS TYPE :

• Unheated structure subject to freezing temperatures that needs sprinkler

protection can rely on a dry (or pre action) sprinkler system. Using a wet system
(without heat tracing or other measures) in these environments risks frozen,
blocked, and bursting pipes
FIRE SPRINKLER

DRY SPRINKLER SYSTEM

TYPE OF RISING MAIN – DRY RISING
SYSTEM
TYPE OF RISING MAIN – WET RISING
SYSTEM
LOCATION OF RISING MAINS
 FIRST AID FIRE FIGHTING ARRANGEMENTS
The objectives of first aid
fire fighting arrangements are:

- To extinguish the fire at its

inception or to control its spread
- To assist the public fire service in
dealing with the fire

This arrangements shall be

provided according to the
prescribed scale in all buildings,
irrespective of the proximity or
otherwise of a fire brigade
 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION: Fire extinguishers
Fire extinguishers
It is a handheld active fire protection device usually
(Filled with a dry or wet chemical used to extinguish or
control small fires, often in emergencies )

Working of Fire extinguishers

Typically, a fire extinguisher consists of a hand-held
cylindrical pressure vessel containing an agent that can
be discharged to extinguish a fire.

Different Types of Fire Extinguisher and When Should They Be Used?

The six main fire extinguisher types are water, foam, CO2, powder, water mist and wet
chemical.

Each of the different types of fire extinguisher is suitable for different fire classes. It is
important that you purchase the right fire extinguisher for your needs.
 FIRE EXTINGUISHERS : INSTALLATION
Location : Mounted at convenient height

No . of Fire Extinguisher : Depending on

classification of building (Table 7)
R - Required
NR - Not Required
 FIRE HYDRANT
Fire hydrant systems are installed in buildings to help firefighters quickly attack the
fire.

- Essentially, a hydrant system is a water reticulation system used to transport water in

order to limit the amount of hose that firefighters have to lay; thus speeding up the
fire fighting process.

- Putting it another way, a fire hydrant system is a water supply with a sufficient
pressure and flow delivered through pipes throughout a building to strategically
located network of valves for fire-fighting purposes-

• Fire hydrants shall be within four hundred (400') feet of the most remote portion
of buildings, measured by vehicular access and building perimeter.

• The maximum distance between fire hydrants shall not exceed 500 ft

• Underground hydrants are located in a chamber under the surface of the road or
path. They are covered by a lid usually marked with the letters “FH”
 TYPES OF FIRE HYDRANT
The consistency of color coding is widely varied by localities and jurisdictional preferences.
Typically, there are three types of fire hydrants, public, private and yard.

Wet Barrel :
water chamber
that is filled
with water
from the
public supply

Wet Barrel Dry Barrel Fire hydrants

The bonnet or top and the caps should be painted with

capacity indicating colors designating class and flow.

Class AA – Light – Blue Rated capacity >1500 gpm

Class A – Green – Rated capacity 1000-1499 gpm
Class B – Orange – Rated capacity 500-999 gpm
Class C – Red – Rated capacity <500 gpm
Underground Fire hydrants
 FIRE HOSE REEL

Fire hose reels are provided for use by

occupants as a 'first attack' firefighting
measure but may, in some instances, also
be used by firefighters

• Because hose reels are generally located next to an

exit, in an emergency it is possible to reach a safe
place simply by following the hose

• Hoses shall be kept in wall boxes painted fire red and

constructed of wood
 FIRE HOSE REEL- INSTALLATION RULES

In addition Fire Hose Reel is added to wet riser or down comer at each floor of
building.
Diameter of hose reel should not be less than 19mm
Fire Hydrant and Hose Reel should be located in the Lobby in Fire fighting shaft

• Fire Hose attached to Fire Hydrant

• Theses Fire Hydrant located within 5m
from exist fire staircase
• Fire hose cabined is Glass shutter
inscribed with ‘FIRE HOSE CABINET’
• Location of these are mentioned in
Floor Plan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YanPpmDkRLU
 STATIC WATER STORAGE TANKS

• Satisfactory supply of water needed depending on type of building pressure of

water should be maintained

• Water for Hydrant is stored in an easily accessible surface/underground water

reservoir or above ground water tank of steel, concrete, masonry

• To avoid stagnation of static water storage tank domestic water

tank is filled by over flow of Fire water tank

• Accessible to Fire engines of local Fire service

• It must have manholes for repairs ,insertion of suction hose, inspection

• Easily Accessible for fireman from adjoining fire pump room at ground level
• Storage tank shall not be more than 7 m depth from draw out connection of Fire
brigade ,also this connection shall not be more than 5m from tank
• Fire brigade collecting head – 4 in no 65mm in dia ( capacity 1400 lit/min)
 FIRE PUMP ROOM
• It should be located at ground level
• If in basement then not more than 2nd
basement
• Direct access
• Pump house must be separated by Fire walls
as well as mut have Fire door
• It has to be ventilated avoid water
stangnation
• Pump room Should have separate battery
back up in emergency
• No other utility equipment should be kept in
Fire Pump room

• The pump room must be provided with a door and

unobstructed passageway large enough to allow removal of
the largest piece of equipment.