2.

2 Concrete cover design

The concrete cover is the distance between the surface of the reinforcement closest to the nearest
concrete surface (including links and stirrups and surface reinforcement where relevant) and the
nearest concrete surface

According to ES-EN1992-1-1 section 4.4(2)P the nominal concrete cover have to be provided on
the drawings and it is defined as a minimum cover cmin, plus an allowance in design for
deviation, Δcdev.

Cnom= cmin+ Δcdev (2-1)

Where:

Cnom Nominal concrete cover

Cmin Minimum cover

ΔCdev allowance in design for deviation

Minimum concrete cover, cmin, shall be provided in order to ensure:

 the safe transmission of bond forces

 the protection of the steel against corrosion (durability)
 an adequate fire resistance

Based on the three requirements mentioned above we designed concrete covers for the following
structural elements of the building. Step by Step design for cover is done for Slab and using
similar procedures the cover for the other structural elements is summarized in Table 2-2

The assumed location of the building is in Addis Ababa. And also, the assumed concrete grades
used for different structural elements of the building are:

 Slab C-25/30
 Beam C-30/37
 Column and Foundation C-45/55
2.2.1 Concrete cover design for slab

2.2.1.1 Design for corrosion

For the design of concrete cover for slabs the exposure class of XC1 (grouped under the
carbonation induced corrosions) is assumed which is dry or permanently wet according to ES-
EN1992-1-1, table 4.1. This assumption is made by the fact that the building is constructed at
Addis Ababa which has humid environment. This exposure class requires a minimum indicative
strength class of C-20/25 for corrosion according to EN 1992- 1:2004, Annex E, table E.1N. By
this the provided grade of concrete for slab is C-25/30 which is greater than C-20/25.Thus the
provided grade of concrete satisfies the minimum requirement for corrosion.

2.2.1.2 Design for bond and durability

The concrete cover for bond and durability is done for the main reinforcement bar as follows:

 Minimum Concrete Cover (Cmin)

Assume diameter of main reinforcement bar is 10mm.then Cmin is given by:

Cmin =Max {Cmin,b; Cmin,dur + ∆Cdur,γ - ∆Cdur,s-∆Cdur,add; 10 mm} (2-2)

Where:

Cmin Minimum cover

Cmin,b Minimum cover due to bond requirement=diameter of bar=10mm

Cmin,dur Minimum cover due to environmental conditions(depends on service life, structural

class and exposure class)

∆Cdur,γ Additive safety element (recommended value is 0mm based on EN1992-1-1 section

4.4.1.2,expression 6)

∆Cdur,st Reduction of minimum cover for use of stainless steel(recommended value is 0mm
based on EN1992-1-1, section 4.4.1.2,expression 7)
∆Cdur, add Reduction of minimum cover for use of additional protection (recommended value
is 0mm based on EN1992-1-1, section 4.4.1.2,expression 8)

Cmin,dur Determined from table 4.3N section 4.4.1.2 of EN1992-1-1 as follows:

Assumptions

 Service life of the building is 50 years (recommended service life of building by section
4.4.1.2 of article 5, ES-EN1992-1-1)
 Structural class is 4(recommended structural class with 50 years‟ service life for the
indicative concrete strengths given in Annex E of ES-EN1992-1-1).

N.B from Table 4.3N of Section 4.4.1.2 of ES-EN1992-1-1 members with slab geometry
(position of reinforcement not affected by construction process) with exposure class XC1, the
structural class will be reduced by 1.

Then by referring table 4.4N of section 4.4.1.2 of ES-EN1992-1-1 for structural class of 3 and
exposure class of XC1, Cmin,dur=10mm. Then by substituting the values in equation 2.3

Cmin=Max (10mm, 10mm) =10mm

 Δcdev

From section 4.4.1.3, article 5 of ES-EN1992-1-1the recommended value is 10mm.

 Cnom

From equation 2.1

Cnom = Cmin+ ΔCdev=10mm+10mm=20mm

Then the concrete cover for slab is 20mm.

2.2.1.3 Concrete cover for fire resistance

The time assumed for fire resistance is 2 hours (120min), since the building is G+3 which may
require much time to escape the occupants from the building and the fire brigade may take much
time to arrive to the building during fire hazard.
Here in order to read the cover required for fire resistance from table 5.8 of ES-EN1992- 1
2:2004 𝑙𝑦/𝑙𝑥 is required, thus a two-way panel with maximum value of the ratio is taken which
5.4 m
is panel 4 (with ly=5.4m and lx=3m), which have = 1.8m
3m

Then for 𝑙𝑦 = 1.8, and for REl120 (two-hours fire resistance) from table 5.8 of ES- 𝑙𝑥 EN1992-
1-2:2004:

 The minimum slab thickness required for fire resistance is 120mm (this value may be
changed later after serviceability limit state is checked for deflection requirement) and
 The value of minimum axis distance (anom)=25mm
 Now the concrete cover for bond and durability and for fire resistance is compared as
follows:

anom = clear concrete cover + diameter/2 of bar =25mm,

Then the clear cover required fire resistance is = 25mm-10mm/2 = 20mm, which is equal to the
clear cover required for bond and durability (as calculated in section 2.2.1.2). Thus, the clear
concrete cover for slab is 20mm.

2.2.2 Concrete cover design for beam

By similar procedure as done for slab the concrete cover for beam is tabulated in Table 2-2.

2.2.3 Concrete cover design for stair

By similar procedure as done for slab the concrete cover for stair is tabulated in Table 2-2.

2.2.4 Concrete cover design for foundation

According to ES-EN 1992, concrete cover for foundation has a minimum requirement which is
tabulated in Table 2-2.

2.2.5 Concrete cover design for column

A detail design of concrete cover for column is clearly indicated in Chapter 9.

Table 2-2: Summarized Concrete cover for structural members

Member Concrete grade Reinforcement bar Exposure Nominal

diameter(mm) class cover(mm)

Beam C-30/37 40 XC1 30

Slab C-25/30 10 XC1 20

Stair C-25/30 10 XC1 20

Foundation C-40/45 24 XC2 50

Wind load calculation

In addition to earth quake load, buildings are exposed to wind load especially the roof and the
walls. So the effect of the wind on the building should be analyzed.

Determination of external wind pressure

 Wind Pressure acting on external surface of a structure is We = qref*Ce(Ze)*Cpe

Where, qref = reference wind pressure.

Ce(ze) = exposure coefficient that accounts for the effect of terrain roughness,
topography and height of above the ground.

Cpe = external Pressure coefficient.

 Reference wind Pressure, qref is

qref = 1/2*ρ*Vref2
where, ρ = air density, which depends on the altitude, temperature and barometric pressure to be
expected in the region during wind storm that given on National Annex; recommended value is
1.25kg/m3

Vref = reference wind velocity.

Vref = CDir*CTem*CAlt*Vref,0

Where, Vref,0 = is the fundamental value of the basic wind velocity taken as=22m/s for Ethiopia.

CDir=the direction factor to be taken as 1.0.

CAlt=the altitude factor to be taken as 1.0.
CTem=the temporary (seasonal) factor to be taken as 1.0.
Vref=1.0*1.0*1.0*22 m/s =22 m/s
Therefore, qref = 1/2*1.25Kg/m3*(22 m/s)2 =0.3025KN/m2
Reference height: (Ze)

According to ES EN 1: 2015 figure 7.4 the reference height, Ze for walls of rectangular plan
buildings depends on the aspect ratio h/b.
1. Buildings, whose height h is less than b, shall be considered to be one part.

2. Buildings, whose height h is greater than b, but less than 2b, shall be considered to be two
parts.
3. Buildings, whose height h is greater than 2b, shall be considered to be in multiple parts.
Height of our building, h = 16m and b = 19.83m when the wind blows normal to X direction and
d = 15m when the wind blows in Y direction.
Thus, Ze = h = 16m since, h < b when the wind blows normal to X direction and consider as one
part and Ze = b = 30m and Ze = h = 16m since, h < b when the wind blows normal to Y direction
and consider as one part too.

 Exposure coefficient, Ce (Ze) is

Ce(z)=Cr2(z)*Ct2(z)*(1+(7KT/Cr(z)*Ct(z)))

Where, KT=Terrain factor Ct(z)=topography coefficient.

Cr(z)=roughness coefficient.

N.B: For the terrain classification, Debre berhan is an urban area in which at least 15% of the
surface is covered with buildings and their average height exceeds above 15m. According to ES-
EN 1991 -1.4, Table 4.1 it is falls into category IV (the worst case)

- KT=0.24

- Zo=1.0 m
 -
Zmin=10 m

 Topography coefficient Cz(z)

-
For topography unaffected zone, Ct(z) is unity
-
Ct(z)=1

 Roughness coefficient, Cr(z) is

-Cr(Z)= KT ln (Z/Zo), for (Zmin=10m)≤(Z=17m)≤200m

=0.24 ln (17/1.0) = 0.68

-
Therefore, Ce(Z)=Cr2(Z)*Ct2(Z)*(1+(7KT/Cr(Z)*Ct(Z)))

= 0.682*12*(1+(7*0.24/0.68*1)))=1.0605
We=qref*Ce(ze)*Cp
We=0.3025KN/m2*1.605*Cpe
We=0.485 KN/m2*Cpe

Determination of internal wind Pressure

 Wi=qref*Ce(Ze)*Cpi

Where, Cpi=internal pressure coefficient.

Wi=0.3025KN/m2*1.65*Cpi
Wi=0.485 KN/m2*Cpi
But, Cpi=0.8, for pressure
=-0.5, for suction

Determination of Cpe, W, Wi & Wnet for wall

 Wind Pressure on the wall

We=0.384 KN/m2*Cpe

Computation of Cpe
  Reference height, Ze

- h=16m
-
b=19.83 (length of the building, length, width)
-
since h<b, Ze=h=16m according to figure 7.5 on ES EN 1, 2015

e=min of (b,2h) e=min

(19.83m, 32m)
e=19.83m
ROOF ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Introduction

Roof analysis and design is a critical aspect of structural engineering that involves evaluating the
loads and stresses on a roof structure and designing it to safely support those loads while meeting
building codes and aesthetic a requirements.

Roof Load determination

Live load
This load depends on the occupancy/function of the floor. From the architectural design, we can
see that the building has mixed purpose and the slabs will have different categories, since they
will have different live load.

Categories
(1)P Roofs shall be categorised according to their accessibility into three categories as
shown in Table 6.9.

Table 6.9 - Categorization of roofs

(2) Imposed loads for roofs of category H should be those given in Table 6.10. Imposed loads for
roofs of category I are given in Tables 6.2, 6.4 and 6.8 according to the specific use.
(3) The loads for roofs of category K which provide areas for helicopter landing areas should be
for the helicopter classes HC, see Table 6.11.
6.3.4.2 Values of actions
(1) For roofs of category H the minimum characteristic values Qk and qk that should be used
are given in Table 6.10. They are related to the projected area of the roof under consideration.
Table 6.10 - Imposed loads on roofs of category H
For slabs supporting one occupancies with different live load, we will take the larger live load to
be on the safe side.
CHAPTER 3

SLAB ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

3.1 Introduction

Concrete slab is a flat piece of concrete, put on the walls or columns of a structure. It serves as a
walking surface. In addition to that it serves as a load bearing member, as in slab homes. Slab is
a very common and important structural element, are constructed to provide flat, useful surfaces.
It is a horizontal structural component, with top and bottom surfaces parallel or near so.

In reinforced concrete construction, slabs are used to provide flat surfaces. The span in the larger
direction is denoted by Ly and that in the shorter direction by Lx. Slabs may be supported on two
opposite sides only, in which case the structural action of the slab may be in one way i.e. the load
carrying by the slab in the direction normal to the supporting beams. Also, when the ratio of
Ly/Lx is more than two, it can be defined as one-way slab. Slabs which are supported on
unyielding supports like walls and stiff beams on all four sides and if the ratio of Ly/Lx is less
than or equal to two, then the action of slabs may be in two-way. The boundaries of a two-way
slab can be simply supported or restrained at the edges. Slabs resting on walls are considered as
simply supported slabs, wherein edges are free to rotate. Slab constructed monolithically with
beams have some restrained against rotation. These slabs may be continuous or discontinuous.
Slab design is predominantly done for bending (or flexure) behavior.

 Types of slab analysis methods

When a slab is supported other than on two opposite sides only, the precise amount and
distribution of the load taken by each support, and consequently the magnitude of the bending
moments on the slab, are not easily calculated if assumptions resembling practical conditions are
made. Therefore, approximate analyses are generally used. The method applicable in any
particular case depends on the shape of the panel of slab, the condition of restraint at supports,
and the type of load. Two basic methods are commonly used to analyze slabs spanning in two
directions. These are the theory of plates which is based on elastic analysis under service loads,
andyield-line theory in which the behavior of the slab as collapse approaches. A less wellknown
alternative to the latter is Hillerborg’s strips method.

Some basic methods for the analysis of two-way slabs are:

 Coefficient method of analysis

 Yield line method of analysis
 Strip method of analysis
What is coefficient method of slab analysis?

Two-way slabs are curved in both directions resulting in biaxial bending moments. It is
convenient to think of such slabs as consisting of two sets of parallel strips, in each direction and
intersecting each other. So, part of the load is carried by one set and the remainder by the other.
For uniformly distributed loads of w per square meter of the slab, each strip acts approximately
like a simple beam uniformly loaded by its share of w; i.e., wx and wy. Since they are part of the
same slab, their mid-span deflections must be the same.

Equating the center deflections of the short and long strips:

5 wxlx 4 5 wyly 4
= (3.1)
384 EI 384 EI

( )
4
wx lx
= (3.2)
wy ly

For a simply supported square slab, ly/lx = 1; therefore wx = wy= w/2. So, if only bending was
present, the maximum bending moment in each slab would be:

w 2
Mmax = ( ) l /8 = 0.0625 wl2 (3-3)
2

However, the actual behavior of a slab is more complex than that of two intersecting strips. Slab
can be modeled as grid, some strips of which (particularly the outer strips) are not only bent but
also twisted. Consequently, the total load on the slab is carried not Structural Design of a
Medium Ductile G+10 Apartment Building with Commentary BSc Thesis Page 18 only by
bending moments in two directions, but also twisting moments. For this reason, bending
moments in elastic slabs would be smaller than that would be computed for sets of unconnected
strips.
A slab does not behave like a beam and would not collapse if only one hypothetical central strip
reaches ultimate load. Therefore, in reality moment can be further reduced due to inelastic
redistribution of the load among various strips of the slab. The determination of exact moments
in two-way slabs with various support conditions is mathematically formidable and not suited to
design practice. Various simplified methods are therefore adopted for determining moments,
shears and reactions in such slabs. Quite popular and widely used among these methods is one
using ‘Moment Coefficient’ based on the 1963 ACI Code, for the special case of two-way slabs
supported on four sides by relatively stiff beams. The method uses tables of moment coefficients
for a variety of support conditions. These coefficients are based on elastic analysis but also
accounts for inelastic redistribution. Moments in the middle strips in the two directions are:

𝑀𝑥=𝛽𝑥∗𝑤𝑑∗𝑙𝑥2 (3-4)

𝑀𝑦=𝛽𝑦∗𝑤𝑑∗𝑙𝑥2 (3-5)

Where:

𝛽𝑥 and 𝛽𝑦 Coefficients which can be found in national annex (here use British Standard is used
)

𝑙𝑥 The shorter span of the panel

The main reinforcement for two-way edge-supported slab panel should be placed orthogonally
(parallel and perpendicular) to the slab edges. The reinforcement in the short direction (la)
should be placed lower than the reinforcement in the long direction (lb). Negative reinforcement
should be placed perpendicular to the supporting edge beams.
All other requirements for minimum reinforcement (temperature and shrinkage) should be
observed. For two-way slab systems, the spacing of reinforcement should not exceed twice the
slab thickness (tslab).

On the code coefficient method of analysis is an elastic analysis where some redistribution is
used. But the method actually is adapted from the yield line method of analysis which is a plastic
analysis.

History of coefficient method of slab analysis

The moment coefficient method included for the first time in 1963 ACI Code is applicable to
two-way slabs supported on four sides of each slab panel by walls, steel beams. Although, not
included in 1977 and later versions of ACI Code, its continued use is permissible under the ACI
318-08 code provision (13.5.1).

Advantages of coefficient method of slab analysis

 Significant economy can be achieved by making a more precise analysis.

 There should be no reversal of moments at the critical design sections near midspan or at
the support faces.
 Since this method is a simplified way of analysis it saves time spent on design.

Disadvantages of coefficient method of slab analysis

 The panels must be square or rectangular.

 The panels must be supported along two opposites (one-way slab) or two pairs of
opposite sides (two-way slabs)
 Loads must be uniformly distributed and
 There cannot be large openings.
 Line loads are approximated as uniformly distributed load

Comparing and contrasting coefficient method with both linear and non-linear method of
slab analysis

Based on the estimation of Bending Moment Coefficients of Two Way RC Slabs using Finite
Element Approach (Udit Agrawal*, Akshay Garg, Vansh Dhingra and Visuvasam Joseph
Antony) which is based on the IS 456-2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice is
an Indian Standard code of practice for general structural use of plain and reinforced concrete.
The latest revision of this standard was done in year 2000, reaffirmed 2005. This code uses the
limit state design approach as well working stress design approach. It is written for use in India.
It gives extensive information on the various aspects of concrete. Since the results of linear
analysis obtained from SAP2000 give variation in comparison with IS values, a commercially
available finite element program ANSYS 12.0, was used in this study to perform the nonlinear
analysis. A single panel of slab with all nine possible boundary conditions is modeled for non-
linear analysis. The difference between linear and non-linear analysis in software-oriented
analysis is defining material properties and type of analysis. Thus, the study of (Udit Agrawal*,
Akshay Garg, Vansh Dhingra and Visuvasam Joseph Antony) conclude that the coefficient
method of slab analysis is conservative for using the coefficients to design the slabs. Then one
can design a solid slab using coefficient method results conservatively, since the coefficients
obtained from this method are larger than the coefficients from the nonlinear method of analysis.

In addition to that the following observations are made:

 Bending moment coefficients do not depend on loading and panel size in linear analysis.
 Using Non-linear analysis yield line behavior of slab can be depicted and design bending
moment and bending
 Non-linearity spreads from edge to center in case of continuous edge slabs. Yielding first
occurs at longer edge, then at shorter edge and finally at center, which gives the clear
idea of behavior of two-way slabs in non-linear analysis.
 Based on yielding of material at edges and mid span, bending moment coefficients shall
be calculated.

Is a coefficient method of analysis an elastic or plastic method?

It is ambiguous to say coefficient method of analysis is elastic or plastic. But BSI code mentions
it based on elastic analysis but also included considerations for inelastic moment redistribution.

Accurate analysis of two-way slabs having different continuity conditions at their edges is very
difficult and for practical purposes is almost impossible. Thus, there are several simplified
methods for determining the moments, shear forces and support reactions. The methods used for
designing RC members are mostly based on elastic analysis of the structure subjected to the
ultimate loads though, the actual behavior of an indeterministic structure is that when one or
more member reach its bending resistance, the elastic diagrams of this part will change to some
extend and so, the elastic analysis results cannot be used anymore. In such case if the structure
has sufficient ductility, each time that the section reaches its bending resistance, the bending
moments will redistribute until some plastic hinges or plastic lines form and, the structure
becomes unstable. In such circumstances, the structure cannot resist any more load and collapses.
Such type of analysis in which the bending moment diagrams at the failure point are used as a
basis for the design, is called plastic analysis.

In plastic method which is also known as the yield lines method, it is assumed that the resistance
of the slab is determined by bending only, and the other factors such as shear or displacement
should be considered separately. It must be noted that in the yield lines method the behavior of
the slab can be considered better. Many of slab systems which cannot be analyzed with other
methods such as equivalent frame method, direct method and moment coefficients method
because of the slab specific shape or loading type, can be designed by plastic method. In fact, by
the plastic method it is possible to design any type of slabs with any shape subjected to any type
of loadings

Thus, since the coefficient values are from yield line analysis it is a simplified plastic method.

3.2 Criteria for using coefficient method of slab analysis

The architectural drawing is shown in figure 3-4 with the beam, column, partition wall, slab
panels and cantilever arrangement.

The basic criteria that have to be satisfied in order to use coefficient method of slab analysis are
the following:

 No large openings allowed

For small holes like electric pipes since it is negligible it is assumed to be fully solid for the
analysis
For open down slab coefficient method of analysis is not an option, so in this final year project
there is an open down in panel 4.Then to use coefficient method of slab analysis a beam is
provided on the free edge side of the panel.

 Rectangular slab

If the sides of the slab are more than 4 it is impossible to use coefficient method of analysis.
Then in this final year project all panels are rectangular.

 (Characteristic live load/Characteristic dead load) ≤ 1.25

Here in order check for the worst case maximum characteristics live load and minimum
characteristics dead load from table 3.3

Maximum Characteristic live load=2.5 KN/m2

Minimum Characteristic dead load=6.68 KN/m2 ,

Characteristic live load 2.5 KN /m2

= = 0.37 ≤ 1.25
Characteristic dead load 6.68 KN /m2

Characteristic live load ≤ 5KN/m2 excluding partitions. Then the maximum Characteristic live
load on the panels in this final year project is 2.5KN/m2 ≤ 5 KN/m2. Since all the criteria
required to use coefficient method are satisfied, then it is possible to use coefficient method of
slab analysis in this final year project.

In the analysis and design of slab the general procedure to be followed are:

 Calculating the slab depth using serviceability limit state.

 Determining the load at each panel.
 Calculating the moment at each slab panel.
 Readjusting the support and span moments.
 Designing the slab using the adjusted moments.
 Checking the slab for shear.
 Checking the serviceability limit state for crack and deflection
3.3 Slab depth determination

According to section 7.4 of EN1992-1-1 the slab depth is governed by the serviceability limit
state (deflection).The limiting span/depth ratio is obtained by the following expression.

l
= NxF1xF2xF3 (3-6)
d

Where

l
The limit span/depth
d

N Given by the expression 3.7

F1 For flanged sections where the ratio of the flange breadth to the rib breadth exceeds 3, the
values of l/d given by Expression 3.7 should be multiplied by 0, 8.

F2 For beams and slabs, other than flat slabs, with spans exceeding 7 m, which support
partitions liable to be damaged by excessive deflections, the values of l/d given by Expression
3.7 should be multiplied by 7 / leff (leff in meters).

F3 The expression 3.7 have been derived on the assumption that the steel stress, under the
appropriate design service load at a cracked section at the mid-span of a beam or slab or at the
support of a cantilever, is 310 MPa, (corresponding roughly to fyk = 500 MPa).

Then,

F1=1, since the beam section is not known at this stage a conservative value is taken.

F2=1, since the maximum span length in the slab system 6m<7m.

500
F3 = Ast , req fyk
Ast , provided
Where:

𝐾 Factor to take into account the different structural systems;

𝜌0 Reference reinforcement ratio = √𝑓𝑐𝑘*10−3;

𝜌 Required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due to the design
loads (at support for cantilevers);

𝜌′ Required compression reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due to design
loads (at support for cantilevers);

is in MPa units.

𝐾 is given in table 7.4N of EN1992-1-1 which accounts different structural systems, then in slab
model of figure 3.1 there are two types of slabs one two:

 Two ways spanning simply supported slab with K = 1.3

 cantilever slab with K= 0.4

𝜌0= √𝑓𝑐𝑘*10−3= √25*10−3= 0.5%

Assume 𝜌=0.5% according to section 7.4, article 2 of EN1992-1-1 for lightly stressed

concrete since the expression 3.2 is done for that value

 K Concrete Concrete lightly
stressed stressed
Structural System
Highly

Simply supported beam, one-or 1.0 14 20

two-way spanning simply supported slab

End span of continuous beam or 1.3 18 26

one-way continuous slab or Two way

Spanning slab continuous over

Interior span of beam or one-way or two- way 1.5 20 30

spanning slab

Slab supported on columns without beams (flat 1.2 17 24

slab) (based on longer

Cantilever 0.4 6 8
Table Depth determination of slab Typical

Panel Lx Support K Lx/d Depth(mm)

P1 2900 Interior 1.5 26.76 108.37
P2 3570 Interior 1.5 26.76 133.40
P3 3060 Interior 1.5 26.76 114.34
P4 3570 Interior 1.5 26.76 133.40
P5 2900 Interior 1.5 26.76 108.37
P6 2900 Interior 1.5 26.76 108.37
P7 3000 Interior 1.5 26.76 112.10
P8 3000 Interior 1.5 26.76 112.10
P9 3000 Interior 1.5 26.76 112.10
P10 2900 Interior 1.5 26.76 108.37
C1 780 Interior 0.4 7.136 109.30
C2 1000 Interior 0.4 8.92 112.10
C3 640 Interior 0.4 8.92 71.74
C4 1620 Interior 0.4 8.92 181.61
C5 1620 Interior 0.4 8.92 181.61
C6 1680 Interior 0.4 8.92 188.34
C7 1680 Interior 0.4 8.92 188.34
C8 1680 Interior 0.4 8.92 188.34
C9 1680 Interior 0.4 8.92 188.34
C10 1680 Interior 0.4 8.92 188.34

Table 3.6 Summary of governing depth for cantilevers and panels

Floor Panel Type Governing depth (mm)

1st -4th Panel ( slab) 10

112.10+25+ =142mm
2

Cantilever 10
188.34+25+ =218mm
2

Taking the maximum provide 218  220mm

Then take depth to be 220mm (deflection criteria will be checked using rigorous method which
is more economical than the simplified method used for the

calculation of the depth).

Load calculation

The slab is loaded with both dead load (DL) and live load (LL). Dead load comes from self-
weight of slab, floor finish, cement screed, plastering and partition load. Live loads are either
movable or moving load without any acceleration or impact.

Dead and live loads are calculated depending on the service of the slabs and self- weight.
Ignoring any localized effects caused by concentrated load, the partition loads are distributed
over the area of the slab.

For ultimate limit state, persistent and transient condition, the design loads are factored
according to ES-EN 1990:2002 Annex A1 (Art. A1.3.1 (4) - table A1.2 (B))

𝑃 𝑑 = 1.35DL + 1.5LL

A. Live (imposed) load

For different functions based on ESEN 1991-1-1:2014, Table 6.2 are given based on the room
functions and the purpose of the buildings. Areas with higher accumulation of people and
equipments have higher value of live loads. Since our building is mixed use, we provide different
live loads by taking from the code. The loads are summarized in table below

Table4. 3; live loads based on room functions

Floor Function Category Pannel Live Load

Bed room A P1,P2,P4,P5,P6,P7,P8,P9,P10 2KN/m^2
Toilet A C1,C3,C6,C9 2KN/m^2
2^nd -
3^rd Corrider C3 C12,P1,P2,P3,P4,P5,C4 4KN/m^2
Stair A P3 3KN/m^2
1st Stair A P3 3KN/m^2
kitchen A P1,P2,P4,P5,P6,P7,P8,P9,P10 2KN/m^2
Restaurant C1 p6,p7,c9,c10 3KN/m^2
Cafeteria C1 p9,p10 3KN/m^2
Server D2 p4,p5 5KN/m^2
Lobby+Inform.Desk C2 p8 4KN/m^2
 B. Dead load

The dead load of the slab includes its own weight, floor finish and the partition load (the partition
load is considered as a dead load because there is a small probability of moving the partition in
residential areas).

The own weight of the slab is determined by multiplying the unit weight of each component of
the

Dead load calculation: Some of the sources of dead load are shown on figure below and are the

following

 Slab it-self
 Cellining plaster (below slab) slab by its thickness.
 Cement screed(above slab)
 Finishing material (Above slab)
 Exterior and interior walls resting on the slab

Figure Cross section of slab and wall

For the walls, we first check whether the factored area load from the wall exceeds 20 % of the
design load without wall load.

If this wall load does not exceed 20% of the design load no need to check shear capacity of slab.
However, if the wall load exceeds 20% of the design load checks shear capacity of the slab.

After determining both dead load and live load, we will calculate the design load by
applying safety factors.
Some of the sources of dead load are shown on figure below and are the following Computation
of dead load on slab can be summarized in table below.

Load from own weight

The thickness of the floor finish and reinforced slab.The calculation of dead load on the slab is
tabulated as in Table 3-3

Material Thickness(m) unit weight Load Total Dead Load

(KN/m3) (KN/m2) (KN/m2)

Floor finish 0.008 27 0.216

Ceramic Tiles 0.02 25 0.5 7.81
Cement Screed 0.05 23 1.15
RC Slab 0.22 25 4.75
Plastering & Painting 0.02 23 0.46

Loads from partitions

The thickness of HCB walls is 15cm & 20cm with 2.8m height. The calculation for each panel is

tabulated in Table 3-4

Unit Wt Lengt Dead Distribute

Floor Pannel HCB (KN/m3) Height h Area Load d Load
P-1 0.2 14 2.8 2.08 11.6 16.3072 1.40
P-2 0.2 14 2.8 7.31 14.28 57.3104 4.01
P-3 0.15 14 2.8 1.24 12.24 7.2912 0.59
P-4 0.15 14 2.8 6.2 14.28 36.456 2.55
P-5
P-6
P-7
P-8
P-9
1^rst P-10
C-1 0.2 14 2.8 1.56 2.886 12.2304 4.23
C-2 0.2 14 2.8 3.06 3.06 23.9904 7.84
C-3 0.2 14 2.8 4.94 2.3 38.7296 16.83
C-4 -
C-5
 C-6
C-7
C-8
C-9 0.2 14 2.8 1.17 5.89 9.1728 1.55
C-10 0.2 14 2.8 1.03 4.87 8.0752 1.65
C-11
C-12
P-1 0.15 14 2.8 3.988 11.6 23.44944 2.02
P-2 0.15 14 2.8 5.19 14.26 30.5172 2.14
P-3 No Partition wall
P-4 0.15 14 2.8 6.46 14.28 37.9848 2.66
P-5 0.15 14 2.8 3.9 11.6 22.932 1.97
P-6 0.15 14 2.8 2.85 8.7 16.758 1.92
P-7 0.15 14 2.8 2.05 10.71 12.054 1.12
P-8 0.15 14 2.8 3.32 9.18 19.5216 2.12

P-9 0.15 14 2.8 1.91 10.71 11.2308 1.04

2^nd -
3^rd P-10 0.15 14 2.8 2.26 8.7 13.2888 1.52
C-1 0.15 14 2.8 3.7 2.886 21.756 7.55
C-2 0.15 14 2.8 3.06 3.06 17.9928 5.88
C-3 0.15 14 2.8 3.6 2.3 21.168 9.20
C-4 0.15 14 2.8 3.2 6.48 18.816 2.90
C-5 0.15 14 2.8 1.75 4.86 10.29 2.11
C-6 0.15 14 2.8 0.95 4.872 5.586 1.14
C-7 0.15 14 2.8 1.3 6 7.644 1.27
C-8 0.15 14 2.8 1.15 5.14 6.762 1.31
C-9 0.15 14 2.8 1.16 6 6.8208 1.13
C-10 0.15 14 2.8 1.15 4.87 6.762 1.38
C-11 0.15 14 2.8 3.2 3.84 18.816 4.9
C-12 0.15 14 2.8 4.19 4.92 24.6372 5.00
Floor panel Dead load Total Live load Design Deign Live Total
(KN/m^2) Deadload (KN/m^2) Dead load load Design load
KN/m2 (KN/m^2) (KN/m^2) (KN/m^2)
p1 16.3 24.18 2 32.643 3 35.64
p2 57.31 65.2 2 88.02 3 91.02
p3 7.29 15.17 3 20.4795 4.5 24.98
p4 36.45 44.3 2 59.805 3 62.8
p5 7.83 7.83 5 10.5705 7.5 18.07
p6 7.83 7.83 5 10.5705 7.5 18.07
p7 7.83 7.83 2 10.5705 3 13.57
p8 7.83 7.83 4 10.5705 6 16.57
1^rst p9 7.83 7.83 3 10.5705 4.5 18.07
p10 7.83 7.83 3 10.5705 4.5 18.07
c1 12.23 20.11 2 27.1485 3 30.14
c2 23.99 31.87 3 43.0245 4.5 47.5245
c3 38.72 46.6 5 62.91 7.5 70.41
c4 7.83 7.83 4 10.5705 6 16.57
c5 7.83 7.83 4 10.5705 6 16.57
c6 7.83 7.83 4 10.5705 6 16.57
c7 7.83 7.83 4 10.5705 6 16.57
c8 7.83 7.83 4 10.5705 6 16.57
c9 9.17 17.05 3 23.0175 4.5 27.51
c10 8.07 15.95 3 0 4.5 4.5
c11 7.83 7.83 3 0 4.5 4.5
c12 7.83 7.83 2 10.5705 3 13.57
Floor panel Dead Total Live Design Deign Live Total
load Dead load load(KN/m^2 Deadload load Design
(KN/ KN/m2 ) (KN/m^2) (KN/m^2) load
m^) (KN/m^2)
p1 23.44 31.32 2 42.282 3 45.28
p2 30.51 38.39 2 51.8265 3 54.82
p3 0 0 3 0 4.5 4.5
p4 37.98 45.86 2 61.911 3 64.91
p5 22.93 30.81 2 41.5935 3 44.59
p6 16.75 24.6 2 41.5935 3 44.9
p7 12.05 19.93 2 26.9055 3 29.9
p8 19.52 27.4 2 36.99 3 39.99
p9 11.23 19.11 2 25.7985 3 28.79
2nd p10 13.28 21.16 2 28.566 3 31.56
& c1 21.75 29.6 2 39.96 3 42.92
3rd c2 17.99 25.87 3 34.9245 4.5 39.4245
c3 21.16 29.04 2 39.204 3 42.2
c4 18.81 26.69 4 36.0315 6 42.0315
c5 10.29 18.17 2 24.5295 3 27.52
c6 5.58 13.46 2 18.171 3 21.17
c7 7.64 15.52 2 20.952 3 23.95
c8 6.76 14.64 2 19.764 3 22.76
c9 6.82 14.7 2 19.845 3 22.84
c10 6.76 14.64 2 19.764 3 22.76
c11 18.81 26.69 2 36.0315 3 39.03
c12 24.63 32.51 4 43.8885 6 49.88